1. AS Revision Introduction to
Physical Education G451

2. Why do you participate in Physical
Activity (or not)?

3. Key
• ET = Exam TIP
• KT = Key Term

4. Physical Activity
Physical Benefits Mental Benefits
Eg improved CV fitness Eg stress relief, mood
or maintenance of a Enhancement, or feel good
healthy body weight factor
Personal Benefits Social
Eg knowing own strengths Eg feeling of belonging or
and weaknesses or Having healthy
Increasing self esteem. relationships
ET = you need to be able to give examples of physical, mental, personal and
social benefits of regular participation in physical activity.

5. 9 Components of Healthy Balanced
Lifestyle
Nutritious
Rest/Sleep ‘Free Time’
Diet
Injury and Control of
Personal
Illness stress and
Hygiene
Prevention pressure
Physical
Hobbies/Social Relationships
Exercise

6. Sedentary Lifestyles
Recommendations Barriers to Regular
Participation
•Adults
Lack of:
30mins moderate intensity •Energy
Physical activity x 5 per week •Perceived ability/skill
•Friends who participate
•Children and young people •Suitable facilities nearby
•Money eg to join a gym
60mins of moderately intense •Suitable/correct kit
Physical activity each day. At
Least two sessions should Also:
include higher impact activity •Anxiety about being out after
To improve bone health, muscle dark
Strength and flexibility. •Preference to stay at home
KT when it’s cold or wet
•Dislike exercise or sweating
Lack of opportunity •Embarrassed to show body
Lack of provision
Lack of esteem In brief

7. Key Terms
Physical Benefits – to do with the Social Benefits – to do with others
body Eg potential to reduce the risk Eg having positive relationships
of heart disease.
Personal Benefits – to do with self Mental Benefits – to do with the mind
Eg improved self-esteem Eg stress relief
ET - always use these key terms especially for ten mark questions
Esteem – Confidence to participate
Opportunity – The chance to take part Provision – the availability of facilities
based on factors such as time, money etc which allow for participation.

8. Using the following key terms:-
Physical Benefits, Mental Benefits, Personal
Benefits, Social benefits, Opportunity, Provision
and Esteem in describing the benefits of regular
participation in Physical Activity and the possible
barriers to regular physical activity amongst
young people which leads to Sedentary
Lifestyle.

9. Physical Recreation
Physical Recreation
Enjoyment is a key Who?
Available to all who
characteristic choose amateurs
When? Where?
Decided by Decided by
participants in
their free time participants
Physical Recreation
Benefits? How? Emphasis on:-
Physical, mental and
personal. Learn skills
Relatively unsophisticated Participation not performance
level. Limited
, health and well-
being, stress
competition. Limited Taking part, not winning
Funding. Limited skill or
relief, relaxation be
sociable and enjoyment
fitness Enjoyment and satisfaction, not
record-breaking
ET - when asked to identify the characteristics of Phys Rec it is important to be specific
and clear in your answers. If simple bland terms are used such as ‘anyone, anywhere at
anytime’ to describe characteristics you will not gain marks. Be specific not vague!

10. Benefits of Outdoor Recreation
Appreciation of the • A chance to be at one with nature
natural • Escape from modern hectic lifestyle
• Chance to tune in to one’s inner-
self, thoughts and feelings
environment
Respect for the • Being in the natural environment can
natural intensify the appreciation of the need to
preserve, conserve, value and protect the
natural environment.
environment
• Due to unpredictable, risky and sometimes
potentially dangerous nature of the natural
Gaining a sense of environment.
• Once all real risk has been eliminated and
adventure safety measures followed a sense of
exhilaration and excitement can be
experienced.
Remember that outdoor recreation is physical recreation in the natural environment eg a walking holiday

11. Exam Tips
You need to be able to compare
characteristics of Physical Remember that Outdoor Recreation
Recreation with characteristics of means using the natural
Sport environment, (eg hills, lakes or rivers) to
gain physical, mental, personal and social
benefits. Outdoor Recreation is not
simply playing a game of Hockey or golf
which happens to be outside.

12. Characteristics of Physical Education
Characteristics Of PE
Schoolchildren
Opportunity for and
Specialist Staff
GCSE,AS/A level
Young People
Variety of
Practical activities National
Benefits
and theoretical Curriculum
elements
PE can be defined as :-
1. Learning about and through physical activity
2. The learning of physical, personal, preparatory and qualitative values through
formal physical activity in school

13. Benefits of Physical Education
Personal (and social)
Enjoyment, confidence, leadership, tea Preparatory
mwork, loyalty, responsibility, commit
ment, overcoming Preparation for leisure (eg joining a
challenges, emotional control, decision club) or sport, a career or work
making, problem
solving, sportsmanship,positive
behaviour, respect
Benefits of
Physical
Education
Physical Improved quality of life
Influence on lifestyle(eg balanced
Skill, health, fitness, physique, agility, k
healthy lifestyle), experiencing
nowledge of
excellence, mental well-
activities/sports/coaching/leading/offi
being, opportunity for
ciating
creativity, aesthetic awareness

14. Outdoor Education
Constraints of widespread
participation In Outdoor Who?
Young people
Education by young qualified, specialist
people:- leaders /staff
•Lack of adequate funding, specialist
staff and transport costs Where?
•Distance from natural facilities When? In the natural
•Insufficient voluntary contributions As part of a
environment, (eg hills, lakes
from pupils or
structured school rivers, coastlines, mountains,
•Outdoor activities can take up too programme caves )
much curriculum time. Special trips or visits Sometimes using semi-natural
•Parents anxieties over H & s concerns or artificial facilities
and staff reluctant to take responsibility
Beginners Experts Benefits?
How?
Physical Health and Skill
Learning eg climbing According to strict H & S regs
Perceived Risk Real Risk Sometimes by overcoming
Completely safe dangerous even fatal Personal and social potential constraints eg
development eg leadership
Distance for location
Imagined challenging Preparation for Active leisure eg Expense of activities
love the outdoors
Lack of expert staff
Enhance quality of life eg Time constraints
appreciation of environment

15. Characteristics and Benefits of Sport
Who?
Those with Physical prowess
(skill)
Those with physical endeavour
(effort and Commitment)
The Elite
Some Professionals
Where?
When?
At a designated space with
At a designated time specialist or purpose built
and pre-determined facilities
length of time
With fixed boundaries
What makes a sport?
1. Tradition
2. Vigorous exertion Benefits? How?
3. Competition Intrinsic Rewards-
High level organisation, that is:
With officials formal rules NGBs
4. Administration Personal satisfaction High level of competition
5. Behaviour and achievement Commitment to training and coaching
Aesthetic quality
Extrinsic rewards- Sportsmanship
Sponsorship and media interest
money and/or fame Element of chance

16. Key Terms
Physical Prowess – Skill Sportsmanship– Fair Play
Physical Endeavour– Effort and Gamesmanship– Stretching the rules
Commitment To gain an unfair advantage.
Aesthetic– movement that is beautiful
to watch and pleasing to the eye
Sledging– Attempting to undermine an
Deviance – seriously breaking the rules Opponent by verbally abusing , taunting

17. Characteristics of Surviving Ethnic Sports
Occasional/Annual
Ritualistic
Local
Natural
Tourism
Rowdy
Traditional Social
Relatively Isolated

18. Exam Tips
You need to remember
specific surviving ethnic sports
and games eg not Mob You need to describe the
Football…. Royal Shrovetide characteristics of surviving ethnic
Football sports and give reasons for their
continued existence and popularity.
Eg Occasional/Annual often
participated during bank-holidays.

19. 19th Century Public Schools
Community Members Oxbridge Blues
Teachers
Community Leaders
Vicars/Priests
Parents
Industrialists
Assistant Masters Army Officers

20. Move From Popular Recreation (B4 IR) to
Rational Recreation (PIR)
• Popular Recreation Rational Recreation
• Localised Local – regional – national
• Uncoded Formal codification
• Cruel/Violent Channelled aggression
• Irregular/occasional Regular
• Courtly/popular Gentry – middle – working
• Rural Rural – urban
• Ritual Moral
• Wagering Gambling curtailed

21. Have a go! what do these key
words mean
• An amateur
• A professional
• An amateur approach to sport
• A professional approach to sport
• Gentlemen amateur

22. USA
Win at all costs Ivy League Conference- Similar to a league
American dream
Highly Commercialised State
Capitalist State
300 million people
In 50 states
American football
Rags to riches Franchise- The business that
Owns, runs and has voting rights
for a team

23. Australia
Population 21,007,310 (2008 est.)
Young Nation
(1770)
James Cook of England
charted eastern coast,
claimed it for British Crown
Retained Colonial Influences
Rugby 2 codes
Cricket
Association football (Socceroos)
Immigration
Complete time-line on map!

24. Australia Outdoor Lifestyle/Health Conscious
Reasons Give reasons for physical activity (physical
• Favourable
education, physical recreation and sport)
Climate being of such high status in Australia. [5]
Sporting Success
Sport for All
Media support and interest
Colonialism
White Australia Policy
Bush Culture

25. Give reasons for physical activity
(physical education, physical recreation
and sport) being of such high status in
Australia. [5]

26. Reasons
• Favourable
Climate

27. Outdoor Lifestyle/Health Conscious

28. Government Support
• The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) leads the development of elite sport
and is widely acknowledged in Australia and internationally as a world
best practice model for elite athlete development. The AIS is a pre-
eminent elite sports training institution in Australia with world class
facilities and support services. The AIS has 35 sport programs in 26 sports.
• AIS scholarship holders to become tomorrow's world-beaters and all the
information on how to join the AIS family is available through the
scholarships section.
• The AIS has been the nation's sports training powerhouse mainly due to
the AIS facilities and the cutting edge Sports Science Sports Medicine
support.
• The AIS campus is located in the suburb of Bruce in the Australian Capital
Territory.

29. Sporting Success

30. Sport for All

31. Media support and interest

32. A forum for advertisment

33. Tradition of Success

34. Unites a ‘Small Nation’

35. High status in Schools

36. Impact on young Peoples aspirations
Funding of Physical Activity
In: business profit, ticket In: taxes, gaming duties
sales, TV rights and National Lottery sales.
Out:- sponsor Out:- Local
individuals, teams, running authorities, awards
Private Public and grants eg UK sport.
and maintaining private
sports Funding from Funding from Sportsmatch
businesses, compani government and
clubs and facilities, buying local authorities
Sponsorship, Armed forces
es and investors
TV rights, Sport Aid often by way of including National sport
sponsorship. Lottery Funding
Grants, National Sports
Foundation
Voluntary
Funding from donations or
charities or private clubs
In: national lottery grants, awards for all, sportsmatch grants, local authority
grants, NGBs, fundraising, Foundation for sports and arts, National sports Foundation, Commercial Sponsorship
and members subscription
Out:- facility building maintenance and development, developing performers (coaching), running a club

37. World Class Pathway Programme
Years from podium
0
World
Class Podium
This programme supports likely medal
-2 contenders. Funding is based on
performance success at previous
olympics.
-4 World Class Development
For performers who are about 6 years
from a medal
-6 World Class Talent
Highly gifted performers with world class talent are
selected by NGBs.
For performers who are a maximum of 8 years from a likely
-8 medal
Home country talent development systems

38. UK Sport’s Organisations
Policy Provision
What is their political ideology? How can we provide to meet our potential?
• More grassroots = more elite.
• Winning Medals • Who are they targeting?
• Participation
• Equal Opportunities
• Increasing our status
• Pursuit Of Excellence Administration
• How is sport structured, organised
and funded?
• What role does each of the
organisations play in the pursuit of
participation and excellence?

39. Other Bodies Influencing and Promoting
Physical Activity and Sporting Excellence
Name Overall Aims
To develop elite sport in the UK inc. Ethics, major events, administrative
efficiency, works with home countries, helps elite sports development, supports
world class performers/coaches etc
To provide the best performers with the practical support needed to win and
compete at the highest level with: sports science and medicine, physiology and
eg biomechanics, performance analysis, massage, physiotherapy, strength and
conditioning, career and education advice etc
To get people more active and involved. Invests advises and promotes
community sport. Promotes voluntary work such as coaching leadership and
officiating. Focus on priority groups (minority groups). Supports school sport.
Works closely with local, national and regional bodies in line with NGBs.
To increase participation, improve performance and improve the image and
management of sport in NI. Develop disadvantaged groups etc
To increase participation and improve performance in Scottish sports.
Developing sporting people, organisations and facilities, create pathways and
promote equality of opportunity tackling discrimination.
To get more people more active more often. Active young people, active
communities, high level performance and excellence focusing on talented
performers.

40. Exam Tip 1
Key sporting bodies and orgs
such as UK sport are not told Gifted and Kite Marking
what to do, however they are talented Activemark
answerable to the DCMS JAE Sportsmark
programme
due to the funding Partnerships
they receive. The PE, School
Sport and Club National
Links Strategy Curriculum
PESSCL
strategy
School Sports
Exam Tip 2 Partnerships
You can only be asked questions SSPs Exam Tip 3
on material that is in the There will be five parts to your AS
specification, so you will not get a Socio-cultural studies q’s. The
question specifically about PESSCL Final part will be an extended 10
strategy, you may have to identify mark question. You have to
current government initiatives. ‘critically evaluate’, and therefore
prove how you can think and
make judgements.
Government Initiatives

41. Answers

42. Answers ctd

43. Excellence and Participation in UK
Exam Tip
•Highly skilled/elite You could be asked to
•Fully committed with high level support name and explain
each layer of the
•Emphasis on winning and competing sports development
•District, county or regional commitment pyramid in the
examination. Ensure
•School or club participation, recreational
•Non-competitive extra curricular - enjoy you can recall the
ones beginning with
•Introduction to sport-basic skills ‘p’, candidates often
•Positive attitudes to physical activity get these confused.
The Sports Development Pyramid
Mass Participation Sporting Excellence
The continuum from mass participation to sporting excellence

44. Opportunity Provision Esteem
Ethnic Minorities ‘White Flight’
Groups who are different in their ethnic origin Are we ‘guided’ into sports due to our race?
from the majority of the population.
Do we avoid sports where our race has not
Race traditionally or currently been represented?
The physical characteristics of an individual.
Stacking
This is where players are put into
‘Self-fulfilling prophecies’ positions and sports on the basis of their
ethnic background.
Countries may concentrate on a particular
sport e.g. Kenyan and middle/long distance
running.

45. Target Group

46. How do we get Equal Opportunities?
Awareness
Changing Attitudes
Allocate Funding
Adaption/Modification
Access

47. Key Terms
Attitudes: Outlooks, feelings or Myths– Untruths eg black males
thought about something. can’t swim and women can’t park
cars.
Positive Discrimination– Favouritism
Stereotyping– Typecasting, labelling Or special treatment for the focus
or pigeonholing people. Group in order to give them a chance
Social Exclusion– the negative result
of factors such as low income, Socialisation– the process by which people
discrimination, poor housing etc that Learn acceptable cultural beliefs and
can put some communities at a behaviour including how to interact with
disadvantage. people who are different to themselves.

48. Drugs Media Sponsorship and Violence
"In the name of all
competitors I promise that in Sport
we shall take part in these
Olympic Games, respecting
and abiding by the rules
Reasons for Use Consequences
which govern
them, committing
ourselves to a sport
without doping and
without drugs, in the true
spirit of sportsmanship, for
the glory of sport and the
honour of our teams."

49. Possible solutions to Drug Use
• Stricter more rigorous out-of season testing
• Stricter punishments and life bans
• Co-ordinated education programmes for
athlete and coach
• More funding for testing programmes and
scientific research
• Unified policies across NGBs
• Role models promoting drug free sport
ET -If a question is asked for solution to the problem of drugs, make sure
that you don’t list drug types, respond using the bullet points above.

50. Technology in Sport
Technology
Safety Retractable Materials
Exam Tip: Eg , Cricket Stadia roofs Carbon fibre
Sprung floors
Be aware of modern helmets, Ball feeding
gumshields machines
technological products are
up-to-date, technical
scientific or high-tech items
that impact on sport. Footwear
The impact is usually Officiating Comfort Blades
Considered to be good, but Electronic Goretex Breathable
timers Insulated footwear
In some cases may increase clothing, boot
3rd Umpire s
The chance of injury
Eg Football Boots
Science Clothing
Motion Medicine
Lycra body
Analysis Golf Ice baths suits
swing physiotherapy
Swimming
Video replay Surgery caps and suits

51. The roles of the media
To Inform
• Eg informing about a match result, team analysis or player preparation
and behaviour.
To educate
• Eg on global sporting issues, sports, skills, coaching techniques, sporting
issues or local sporting provision.
To entertain
• Eg with live coverage of an event or information about star’s private lives
or a documentary on a particular team’s pre-competition preparations.
To advertise
• Either directly or indirectly through sponsorship
ET - If you are asked to critically evaluate the impact of the media on sport – it simply
means that you should way up ( in good written form) the advantages and disadvantages
of the media in sport eg additional funding for sport v rule changes and off-peak viewing
times.

52. Media
Golden Triangle -The Inter-relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media
Sport and Media Sport and Sponsorship
High level sport is a media Sponsorship increases popularity
commodity. and stability of sport.
Sport available 24/7 Sport is a relatively inexpensive
Media control over some sports form of advertising.
Celebrities are created and role Money from sponsorship can help
models can have +ive or –ive Sport improve spectator provision.
image Powerful sports such as premier
Low profile sports get little league football have some
attention so minimal sponsorship control over their sponsors
opportunities.
Relationship can increase match The Golden
fixing and other examples of Triangle
deviance.
Media Sponsorship
Sponsorship and Media; When sports are covered by the media sponsorship ultimately
Increases.

53. Violence by Players
Causes Of Violence by Players
‘Cauldron Effect’ Aggression
Provocation De-humanised
Sledging Cheating
Crowd Behaviour

54. Solutions to Violence by Players
Harsher Penalties Education
Rule changes
Greater authority
Technology

55. Violence by Spectators
Reasons and Solutions
• AddPre-match Hype
here Police Liaison
Primitive All-Seater
Intimidate Segregation
Incite Deterrents

56. Ethics and High Level Sport
Deviance Sportsmanship
Gamesmanship
Fair play
Etiquette
Letter and Spirit of ‘The Law’

57. The Olympic Games
KT Olympic Charter- The ‘rule book’ that governs how the Olympic
Games and IOC are run.
The Olympic Charter
Principles Aims Philosophy
Designed to link sport with To enable and strengthen Balance between body and
culture and education. The sports, to ensure their mind and will; effort-for
founders wanted to promote the the joy is can bring; role
practice in sport and the joy
independence and
found in effort. The Olympics duration. modelling to educate and
would help build a better world inspire others; tolerance,
by bringing people together BPDC generosity, unity,
from all over the globe the spirit friendship, non-
of fair play and friendship discrimination and respect
for others

58. The bringing together of people from 5 different
continents
Promotes Olympic games
Fund raises Organises visits to
Host City prior to
Appoints official games
sponsors of 2012
Helps athletes and
Manages Team GB NGBs prepare for
Inc. transport and kit Olympic Games
Helps select Team GB Works on Olympic Bids

59. Key Terms
Centralised System
• A system where political and administrative power is held centrally with no regional or local
government control
Shop Window Effect
• When sporting success equates with political success and positive role models promotethe
country’s status
Communism
• A centralised political system that opposes capitalism and democracy
Elitism
• To be exclusive or to select the best and to forget the rest
Appeasement
• To pacify or provide a feel good factor