Introduction to Human Anatomy

1. Human Anatomy
A First Look at Anatomy
Pavemedicine.com
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2. A First Look at Anatomy
 Anatomy is the study of structure.
 The word anatomy is derived from Greek and means “to
cut up” or “to cut open.”
 Anatomists examine the relationships among parts of the
body along with the structure of individual organs.
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3. Introduction to Anatomy
 Physiology
 The scientific discipline that studies the function of body
structures.
 Structure and function cannot be completely separated.
 Form is related to function.
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5. Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
 The simplest level of organization within the body is the
chemical level, which is composed of atoms and
molecules.
 Atoms are the smallest units of matter.
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6. Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
 Molecules
 Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule, such as a
protein, a water molecule, or a vitamin.
 Macromolecules
 Larger and more complex molecules such as DNA and
proteins.
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7. Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
 At the cellular level, specialized structural and
functional units called organelles permit all living cells
to share some common functions.
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8. Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
 Large molecules join in specific ways to form cells, the
basic units of structure and function in organisms.
 The cell is the smallest structural unit that exhibits the
characteristics of living things (organisms), and it is the
smallest living portion of the human body.
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9. Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
 Tissues
 Groups of similar cells with a common function form
tissue.
 Tissues are precise organizations of similar cells that
perform specialized functions.
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10. Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
 Organs
 Different tissue types that work together to perform
specific, complex functions form an organ.
 Organ Systems
 The organ system level consists of related organs that work
together to coordinate activities and achieve a common
function.
 There are 11 organ systems in the human body.
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11. Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
 Organism
 All body systems function interdependently in a single
living human being, the organism.
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12.  Epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities.
 Example: The inner lining of the digestive system
The Four Types of Tissues in the
Human Body Are:
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13. The Four Types of Tissues
 Connective tissue protects, supports, and
interconnects body parts and organs.
 Can be solid (such as bone), liquid (such as blood), or
intermediate (such as cartilage).
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14. The Four Types of Tissues
 Muscle tissue produces movement.
 Skeletal muscle
 Smooth muscle
 Cardiac muscle
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15. The Four Types of Tissues
 Nervous tissue conducts impulses for internal
communication.
 Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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16. Integumentary
 Provides protection
 Regulates body
temperature
 Site of cutaneous
receptors
 Synthesizes vitamin D
 Prevents water loss
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17. Skeletal
 Provides support
and protection
 Site of
hematopoeisis
(blood cell
production)
 Stores calcium and
phosphorus
 Allows for body
movement
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18. Muscular
 Produces body
movement
 Generates heat
when muscles
contract
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19. Nervous
 A regulatory system
that controls body
movement
 Responds to sensory
stimuli
 Helps control all other
systems of the body
 Also responsible for
consciousness,
intelligence, memory
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20. Endocrine
 Consists of glands
and cell clusters
that secrete
hormones, some of
which regulate
body and cellular
growth
chemical levels in
the body
reproductive
functions
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21. Cardiovascular
 Consists of a pump
(the heart) that
moves blood through
blood vessels in
order to distribute
hormones, nutrients,
gases, and pick up
waste products
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22. Lymphatic
 Transports and
filters lymph
(interstitial fluid)
 Initiates an immune
response when
necessary
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23. Respiratory
 Responsible for
exchange of gases
(oxygen and carbon
dioxide) between
blood and the air in
the lungs
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24. Digestive
 Mechanically and
chemically digests
food materials
 Absorbs nutrients
 Expels waste
products
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25. Urinary
 Filters the blood
and removes waste
products from the
blood
 Concentrates waste
products in the form
of urine, and expels
urine from the body
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26. Male Reproductive
System
 Produces male
sex cells
(sperm) and
male hormones
(e.g.,
testosterone)
 Transfers sperm
to the female
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27. Female Reproductive
System
 Produces female sex cells
(oocytes) and female hormones
(e.g., estrogen and
progesterone)
 Receives sperm from male
 Site of fertilization of oocyte
 Site of growth and
development of embryo and
fetus
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28. Anatomical
Terminology
 Anatomic position is a
specific body position in
which an individual stands
upright with the feet
parallel and flat on the
floor.
 The head is level, and the
eyes look forward toward
the observer.
 The arms are at either side
of the body with the palms
facing forward and the
thumbs pointing away from
the body.
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29. Anatomical Terminology
 A plane is an imaginary surface that slices the body into
specific sections.
 The three major anatomic planes of reference are the
coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes.
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30. Sections
and Planes
A coronal plane, also
called a frontal
plane, is a vertical
plane that divides the
body into anterior
(front) and posterior
(back) parts.
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31. Sections
and Planes
 A transverse plane, also
called a cross-sectional
plane or horizontal
plane, cuts
perpendicularly along
the long axis of the
body or organ
separating it into both
superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) parts.
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32. Sections
and Planes
 A sagittal plane or
median plane,
extends through
the body or organ
vertically and
divides the
structure into right
and left halves.
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33. Sections and Planes
 A sagittal plane in the body midline
is a midsagittal plane.
 A plane that is parallel to the
midsagittal plane, but either to the
left or the right of it, is termed a
parasagittal (or sagittal) plane.
 A minor plane, called the oblique
plane, passes through the specimen
at an angle.
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34. Directional Terms of the Body
 Directional terms are precise and brief, and for most of
them there is a correlative term that means just the
opposite.
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35. Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
 Relative to front (belly
side) or back (back
side) of the body :
 Anterior = In front of;
toward the front surface
 Posterior = In back of;
toward the back surface
 Dorsal =At the back side
of the human body
 Ventral = At the belly
side of the human body
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36. Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
 Relative to the head
or tail of the body:
 Superior = Toward the
head or above
 Inferior = Toward feet
not head
 Caudal = At the rear or
tail end
 Cranial = At the head
end
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37. Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
 Relative to the midline
or center of the body:
 Medial = Toward the
midline of the body
 Lateral = Away from the
midline of the body
 Deep = On the inside,
underneath another
structure
 Superficial = On the
outside
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38. Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
 Relative to point of
attachment of the
appendage:
 Proximal = Closest
to point of
attachment to trunk
 Distal = Furthest
from point of
attachment to trunk
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39. Body Regions
 The human body is partitioned into two main regions,
called the axial and appendicular regions.
 the axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk which
comprise the main vertical axis of our body
 our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s axis and
make up the appendicular region
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43. Body Cavities
and Membranes
 The posterior aspect
of the body has two
enclosed cavities
 A cranial cavity is
formed by the cranium
and houses the brain.
 A vertebral canal is
formed by the
individual bones of the
vertebral column and
contains the spinal
cord.
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44. Body Cavities
 Both the thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities are lined with thin serous
membranes, which are composed of
two layers:
 A parietal layer lines the internal surface
of the body wall.
 A visceral layer covers the external
surface of organs (viscera) within the
cavity.
 Between the parietal and visceral layers of
the serous membrane is a thin serous
cavity, containing a lubricating film of
serous fluid.
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45. Body Cavities and Membranes
 Constant movement of the organs causes friction.
 The serous fluid reduces friction and helps the organs
move smoothly against both one another and the body
wall.
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47. Body Cavities and Membranes
 The median space
in the thoracic
cavity is called the
mediastinum.
 It contains the
heart, thymus,
esophagus,
trachea, and
major blood
vessels that
connect to the
heart.
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48. Body Cavities and Membranes
 Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by
a two-layered serous membrane called the
pericardium. 1-48

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Insert Fig 1.9d

50. The Thoracic Cavity
 The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain
the lungs; they are lined by a two-layered serous
membrane called the pleura.
 The outer layer is the parietal pleura;
it lines the internal surface of the
thoracic wall
 The inner layer is the visceral pleura;
it covers the external surface of the
lung
 The narrow, moist, potential space
between them is called the pleural
cavity
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52. Abdominopelvic Cavity
 The abdominopelvic cavity consists of an abdominal
cavity and a pelvic cavity.
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53. The Abdominopelvic Cavity
 The peritoneum is
a moist, two-layered
serous
membrane that
lines the
abdominopelvic
cavity.
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.
Insert figure
1.9d

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55. Abdominopelvic Regions
 The abdominopelvic
cavity is partitioned
into 9 smaller,
imaginary
compartments.
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