3. The experimental method in involves manipulating one
variable to determine if changes in one variable cause
changes in another variable. This method relies on
controlled methods, random assignment and the
manipulation of variables to test a hypothesis.
5. A participant is a living person who takes part in a
research study.
The participants might be selected by random selection
or random sampling.
6. Generally speaking, experiments are carried out in
order to explore the strength of relationships between
variables. The label given to the variable that the
experimenter expects to influence the other is called
the independent variable. The variable upon which the
independent variable is acting is called the dependent
variable- in our case, the test scores. Thus, clearly
identify the independent variable and the dependent
variable in experiment. The dependent variable is the
response or the criterion variable that is presumed to
be caused by or influenced by the independent
treatment conditions.
7. Instrument is tools researchers use to collect data for
research studies( alternatively called “test”)
Example :handouts, lessons, etc.
8. What is sampling?
A shortcut method for investigating a whole
population
Data is gathered on a small part of the whole parent
population or sampling frame, and used to inform
what the whole picture is like
9. In reality there is simply not enough; time, energy,
money, labour/man power, equipment, access to
suitable sites to measure every single item or site
within the parent population or whole sampling
frame.
Therefore an appropriate sampling strategy is adopted
to obtain a representative, and statistically valid
sample of the whole.
10. Determine research purpose
Determine research population
Determine what data is needed
Determine sampling technique
Determine sample size
Determine what sample unit is needed
Choosing sample
12. Convenience samples (ease of access)
sample is selected from elements of a population
that are easily accessible
Snowball sampling (friend of friend….etc.)
Purposive sampling (judgemental)
You chose who you think should be in the
study
Quota sample
Select individuals as they come to fill a quota by
characteristics proportional to populations
13. Random sampling
Each subject has a known probability of being selected
Allows application of statistical sampling theory to
results to:
Generalise
Test hypotheses
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Multi-stage sampling
Cluster sampling
19. It need to be identified.
Identify the type of experimental design in the
proposed study.
The type available in experiments are:
1. Pre- experimental design
2. Quasi- experiments
3. True- experiments
4. A single subject design
20. Kind of pre- experimental design
One- short case study
X O
The one- group pre-test post- test design
O1 X O2
Static group comparison or Post- test only with Non- equivalent Group
X O
O
Alternative Treatment Post- test only With Nonequivalent Group
design
X1 O
X2 O
21. Nonequivalent (pretest and posttest)
O X O
O O
Single- Group Interrupted Time- Series Design
O O O O X O O O O
Control- Group Interrupted Time- Series Design
O O O O X O O O O
O O O O X O O O O
22. Pretest- Posttest Control Design
R O X O
R O O
Posttest- Only Control- Group Design
R X O
R O
Solomon Four- Group Design
R O X O
R O O
R X O
R O
23.
24. These statistics are means, standard deviations, and
ranger
Tell the reader about type of statistical analysis that will
be used during the experiment.
Report the descriptive statistics calculated for
observation and measures at the pretest or posttest
stage of experimental design.
