Wireless sensor networks and wearable devices are being used increasingly in medical applications to continuously monitor patients' vital signs. Sensors can measure body parameters like temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, blood sugar and more. These wireless medical sensors communicate information to devices on or near the body. They must be unobtrusive, secure, interoperable and provide reliable communication. Common examples include blood glucose sensors that use enzymes to detect glucose levels electrochemically. Advances in miniaturization and wireless connectivity are helping to expand medical monitoring through small, wearable biosensors.
1. Wireless sensor in medical sector
PRESENTED BY
Y. LAKSHMI POOJITHA (16SS1A0553)
2. What are Sensors?
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Definition
“A device which provides a usable output in response to a specified
measurand
A sensor acquires a physical parameter and converts it into a signal
suitable for processing (e.g. optical, electrical, mechanical)
A transducer
“Microphone, Loud Speaker, Biological Senses (e.g. touch, sight,…ect)”
3. Wireless Body Area Networks
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are a
new generation of Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSNs) dedicated for healthcare monitoring
applications.
The aim of these applications is to ensure
continuous monitoring of the patients’ vital
parameters, while giving them the freedom of
moving.
4. Requirements for Wireless Medical Sensor
These sensors communicate the acquired information to a control device
worn on the body or placed in an accessible location.
These sensors communicate the acquired information to a control device
worn on the body or placed in an accessible location.
Sensors used in wireless networks for healthcare applications must satisfy
the following requirements:
1. Unobtrusiveness
2. Security
3. Interoperability
4. Reliable Communication
5. What do they measure?
Temperature
Blood Pressure
Pulse
ECG (Heart Rate)
Respiratory Rate
Blood Sugar
8. Reference Architecture
The boundaries between programming
abstractions and the rest of the
software executing on a WSN node
In addition, programming abstractions
are intimately related to a number of
other issues in WSNs. These include
application and services down to the
hardware and operating system the
abstractions are built upon.
10. Programming Model Implementation
Programming model can be efficiently compiled for both preemptive and
non-preemptive system.
For preemptive system we are developing system library
For event-based systems we are developing preprocessor.
In preemptive system which is generally not resource constrained, whole
program is compiled with C++ compiler and linked with appropriate system
libraries
In non preemptive system whole WAPAS program is transformed to fit in
cooperative multitasking paradigm and hardware limitations.
12. BIOSENSORS
A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the
detection of an analyte, that combines a biological
component with a physiochemical detector.
The sensitive biological element(e.g. tissue,
microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors,
enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc.), a
biologically derived material or biomimetic
component that interacts (binds or recognizes)
with the analyte under study.
It's only a centimeter long, it's
placed under your skin, it's
powered by a patch on the
surface of your skin and it
communicates with your
mobile phone.
13.
14. blood glucose biosensor
A common example of a commercial
biosensor is the blood glucose
biosensor, which uses the enzyme
glucose oxidase to break blood glucose
down.
In doing so it first oxidizes glucose and
uses two electrons to reduce the FAD (a
component of the enzyme) to FADH2.
15. blood glucose biosensor
• This in turn is oxidized by the electrode
(accepting two electrons from the electrode)
in a number of steps.
• The resulting current is a measure of the
concentration of glucose. In this case, the
electrode is the transducer and the enzyme is
the biologically active component.
17. AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESS OF
MEDICAL SENSING
• Decision tree or artificial
neural network used to
decide appropriate action
(data is within normal range,
outside normal range and
either does or does not
require emergency action,
etc.)
• Data stored in server side
database and report is
generated to send to
healthcare professional
18. Advantages and disadvantage
Continuous monitoring.
Right Treatment at the right
time
Easy to wear and takeoff.
Reduce the work load of
medical assistance.
Washable
very fast process.
Initial cost is high
Battery life is less
Repairing and maintaince
process is tedious.
19. Conclusion
The advancements in bringing smaller devices, more computation
and communication power, and an ever-increasing range of sensors
and actuators, programming such a myriad of devices remains the
weakest link in the chain that leads to rapid and reliable WSN
deployments.
This will be overcome only when programming platforms will be
simple enough to be used by a domain expert and yet provide
acceptable and predictable levels of performance and reliability.
20. SOME LATEST COMMERCIAL SENSORS
Wristband packed with
vibration and motion sensors
to track and analyze exercise,
diet, and sleep data .
Wrist-worn device that
measures the wearer’s
heart rate, caloric burn,
sleep patterns .
21. SOME LATEST COMMERCIAL SENSORS
Sends body measurements
wirelessly to computer or
iPhone, to track gains or
losses over time .
The sensor which can measure
heart and brain activity (ECG,
EEG and EMG).
