5. Combustion reactions not
included in this summary. You
are still responsible for the
stoichiometry of these reactions,
problems using PV=nRT, and
empirical formula – combustion
analysis problems
Only two mechanisms are
required at SL
- Homolytic fission
- Nucleophilic substitution
6. Homolytic fission, UV light
Alkane Reactions
Making halogenoalkanes by
process of homolytic fission.
Know what a radical is
Understand and memorize the
the 3 steps – Initiation,
Propagation and Termination
This reaction REQUIRES light
7. Homolytic fission, UV light
Alkene Addition Reactions
With hydrogen gas to make
H2, Ni catalyst, Δ (addition)
alkanes
8. Homolytic fission, UV light
Alkene Addition Reactions
With hydrogen gas to make
H2, Ni catalyst, Δ (addition)
alkanes
With halogens or HX’s to make
halogenoalkanes (R-X)
(addition)
X2 or HX, Δ
9. Homolytic fission, UV light
Alkene Addition Reactions
With hydrogen gas to make
H2, Ni catalyst, Δ (addition)
alkanes
With halogens or HX’s to make
halogenoalkanes (R-X)
(addition)
X2 or HX, Δ
With water to make alcohols
(R-OH)
(addition)
H2O, [H2SO4], Δ
10. Homolytic fission, UV light
Alkene Addition Reactions
With hydrogen gas to make
H2, Ni catalyst, Δ (addition)
alkanes
With halogens or HX’s to make
halogenoalkanes (R-X)
(addition)
X2 or HX, Δ
With water to make alcohols
(R-OH)
(addition)
H2O, [H2SO4], Δ
Monomer subunits combine to
polymerization
make polymers
addition
11. Oxidation of Alcohols
Be able to recognize 1o, 2o and 3o
alcohols
Oxidizing agent is usually potassium
dichromate.
As dichromate ions are reduced
color changes from orange to green
Reflux – heated mixture is
2o R-OH are oxidized to (oxidation) condensed and re-reacted
ketones. 3o are resistant H+,Cr2O72-, Δ
reflux
to oxidation
1o R-OH are oxidized first to
aldehydes and then to carboxylic
acids
17. Conc OH-, ethanol, Δ (elimination)
1o or 2o R-X
3o R-X
Homolytic fission, UV light (substitution) KCN
SN1 H2, Ni catalyst,
NaOH, Δ (substitution)
Δ, pressure
H2, Ni catalyst, Δ (addition)
3o R-X
(reduction)
SN2
1o R-X
(addition)
X2 or HX, Δ
(condensation)
with R-COOH
(addition)
H2O, [H2SO4], Δ
polymerization
addition
(oxidation)
H+,Cr2O72-, Δ
reflux
(condensation)
with R-OH
18. HL adds nucleophilic substitution
reactions with cyanide ion acting as
the nucleophile and
(substitution) KCN
SN1
3o R-X
SN2
1o R-X
19. HL adds nucleophilic substitution
reactions with cyanide ion acting as the
nucleophile and with ammonia
(substitution) KCN
SN1
3o R-X
SN2
1o R-X
20. Nitriles can be REDUCED to amines in different ways
H2, Ni catalyst,
Δ, pressure
(reduction)
21. Conc OH-, ethanol, Δ (elimination)
Elimination reaction mechanisms
compete with substitution when
halogenoalkanes react with some
nucleophiles
Product is an alkene
Which mechanism is favored depends
on the reaction conditions
22. Conc OH-, ethanol, Δ (elimination)
1o or 2o R-X
3o R-X
Elimination reaction mechanisms
compete with substitution when
halogenoalkanes react with some
nucleophiles
Product is an alkene
Which mechanism is favored depends
on the reaction conditions
24. Condensation reactions include
– where an amide and water are
formed by the reaction between a
carboxylic acid and an amine
(condensation)
with R-COOH
(condensation)
with R-OH
25. Conc OH-, ethanol, Δ (elimination)
1o or 2o R-X
3o R-X
Homolytic fission, UV light (substitution) KCN
SN1 H2, Ni catalyst,
NaOH, Δ (substitution)
Δ, pressure
H2, Ni catalyst, Δ (addition)
3o R-X
(reduction)
SN2
1o R-X
(addition)
X2 or HX, Δ
(condensation)
with R-COOH
(addition)
H2O, [H2SO4], Δ
polymerization
addition
(oxidation)
H+,Cr2O72-, Δ
reflux
(condensation)
with R-OH