L1 joints
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OCR Physical Education A/S Level Joints L1
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L1 joints
- 1. AS / A Level Sport and Physical Education AS Unit G451 An Introduction to Physical Education Previous Next
- 2. Today we are going to concentrate on the joints in the human body. JOINT- A place where two or more bones meet. Previous Next
- 3. Types of Joints There are 3 main types of joint found in the body. 1. Fixed or Immoveable Joints The bones at an immoveable joint cannot move they overlap or interlock, and are held together by a tough fibre, e.g. the skull. 2. Slightly Moveable Joints The bones at a slightly moveable joint can only move a little - they are held together by strong straps called ligaments and are joined by protective pads known as cartilage, e.g. the ribs. 3. Freely Moveable Joints At a freely moveable joint the bones move freely. They are also known as synovial joints, and are the largest group of joints found in the body, e.g. the hips, shoulders and knees. Previous Next
- 4. Joints CLASSIFICATION OF JOINT BY STRUCTURE Fibrous: Have no cavity and are held together by fibrous connective tissue – e.g. the sutures of the skull bones Cartilaginous: Also have no cavity. There is cartilage between the bones of the joint. May be found between the vertebrae of the spine Synovial: Has a fluid filled cavity surrounded by an articular capsule. The articulating surfaces are covered in hyaline cartilage – e.g. the hinge joint of the knee Previous Next
- 5. Joints CLASSIFICATION OF JOINT BY MOVEMENT Fibrous or synarthrosis: Does not allow any movement, which makes more sense when you know where in the body they occur, as they supply protection – e.g. for the brain Cartilaginous or amphiarthrosis: Allows only limited movement Synovial or diarthrosis: Is freely moving, as much as the shape of the articulating surface will allow. Previous Next
- 7. Joints JOINT / MOVEMENT TYPES Joint type Shape of joint Ball + socket ball shaped bone fits Hinge convex and concave surfaces fitting together Movement range 3 axes F/E AB/AD R C into cup shaped socket 1 axis F/E Pivot ring shaped surrounding process of axis a cone Gliding two flat gliding surfaces Previous knee : femur, patella, tibia elbow : humerus, radius, ulna spine / atlas : odontoid (turns head from side to side) elbow : proximal ends of radius and ulna modified ball and socket fingers : metacarpals, giving circumduction shaped like a saddle giving circumduction hip : femur, acetabulum of pelvis shoulder : scapula, humerus 1 axis R Condyloid Saddle Body place : articulating bones 2 axes F/E AB/AD C knuckle joints of phalanges wrist : radius, carpals 2 axes F/E AB/AD C joint at base of thumb : carpal, metacarpal a little in all directions centre of chest : clavicle, sternum wrist : carpals ankle : tarsals spine : articulating surfaces of vertebrae Next
- 8. In the picture below the ball and socket joint at the hip allows the player to get height and then the ball and socket joint at the shoulder allows him to SLAM DUNK!! Previous Next
- 9. Hinge joint (the elbow) in use taking a set shot Previous Next
- 10. The knee (HINGE JOINT) is used when flexing (bending) and extending (straightening) the leg to kick a football Previous Next
- 11. Spin bowling requires a complex movement of the wrist joint – what type of joint? Previous Next
- 12. Bowling underarm involves extension and flexion of the shoulder – what type of joint? Previous Next
- 13. Knowledge of Joints RELATIONSHIP of MUSCULAR SYSTEM to SKELETAL SYSTEM TEN DO N S a tt tt a c h m u s c ll e tt o b o a ach m u sc e o b o v ii a P E R II O S T E U M v a PER O STEUM e x a m p ll e :: a c h ii ll e s tt e n x a m p e a c h ll e s e n e FASCIA ne ne don don LIGAM ENTS TS c o n n e c t iv e t is s u e e x a m p le : e p im y s iu m M USCULAR ATTACH M EN TS a t t a c h b o n e tt oo bb oo nn ee e x a m p le : k nn ee ee jj oo i inn t t le c r u c i a t e l igg aa m ee nn tt ss i m PERIO STEAL LAYERS a t t a c h t e n d o n s t o bb oo nn ee AA PP O NN EE U R O S II S O UROS S l aa f fl aa t t t t ee nn ee dd r r i ibb bb oo nn sshh aa pp ee dd t t ee nn dd oo nn NAMES OF MAJOR MUSCLE GROUPS example : biceps ORIGIN (static end) : coracoid process / glenoid fossa tubercle of humerus INSERTION (moving end) : tuberosity of radius (specific knowledge of origins and insertions will not be examined) Previous Next
- 14. Cartilage : Tendons: Ligaments: What ’s the difference? Cartilage Tendons Ligaments Tough Attaches bone to muscle Attaches bone to bone Flexible Sturdy Elastic At end of bone Non elastic Stabilise Cushions Size changes depending on muscle Made of many fibres Anchor Strong Previous Next
- 16. Types of Synovial Joints Freely moveable (synovial) joints can be divided into six groups depending upon how they move. KEY Ball & Socket Joint Hinge Joint Pivot Joint Gliding Joint Saddle Joint Condyloid Joint Previous Next
- 17. Joints Synovial Joints • The articular capsule is a fibrous tissue encasing the joint, forming a capsule • The synovial membrane acts as a lining to the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid • The articular/hyaline cartilage covers the ends of the articulating bones • Synovial fluid fills the joint capsule nourishes and lubricates the articular cartilage Previous Next
- 18. Joints Synovial Joints • Ligaments are white fibrous connective tissues joining bone to bone, making the joint more stable • Bursa is found where tendons are in contact with bone. It forms a fluid filed sac between the tendon and bone and helps reduce friction • Articular discs of cartilage act as shock absorbers • Pads of fat act as buffers to protect the bones form wear and tear Previous Next
- 20. Ball-and-Socket Joint • hip • shoulder Condyloid Joint • between metacarpals and phalanges 8-9 Previous Next
- 21. Hinge Joint • elbow • between phalanges Gliding Joint • between carpals • between tarsals 8-10 Previous Next AS Module 1A.21
- 22. Pivot Joint • between proximal ends of radius and ulna Saddle Joint • between carpal and metacarpal of thumb 8-11 Previous Next AS Module 1A.22
- 23. Shoulder Joint • ball-and-socket • head of humerus • glenoid cavity of scapula • loose joint capsule • bursae • ligaments prevent displacement • very wide range of movement 8-15 Previous Next AS Module 1A.23
- 24. Elbow Joint • hinge joint • trochlea of humerus • trochlear notch of ulna • gliding joint • capitulum of humerus • head of radius • flexion and extension • many reinforcing ligaments • stable joint Previous Next 8-17
- 25. Hip Joint • ball-and-socket joint • head of femur • acetabulum • heavy joint capsule • many reinforcing ligaments • less freedom of movement than shoulder joint 8-19 Previous Next
- 26. Knee Joint • largest joint • most complex • medial and lateral condyles of distal end of femur • medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of tibia • femur articulates anteriorly with patella • modified hinge joint • flexion/extension/little rotation Previous Next • strengthened by many ligaments and tendons • menisci separate femur and tibia 8-21 • bursae AS Module 1A.26
- 28. Which Movements? • Look through the following slides and consider the types of joint, movement allowed in each of the sporting activities shown. Previous Next AS Module 1A.28
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- 37. Name the joint, type of joint and movement occurring – as marked by the arrows in each of the following pictures. Previous Next AS Module 1A.37
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- 42. Name each joint and the movement occurring at it. Now do the same for each of the slides that follow Previous Next
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Notes de l'éditeur
- Task 1 and 2
- All six differ in movement – as the shape of the articulating bones defines But they are all very similar I structure…. Your example is a knee