Causes, stages and consequences of the Industrial Revolution, the origins of the Labour Movement, political ideologies related to workers and the International Workinmens´ Association.

1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE
LABOUR MOVEMENT

2. DEMOGRAPHIC REVOLUTION
CAUSES CONSEQUENCES
LESS
-LESS WARS DEATHS - STRONG
POPULATION
-IMPROVEMENTS GROWTH
IN MEDICINE AND
HIGH -LIFE EXPECTANCY
HYGIENE
BIRTH INCREASE
-BETTER DIET RATES
MORE DEMAND FOR ALL TYPES
OF PRODUCTS
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

3. DEMOGRAPHIC REVOLUTION

5. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
Changes introduced by farmers to
produce more and satisfy the
increasing demand for food and
raw materials.
-EXTENSION OF
CULTIVATED LANDS
-INVENTIONS AND
INNOVATIONS
-IMPROVEMENTS IN
STOCKBREEDING

6. EXTENSION OF THE CULTIVATED LANDS
Enclosures: many communal lands (commons) were seized by private farmers,
enclosed and converted in private lands.
Consequences: more land cultivated.
ENCLOSURE

7. FOUR- FIELD SYSTEM OF CROP ROTATION (NORFOLK SYSTEM)
Alternation of cerals and fodder crops.
This way the farmers:
-got cereals
-got food for the cattle
-got natural fertilizers (manure) for the
land
- could renew the land without leaving
any part fallow
CHARLES “TURNIP” THOWNSEND

8. TURNIPS RYEGRASS CLOVER
These crops fixed nitrogen and increased land fertilty and could be used to feed
the cattle.
WHEAT BARLEY

9. NORFOLK SYSTEM

10. INVENTIONS
Some inventions made the mechanization of some works possible:
SEED DRILL (invented by Jethro Tull) ROTHERHAM IRON PLOUGH
(invented by Joseph Foljambe)
THRESHING MACHINE( Andrew Meikle)

11. SELECTIVE BREEDING
He was the first to breed only animals with
certain qualities. He elaborated genealogical
records of his valuable animals and maintained
his stock carefully. He had great success with
sheep
ROBERT BAKEWELL
LEICESTER LONGWOOL SHEEP

12. CONSEQUENCES
-INCREASE OF PRODUCTION
MORE POPULATION
AND MORE RESISTANT
-RICHER AND MORE VARIED DIET TO ILLNESSES
-SURPLUS OF FARMERS IN MIGRATION TO CITIES IN
THE COUNTRYSIDE SEARCH OF JOB

13. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- STEAM ENGINE
INVENTIONS AND
INNOVATIONS
- NEW ENERGY SOURCES:
TO PRODUCE MORE
HYDRAULIC POWER AND
MINERAL COAL
MORE DEMAND
FOR ALL TYPE
OF PRODUCTS
NEW WAY OF ORGANIZING WORK: FACTORY SYSTEM

14. STEAM ENGINE
The water is boiled and
the steam is used to move an
engine
James Watt

15. NEW ENERGY SOURCES
MINERAL COAL
HYDRAULIC POWER
COAL MINE

16. FACTORY SYSTEM
Concentration of machines and
workers in big factories and division
of work.
Working conditions got worse

17. - TEXTILE INDUSTRY (Cotton fabric industry)
INDUSTRIES
THAT DEVELOPED
MOST
- IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY (Production of steel)

18. TEXTILE INDUSTRY
MECHANIZATION OF SPINNING
MULE JENNY
(Samuel Crompton)
WATER FRAME
(Richard Arkwright)
SPINNING JENNY (James Hargreaves)

19. MECHANIZATION OF WEAVING
POWER LOOM
FLYING SHUTTLE
(Edmund Cartwright)
(John Kay)

20. IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
ABRAHAM DARBY
HENRY BESSEMER
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/animations/blast_furnace/index_embed.shtml

21. MORE PRODUCTION
NEED FOR MOVING PRODUCTS
FROM FACTORIES TO MARKETS
TRANSPORT REVOLUTION

22. TRANSPORT REVOLUTION
-Amelioration of traditional infrastructures:
roads, river canals
-Use of the steam engine for road transport
and maritime and fluvial transport
LOCOMOTIVE BUILT BY
GEORGE STEPHENSON (1816)
Consequences:
- speed increased
- travel duration and expenses
reduced
- people´s trips and trade increased
STEAMBOAT BUILT BY ROBERT FULTON (1806)

23. CONSOLIDATION OF MARKET ECONOMY
-PRODUCTS PRODUCED TO BE SOLD IN THE MARKET
-CAPITALISM: PREDOMINANT ECONOMIC SYSTEM BASED ON THE PRINCIPLES
OF ECONOMIC LIBERALISM:
- Economy based on self interest and the search of maximum profit
- People´s interests meet in the market and they interact according to the
law of supply and demand
- Means of production belong to a reduced group of people (capitalists)
- The people who don´t have properties (proletarians/workers) have to work
to survive. They receive a salary in exchange for their work.
- The State doesn´t have to intervene in economy. Its role is reduced
to guarantee private property and free economic relations
- DEVELOPMENT OF BANKS: LOANS, DIRECT INVESTMENTS, OWNERS OF
COMPANIES´ SHARES AND FACILITATION OF PAYMENTS
- PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANIES, TO DIVIDE THE RISK BETWEEN ALL THE
STOCKHOLDERS.

24. CAPITALISM
MINORITY MAJORITY

25. SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- DEVELOPMENT: 2nd half of the 19th century
-NEW ENERGY SOURCES: ELECTRICITY
AND OIL
-NEW INVENTIONS: dynamo, alternator,
transformer, incandescent light bulb, trains,
FIRST ELECTRIC GENERATOR
tramways, subway, telegraph, telephone, radio, (Michael Faraday)
cinematograph, phonograph, different types of
engines (Diesel and explosion engine)
INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULB PHONOGRAPH TELEPHONE
(Thomas A. Edison) (Edison) (Meucci)

26. INDUSTRIES THAT DEVELOPED MOST
METALWORKING INDUSTRY CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Production of metals: Production of different chemical
stainless iron, aluminum products: cement, concrete,
pesticides, dyes, pharmaceutical
products…

27. NEW WAYS OF ORGANIZING WORK
TAYLORISM/ PRODUCTION LINE MASS PRODUCTION/ STANDARDIZATION
Every worker makes a part Many copies from the same model
of the product
These two ways of organizing work were used in car industry, in the production
of the first standardized car (Ford T)

28. INDUSTRIAL CONCENTRATION
Companies merged or signed agreements to save money and eliminate
competitors.

29. CONSEQUENCES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
-DEVELOPMENT OF CONSUMER SOCIETY
-MASSIVE EXPLOITATION OF RESOURCES: BALANCE BETWEEN
POPULATION AND RESOURCES BROKE UP (UNSUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT)
-POLLUTION
-ACCELERATION OF THE URBANIZATION PROCESS
-CYCLICAL CRISES IN CAPITALISM: RELATED TO LACK OF PREVISION
AND OVERPRODUCTION. CONSEQUENCES: UNEMPLOYMENT.

30. CONSUMER SOCIETY
More products could be bought by more people

31. UNSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

32. POLLUTION

33. ACCELERATION OF URBAN GROWTH
POPULATION IN CITIES IN 1850

34. CYCLICAL CRISES
BUSINESS CYCLE
Related with the lack of planning,
overproduction or lack of
investments (difficulties of access
to credit)
Kondratiev
waves

35. CLASS- BASED SOCIETY
High bourgeoisie
BOURGEOISIE Middle bourgeoisie
(owners of capital or
means of production Petty bourgeoisie
PROLETARIAT/
WORKERS
(obliged to work to
survive)
No estates, theoretical equality before the law, but differences related to the citizens´
wealth

37. WORKING AND LIVING CONDITIONS OF WORKERS
Dreadful conditions

38. FIRST WORKERS´ PROTESTS: LUDDISM
Workers destroyed the machines, Captain Ned Ludd
because they considered them
responsible for their bad working
conditions Imaginary figure invented by the
workers who signed the threat letters
to the factories´ owners.

39. CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS
Living and working together made
the workers become aware of their
situation and start organizing
themselves to improve their working
conditions.

40. FIRST WORKERS ASSOCIATIONS
MUTUAL BENEFIT SOCIETIES
They helped workers in case of illness or unemployment. Workers paid
monthly fees to cover these situations.

41. TRADE UNIONS
Associations of workers of the same
profession (trade) created to improve the
working conditions of their members.
Declared illegal until the Combination
Acts (1824)
THE TOLPUDDLE MARTYRS (1832)
They were condemned because they created a
farmers´ union

42. CHARTIST MOVEMENT
Political movement that demanded
political rights for the workers. They
presented a chart to the Parliament
with their demands. They didn´t
get what they wanted.
Great Chartist meeting at
Kennington Common( 1848)

43. -UTOPIAN SOCIALISM
- SOCIALISM
-SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM OR
MARXISM
POLITICAL
IDEOLOGIES
-ANARCHISM

44. UTOPIAN SOCIALISM
Propositions based on collective property and the idea that humans are good
by nature and willing to cooperate. All these propositions failed.
ROBERT OWEN
He owned a cotton fabric factory, he worried about his workers and created a
model community called New Lanarck (schools, no child labor, hospital, free
housing). He tried to extend his project to the USA, but the experience failed
COUNT OF SAINT SIMON
He considered the kings, nobles and clergy to be useless and parasitical groups.
He promoted the abolition of inheritance and he trusted in progress through
industrialization
CHARLES FOURIER
He created the phalanstères: communities formed by 1,620 people, where every
worker could choose the activity they wanted to do. All the phalanstères failed
(none survived more than 2 years)

45. SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM OR MARXISM
MARX AND ENGELS
They studied capitalism and reached some
conclusions , reflected on several books, such
as the Communist Manifesto and The Capital.
Main ideas:
COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
- Class struggle and proletarian revolution
- Proletariat empoverishment
- Trust in industrial workers only (as revolutionary)
- Workers´organization
- Surplus value
- Workers´alienation.

46. CLASS STRUGGLE
-History of humanity: continuous fight (struggle) between opressors and
oppressed
-19th century: CLASS STRUGGLE between the bourgeois (oppressors) and the
Workers (oppressed)
WORKERS BOURGEOIS
-The hard working conditions and exploitation of workers would lead to a
workers´ revolution (proletarian revolution)

47. PROLETARIAN REVOLUTION
TWO STAGES
1st STAGE: Dictatorship of the proletariat
into
Workers would take the State
make a revolution and use it to
and
2nd STAGE: Communist society
CLASSES
Society without STATE
PRIVATE
PROPERTY

48. ORGANIZATION OF WORKERS
Marx and Engels considered that workers had to organize themselves, creating
parties and unions, to get ready for the revolution, but also to participate in
politics
Different socialist parties were created following Marxist ideas:
Socialdemocratic
Section Française PSOE (Spain)
Party (Germany)
de l´Internationale
Ouvrière (France)

49. SURPLUS VALUE
Profit workers produce with their work, but they don´t enjoy, becuse it serves
to increase the capitalists´wealth.

50. WORKERS´ALIENATION
Monotonous work in factories destroyed the creativity of workers and they
became slaves of the machines

51. ANARCHISM
As a political ideology, it
means “without government”
(not chaos)
MIJAIL PIERRE JOSEPH PIOTR
BAKUNIN PROUDHON KROPOTKIN
Main ideas:
-People are born free, but institutions (school, Church, State, army) snatch their freedom
and limit their possibility of developing their capabilities.
-The only way of recovering freedom is destroying everything that limits people´s
capabilities (through revolution) and let the people decide how to organize their lives:
cooperating with other people or staying apart.
-Collective property
-Trust in the revolutionary capability of both peasants and industrial workers.

53. PROPAGANDA BY THE DEED
A minority of the anarchists defended the use of violence to eliminate the
representatives of capitalism and they prepared terrorist attacks against
bourgeois, politicians, military men, processions, kings
Murder of Cánovas del Castillo (former
President of the Government) at Santa
Terrorist attack against Terrorist attack at the Liceu Águeda´s Spa (1897)
the National Assembly, Theater, Barcelona (1893).
France (1893) 20 people were killed

54. ANARCHO- SYNDICALISM
The majority of the anachists preferred creating unions in order to be
organized and educated for revolution.
Anarchist union created in Spain in 1910

55. THE INTERNATIONAL WORKINGMEN´S ASSOCIATION (IWA)
International organization created in London in
1864 to coordinate all the workers´efforts against
capitalism
The First International included Marxists, Anarchists, trade unionists, but it
Dissolved in 1876 due to disagreements between Marxists and Anarchists.

56. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MARXISM AND ANARCHISM

57. THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL
Created in 1879 only by Marxists: workers
´anthem (L´Internationale), Labour Day, (1st May)
and campaign for 8 working hours.
Disputes between Marxists:
-Some wanted to make revolution to reach
power
-Others wanted to participate in the elections
(Social- Democrats)
The Second International dissolved during WW1.