1. By :
1.Nurul Hidayah (10420091)
2.Nur Farida (10420109 )
3.Etty Ayu Kartika (10420113 )
4.Rini Wulandari (10420124)
5.Nur Fitri Aprillyani (10420350 )

2. “ Research is commonly defined as a systematic
approach to provide answers to questions .”
(Tuckman, 1978: 1 )
There are 3 basic components in a research :
 A systematic approach
Answers
Questions

3. “ Research is a process which involves :
a)Defining a problem,
b)Stating an object,
c)Formulating an hypothesis.
(Nunan, 1992:2)

4. “Research is the systematic and objective analysis and
recording of controlled observations that may led to the
development of generalizations, principles, or theories,
resulting in prediction, and ultimate control of many
events that may be consequences or causes of specific
activities “
(Best, 1977:8)

5. From the two research definitions above, we can
conclude that:
PROBLEM SOLLUTION
RESEARCH

6. There are 10 steps in the research process :
1. Identifying a problem
2. Construction a hypothesis
3. Reviewing the literature
4. Etc.

7. There are some characteristics of a problem that
should be taken into consideration in choosing the
most suitable one.
1.It should ask about a relationship between two or
more variable.

8. 2. It should be stated clearly and unambiguously,
usually in questions form.
3. It should be testable by empirical methods
4. It should not represent a moral or ethical position

9. A hypothesis, a suggested answer to the problem has the
following characteristics :
a.It should hypothesize upon a relationship between two or
more variables.
b.It should be stated clearly and unambiguously in the form of a
declarative sentence.
c.It should be testable; that is , it should be possible to restate it
in an operational form that can then be evaluated based on data.

10. Question : Is there a drinking problem among
students?
Thesis : There is a drinking problem among
students at this college.
The thesis is a statement of belief.

11. The next step is to sharpen the thesis.
The refining of the thesis might go like this :
Thesis 1: There are students on this campus
who have drinking problem
Thesis 2: The students who drink excessively have
problem
Thesis 3: Students who drink excessively have problem
with their school work.

12. After you have sharpened your thesis, the next step is to
develop testable hypothesis.
The sharper the hypothesis, the neater the information.

13. A hypothesis is a tentative proposition about a relationship
between two or more phenomena, a proposition that can be
empirically tested to be either true or false.
Ex : Hypothesis
Excesssive drinkers will have lower grade point average
than will moderate drinkers or teetolalers among the student.

14. If A is valid, B follows ...
If you hit a child with a cain, he/she will cry.
If A is changed, then there is also a change in B
If you give a child chocolates, he/she will happy.

15. Deduction is a process that goes from the general to the
specific.
E.g: If you don’t have a ticket,you cannot rida the train
You don’t have a ticket so you cannot ride the train.

16. Induction is the process that begins with data and
observation (empirical events ) and proceeds towards
hypotheses and theories.
e.g : My apple is red
Your apple is red
All apple is red

17. An essential step in any research project is the
literature review.
The function is to provide background information on
the research question and to identify what others have
said and / or discovered about the question.

18. Function of reviewing literature:
1.Reviewing history of the problem
2.Helping to choose the research design
3.Penetrate the base teory that relevant with rthe
problem.

19. 4. Reviewing lack and overage result of the result of the
research.
5. Avoid the duplication research
6. Support statement of the problem

20. Thank you for you
attention ...
See you...
bye...bye....!!!