basic civil engineering chapter 1 as per CSVTU,BHILAI SYLLABUS

1. BASIC CIVIL
ENGINEERING &
MECHANICS( AS PER SYLLABUS OF CSVTU BHILAI , JAN-JUNE, 2020 )
BUILDING THE FUTURE / RESPONSIBLE FOR BETTER BUILDING / YOU DREAM IT , WE BUILD IT
PARIMAL JHA
( H.O.D ) CIVIL ENGG. DEPT.
CHATTISGARH ENGINEERING COLLEGE ,
DURG

2. SYLLABUS & SCHEME
 COURSE : B.TECH
 SUBJECT : BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING & MECHANICS
 COURSE CODE : A000215(020)
 TOTAL MARKS IN E.S.E : 100
 TOTAL DURATION IN ESE : (3:00 HOURS)

3. COURSE OBJECTIVES(UNIT WISE)
 (UNIT-1) BUILDING MATERIALS
C.O-TO INTRODUCE ABOUT THE PROPERTIES OF COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS.
 (UNIT-2) BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
C.O-TO INTRODUCE THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF CONCRETE AND FOUNDATION.
 (UNIT-3) SURVEYING & LEVELLING
C.O-TO INTRODUCE THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF SURVEYING AND LEVELLING.
 (UNIT-4) GENERAL SYSTEM OF FORCES
C.O-TO INTRODUCE THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF GENERAL SYSTEM OF FORCES.
 (UNIT-5) ANALYSIS OF PLANE TRUSS
C.O-TO INTRODUCE THE SIMPLE METHODS OF ANALYZING TRUSS.

4. UNIT-1
BUILDING MATERIALS
 BRICK : A BRICK IS AN ARTIFICIAL RECTANGULAR BLOCK USED
FOR BUILDING WALLS,PAVEMENTS AND OTHER MASONRY
STRUCTURE.
 THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF BRICKS:
(a) MODULAR (b) TRADITIONAL
(a) Modular/Standard Bricks- Modular bricks conform to the size laid
down by Bureau of Indian Standard Institution, India .
Any brick which is of the same uniform size as laid down by BIS is known
as the modular brick.
The actual size of the brick is 19cm x 9cm x9cm.
Modular bricks are economical to manufacture, require less area for drying,
and staking and requires less brick work for the same surface area of the
wall in comparison to conventional bricks. The masonry with
modular bricks workout to be cheaper.
 MODULAR BRICK
PAVEMENT(road)- pave means cover so pavement means material by which we can cover. A road surface or pavement is the durable
surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road or walkway
MASONRY-The art and craft of building and fabricating in stone, clay, brick, or concrete block. Construction of poured concrete, reinforced or unreinforced, is
often also considered MASONRY

5.  TRADITIONAL BRICK - Traditional bricks are
those which have not been standardized in size.
 The dimensions of traditional bricks may vary from
place to place.
 The length varies from 20 to 25 cm, width varies
from 10 to 13 cm, Thickness varies from 5 to 7.5
cm.
 the commonly adopted nominal size of traditional
size of brick is ( 23 cm x 11.4 cm x 7.6 cm )
TRADITIONAL /CONVENTIONAL BRICK (IN
INCHES)
1”= 2.54 cm

6.  FROG - A Depression of about 10 to 20 mm in depth
placed on raw brick during moulding.
 Purpose :
1. This depression acts as a key for mortar when bricks
are laid thus increasing the bond.
2. Provides space for the manufacturer to print his
LOGO/Trademark

7. QUALITIES OF GOOD BRICK
 Bricks should be uniform in color, size and shape. Standard
size of brick should be maintained. with sharp and square
edges.
 The brick should have deep red or cherish colour as a
measure of uniform chemical composition.
 They should be free from cracks and other flaws such as air
bubbles, stone nodules etc.
 Bricks should not absorb more than 1⁄5 of their own weight of
water when immersed in water for 24 hours (15% to 20% of
dry weight).
 The compressive strength of bricks should be in range of
2000 to 5000 psi (15 to 35 MPa).
 Compressive Strength of Bricks
(i) Compressive Strength of first class brick is 105 kg/cm2.
(ii) Compressive Strength of 2nd class brick is 70 kg/cm2.
(iii) Compressive Strength of common building brick
is 35 kg/cm2.
Red mud brick Fly ash brick A.A.C block
Water Absorption test Crushing strength test

8.  Salt attack hampers the durability of brick. The
presence of excess soluble salts in brick also
causes efflorescence.
 The percentage of soluble salts (sulphates of
calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium)
should not exceed 2.5% in brunt bricks.
 Brick should not change in volume when wetted.
 Bricks should neither over burnt nor under-brunt.
 Generally, the standard weight of a brick is 3.2 –
3.5 kg approximately. and the unit weight should
be less than 1,100 kg/m3.
 Bricks should be non-inflammable and
incombustible.
 Bricks should be free from lime pitting.
 When two bricks struck together metallic sound
should be produced
 The brick should be so hard that when scratched
by finger nail no impression is made
efflorescence
Under burnt bricks
Over burnt bricks

9. TESTS ON BRICKS
 COMPESSIVE STRENGTH
 WATER ABSORPTION
 EFFLORESCENCE
 HARDNESS
 SOUNDNESS
 STRUCTURE
 DIMENSIONAL TOLERENCE

10. Dimension tolerance of bricks

11. WATER ABSORPTION OF BRICKS
 Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of
105°C to I15°C till it attains substantially constant mass.
Cool the specimen to room temperature and obtain its
weight ( M1 ).
 Immerse completely dried specimen in clean water at a
temperature of 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours. Remove the
specimen and wipe out any traces of water with a damp
cloth and weigh the specimen ( M2 ).
 Complete the weighing 3 minutes after the specimen has
been removed from water
 Water absorption, percent by mass, after 24-hour
immersion in cold water is given by the following formula:

12. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
BRICKS
 To determine the crushing strength of the brick :
 Two faces of the brick are made smooth and flat.
 They are kept under water for 24 hour and then taken
out. Excess water is wiped out with cloth.
 Frog of the brick is finished with cement mortar and
kept under damp jute bag for 24 hour. These bricks are
allowed to dry for about 2 to 3 days.
 These bricks are now placed in UTM between the
pressure plates and loaded gradually at the rate of 14
N/mm2 till its failure.
 Compressive strength
Maximumloadat failure
Compressive/ Crushingstrength =
Loadedarea of thebrick
UNIVERSAL TESTING
MACHINE

14. Ingredients of Portland cement and
their functions
COMPOSITION
Approximate composition of raw materials used for manufacturing ordinary Portland
cement

15. TYPES OF CEMENT

20. PORTLAND
CEMENT
ORDINARY POZZOLANIC
ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
 CLINKER + GYPSUM (3%)
POZZOLANE PORTLAND CEMENT
 CLINKER + GYPSUM (3%) + FLYASH (35%)
PORTLAND SLAG CEMENT
 CLINKER + GYPSUM (3%) + Slag (35%)

25. Grades of Cement.
Grade is the 28 days strength when tested as per Indian Standards under standard conditions.
If it is 33-grade cement then it has strength equivalent to 33 MPa (330 kg/cm2). Similarly 43 &
53 grades can be defined.
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is classified into 3 grades, viz. 33, 43 & 53 grades
Composition:
OPC is produced by inter-grinding clinker with gypsum (approx. 3 to 4%); BIS permits addition of only up
to 1% additive in OPC
Grade of Cement Details
33 Grade Ordinary Portland
Cement(IS: 269 -1989)
1. The compressive strength after 28 days is 33 N/mm2
2. Used for general construction works in normal environmental conditions.
3. Cannot be used where higher grade of concrete above M-20 is required.
4. The use of this cement has progressively decreased and virtually phased out.
43 Grade Ordinary Portland
Cement (IS: 8112 - 1989)
1. Most widely used cement for general construction work.
2. Minimum 28 days Compressive Strength -43 N/mm2.
3. Used for construction of residential, commercial and industrial buildings, roads, bridges,
flyovers, irrigation projects and other general civil construction works.
4. Suitable for all types of applications - RCC, Plastering, Masonry5. Rajashree is the premium
OPC 43 brand in the market giving strength of around 65 MPa at 28 days.
53 Grade Ordinary Portland
Cement
IS: 12269 - 1987
1. Introduced in 1991 by Grasim - Birla Super.
2. Minimum 28 days Compressive strength - 53 N/mm2
3. Gives 10-15% saving in cement consumption & 5-8% saving in steel consumption provided
higher grades of concrete say M30 and above are used.
4. Useful for high rise buildings bridges, flyovers, chimneys and pre-stressed structures where high
grade concrete is required.
5. Gives better durability characteristics to concrete -high grade concrete can be made with lower
water cement ratio

26. Fineness
 Fineness of cement is property of cement that
indicate particle size of cement and specific
surface area. and indirectly effect heat of
hydration.
 IMPORTANCE/EFFECT OF FINENESS OF
CEMENT: Fineness of cement affects
hydration rate hence the rate of strength gain.
 Fineness is a measure of how even each granules
are, leading to a greater surface area & greater the
surface area more the adhesion. Bleeding can be
reduced by increasing fineness.

27.  As per IS: 4031 (Part 1) – 1996. The cement of
good quality should have less than 10% of wt of
cement particles larger than 90 µm. (micron)
 To determine the number of cement particles
larger than 90 µm. or Fineness test of cement.
The following apparatus is used.

28.  Procedure for finding Fineness test of cement:
 Take a sample of cement and rub the cement with your
hands. The test sample should be free of lumps.
 Now Take 100g of cement and note it as W1.
 Pour 100g of cement in 90 µm sieve and close it with the lid.
 Now place the sieve in Sieve shaking machine for two
minutes. You can also shake the sieve with your hands by
Agitating the sieve in planetary and linear movements for 15
minutes.
 Neatly, weight the residue retained on the 90 µm sieve as
W2.
 Then calculate the percentage of Weight of cement-retained
on Sieve.
 Repeat the above experiment with three different samples of
cement and average the values for accurate results.
A good cement should retain 10% wt of cement when
sieved with the 90µm sieve.

29. Tests on
Cement  Consistency
Limits
 Determination
of Initial
Setting Time
 Determination
of Final Setting
Time
Needle
Plunger
This test is performed to estimate the quantity of water to be mixed with
cement to form a paste of normal consistency.
 Take 300 g of cement and add about 25% of water to it and mix
properly.
 Paste is filled into the mould of the Vicat’s apparatus.
 Time of gauging should be 4± 0.25 minute.
 Plunger is lowered gently on to the paste in the mould and the
settlement of the plunger is noted.
 If the settlement is between 5 and 7 mm from the bottom of the
mould, the amount of water added to the cement is considered to
be correct. If this condition is not satisfied, the test is repeated.

30. Tests on
Cement  Consistency
Limits
 Determination
of Initial
Setting Time
 Determination
of Final Setting
Time
Needle
Plunger
Initial setting time is the time taken during operation as the water is added to
the cement and when the paste starts closing its plasticity.
 Take 300 g of cement and add with % of water as determined in
consistency test.
 Paste is filled into the mould of the Vicat’s apparatus.
 Square needle of 1 mm X 1 mm cross section is attached to the movable
rod of Vicat apparatus so that the needle touches the surface of the paste.
In the beginning, the needle will completely pierce the test block
 Repeat this procedure until the needle, when brought in contact with the
test block and released as described above, fails to pierce the block
beyond 5.0 ±0.5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould.

31. Tests on
Cement
 Consistency
Limits
 Determination
of Initial
Setting Time
 Determination
of Final
Setting Time
Needle
Plunger
Replace the needle of the Vicat apparatus by the needle with an
annular attachment. The cement shall be considered as finally set
when, upon applying the needle gently to the surface of the test block,
the needle makes an impression thereon, while the attachment fails to
do so. The period elapsing between the time when water is added to
the cement and the time at which the needle makes an impression on
the surface of test block while the attachment fails to do so shall be the
final setting time. In the event of a scum forming on the surface of the
test block, use the underside of the block for the determination.

32. Compressive Strength of Cement
 The compressive strength is one of the important properties of cement.
 Strength tests are not made on neat cement paste because of difficulties in
obtaining good specimens and in testing with a consequent large variability of
test results.
 Cement-sand mortar and, in some cases, concrete of prescribed proportions,
are used for purpose of determining the strength of cement.
 Purpose: To find the compressive strength of the cement.
 Materials:
1- Ordinary Portland cement.
2- Standard sand ( Rounded single size particles passed on sieve 850 µm (No.20)
and not more than 10% pass through sieve 600 µm (No.30) ).
3- Water.
 Apparatus:
1- Compression testing machine with a capacity at least 500 kN and accuracy 1
kN.
2- Steel cube moulds of 70.7 mm internal dimensions.
3- Cube vibrating machine.
4- Balance,
5- Water bath for curing.
6- Container, Hand gloves, Trowel, Scoop, Glass Graduated.
Temperature (27 ± 2oC) , Humidity (65 ± 5 %)
Cube vibrating machine
STEEL CUBE MOULD ( 70.6*70.6*70.6 mm3)
(IS:10080)

33. HAND GLOVES
TROWELCONTAINERGRADUATED GLASS
C.T.MWEIGH BALANCESCOOP
CURING TANK

34. PROCEDURE :
1 Prepare cement-sand mortar, with a mix proportion 1:3 and water to both weights of
cement and sand ratio of 10 %. Use 200 grams of cement.
2 Mixing cement and sand at dry condition for one minute then add the water and
continue the mixing for 4 minutes.
3 Oiling the internal faces of the mould.
4 Place the mould on the vibrating machine and fill it with a mortar.
5 Operating the vibrating machine for at least 2 minutes or until full
compaction has achieved.
6 Level the surface of the mortar and mark on it.
7 Store the moulds in air under temperature about 20 ±1o C and a minimum
relative humidity of 90 %, for 24±0.5 hour.
8 Open the moulds and take out the cubic specimens, then submerge in a
water bath of temperature about 20±1 o C up to the date of the test.
9 Testing the specimens at the age of 3, 7 and 28 days by compression
testing machine and apply the load with a gradual rate up to the failure.
10 Record the load required for the failure. Compute the compressive strength
by dividing the failure load by the sectional area of the cube.
11 Find the average compressive strength of three cubes.

35. Construction Material – cement 200gm ,sand 600
(1:3),
 Calculation:
Compressive strength of cement = ( p/ A ) MPa.
Where: P = failure load (N).
A = sectional area of the cube (mm2 ) Specification: Iraqi
standard specification 5/1984 Age 3 day 7 day Compressive
strength of ordinary Portland cement (MPa) 15 23

36. Functions of Sand in mortar
 1) Sands are mainly used as a inert material to give
volume in mortar for economy.
 2) It subdivides cementing material into a thin film which
is the principle of using all cementing material.
 3) It offers requisite surface area for film of cementing
material to adhere and spread.
 4) Prevents shrinkage and cracking of mortar.
 5) Well graded sand provide density.
 6) It allows CO2 to enter in some depth in case fat lime
mortar and increase setting power.
 7) Some chemical reaction take place between silica of
sand grain and other cementing material.

37. Mortar Mix proportions for various
uses.
Proportion of Cement Mortar
 The Proportion means the relative quantity of different components to be mixed to make good mortar, or simply
the ratio between different materials( cement & sand).
 Following are the proportions of cement mortar which is commonly recommended for different works:
01. Masonry Construction:
For ordinary masonry work with brick/ stone as a structural unit. – 1:3 to 1:6
For reinforced brick work – 1:2 to 1:3.
For all work in moist situations – 1:3
For Architectural work – 1:6
For Load Bearing structures – 1:3 or 1:4

38. 02. Plaster Work:
 For External Plaster and Ceiling Plaster – 1:4
 Internal Plaster (If sand is not fine i.e. Fineness Modulus> 3) – 1:5
For Internal Plaster (if fine sand is available) – 1:6
 For external plaster work, as per Government of India, ‘CPWD
SPECIFICATIONS (VOL.-2)’ (Central Public Works Department), the
under coat shall consist of cement mortar 1:5 (1 cement: 5 coarse sand)
and the top coat shall be of cement mortar 1:4 (1 cement: 4 fine sand)
unless otherwise specified.
03. Flooring Work:
 Mortar ratio of 1:4 to 1:8 (cement: sand, water to be judgmental), for 5 to
7 times thickness of verified tiles, should be given as bed between RCC
floor and tiles.
 04. Pointing Work:
 For pointing work proportion of cement mortar should be 1:1 to 1:3