Chapter 3 (maths 3)

CHAPTER 3

APPLICATION OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
In many physical and engineering problems, we always seek a solution of the
differential equations, whether it is ordinary or partial, which satisfies some specified
conditions called the boundary conditions.
Any differential equations together with these boundary conditions is called
boundary value problem.
In this chapter we shall study some of the most important partial differential
equations occurring in engineering applications.
One of the most fundamental common phenomena that are found in nature is the
phenomena of wave motion. When a stone is dropped in to a pound, the surface of water
is disturbed and waves of displacement travel rapidly outward. When a bell or tuning fork
is struck, sound waves are propagated from the source of sound.
Whatever is the nature of wave phenomena, whether it is the displacement of a
tightly stretched string, the deflection of a stretched membrane, the propagation of
currents and potentials along an electrical transmission line, these entities are governed
by a partial differential equation, known as the Wave Equation.

∂2 y 2 ∂ y
2
Variable Separable Solution of the Wave Equation 2 = a
∂t ∂x 2
Let y ( x, t ) = X ( x ).T ( t ) …..…… (1)
be the solution of the equation
∂2 y 2 ∂ y
2
=a ….……. (2)
∂t 2 ∂x 2
Where X ( x ) is a function of ‘ x ’alone and T ( t ) is a function of‘t’ alone.
Then
∂2 y ∂2 y d 2T d 2x
= XT ′′ and =X ′′T , Where T ′′ = 2 and X ′′ = 2 Satisfy equation (2)
∂t 2 ∂x 2 dt dx
i.e., XT ′′ = a x ′′T
2

X ′′ T ′′
= 2  (3)
X a T
The L.H.S of (3) is a function of x alone and the R.H.S is a function of t alone. They are
equal for all values of the independent variable x and t. This is possible only if each is a
constant.

X ′′ T ′′
= 2 =k , Where k is a constant.
X a T

1

X ′′ = kX = 0 ……….. (4)
and
T ′′ − ka 2T = 0 ……….. (5)

The nature of the solution of (4) and (5) depends on the nature of values of k. Hence the
following three cases arise.
Case 1:
k is positive. Let k = p 2
Then equation (4) and (5) become
(D2 − p2 )X = 0
and
( D′ 2 − p 2 a 2 )T = 0
d d
Where D≡ and D ′ ≡
dx dt
The solutions of these equations are
X = Ae px + Be − px
and
T = Ce pat + De − pat

Case 2:
k is negative. Let k = − p 2
(D2 + p2 )X = 0
and ( D′ 2 + p 2 a 2 )T = 0
X = A cos px + B sin px
and T = C cos pat + D sin pat

Case 3:
k = 0.
d2X
=0
dx 2
d 2T
and =0
dt 2

X = Ax + B
and T = Ct + D
Since y ( x, t ) = X .T is the solution of the wave equation, the three mathematically
possible solutions of the wave equations are

2

y ( x, t ) = ( Ae px + Be − px )( Ce pat + De − pat ) ……… (6)
y ( x, t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px )( C cos pat + D sin pat ) ………. (7)
and y ( x, t ) = ( Ax + B )( Ct + D ) ……… (8)

Problems:
(1)A uniform string is stretched and fastened to two points l apart. Motion is started
by displacing the string into the form of the curve
3  πx 
(i) y = k sin   and
 l 
(ii) y = kx( l − x )
and then releasing it from this position at time t=0. Find the displacement of the
point of the string at a distance x from one end at time t.
Solution:

fig.1

The displacement y ( x, t ) of the point of the string at a distance x from the left end 0 at
time t is given by the equation (fig.1).
∂2 y ∂2 y
= a2 2 ………… (1)
∂t 2 ∂x
Since the ends of the string x=0 and x=l are fixed, they do not undergo any displacement
at any time.
Hence y ( x, t ) = 0, for t ≥ 0 ……. (2)
and y ( l , t ) = 0, for t ≥ 0 ……. (3)
Since the string is released from rest initially, that is , at t=0, the initial velocity of every
point of the string in the y-direction is zero.
Hence
∂y
( x,0) = 0, for 0 ≤ x ≤ l ……….. (4)
∂t
Since the string is initially displaced in to the form of the curve y = f ( x ) , the coordinates
{ x, y ( x,0)} satisfy the equation y = f ( x ) , where y ( x,0) is the initial displacement of the
point ‘x’ in the y-direction.

3

Hence y ( x,0) = f ( x ) , for 0 ≤ x ≤ l ………. (5)
Where in (i) and in (ii). Conditions (2),(3),(4) and (5) are collectively called boundary
conditions of the problem. We have to get the solution of equation (1), the appropriate
solution, consistent with the vibration of the string is
y ( x, t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px )( C cos pat + D sin pat ) ……… (6)

Where A, B, C, D and p are arbitrary constants that are to be found out by using the
boundary conditions.
Using boundary conditions (2) in (6), we have
A( C cos pat + D sin pat ) = 0 for all t ≥ 0
A=0
B sin pl ( C cos pat + D sin pat ) = 0 for all t ≥ 0
B sin pl = 0
Either B = 0 or sin pl = 0
If B=0, the solution becomes y ( x, t ) = 0, which is meaningless.
sin pl = 0
pl = nπ
nπ
p=
l
Where n = 0,1,2  ∞
Differentiating both sides of (6) partially with respect to t, we have
∂y
( x, t ) = ( B sin px ). pa( − C sin pat + D cos pat ) ……… (7)
∂t
nπ
Where p=
l
B sin px. pa.D = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ l
As B ≠ 0 and p ≠ 0, we get D = 0
Using these values of A, p, D in (6), the solution reduces to
nπx nπat
y ( x, t ) = BC sin cos , where n = 1,2,3 ∞
l l
Taking BC=k, Eq.(1) has infinitely many solutions given below.
πx πat
y ( x, t ) = k sin cos
l l
2nπx 2πat
y ( x, t ) = k sin cos
l l
3nπx 3πat
y ( x, t ) = k sin cos , etc.
l l
Since Eq.(1) is linear, a linear combination of the R.H.S members of all the above
solutions is the general solution of Eq.(1).Thus the most general solution of Eq.(1) is

4

∞
nπx nπat
y ( x, t ) = ∑ ( c n k ) sin cos
n =1 l l
or
∞
nπx nπat
y ( x, t ) = ∑ λ n sin cos ..……….. (8)
n =1 l l
Where λ n is yet to be found out.
∞
nπx
∑ λn sin l = f ( x ), for 0 ≤ x ≤ l
n =1
………… (9)
If we can express f(x) in a series comparable with the L.H.S. series of (9), we can get the
values of λ n .
3 πx
(i) f ( x ) = k sin
l
k πx 3πx 
=  3 sin − sin 
4 l l 
Using this form of f(x) in (9) and comparing like terms, we get
3k k
λ1 = , λ3 = − , λ2 = 0 = λ4 = 
4 4
Using these values in (8), the required solution is
3k πx πat k 3πx 3πat
y ( x, t ) = sin cos − sin cos
4 l l 4 l l

(ii) y = kx( l − x )
If we expand f(x) as Fourier half-range sine series in ( 0, l ) , that is in the form
∞
nπx
∑ bn sin l
n =1
it is comparable with the L.H.S series of (9).
nπx
l
2
Thus λ n = bn = ∫ f ( x ) sin dx, by Euler ′s formula
l 0 l
nπx
1

∫ (lx − x ) sin l dx
2k
= 2

l 0
l
  nπx   nπx   nπx 
  − cos   − sin   cos 
( lx − x )
2k  2  l  − ( l − 2x) l  + ( − 2)  l 
=
l   nπ   n 2π 2   n 3π 3 

     
  l   l 2
  l 3
 0


=
4kl 2
nπ
3 3
{
1 − ( − 1)
n
}

5

0, if n is even

=  8kl 2

 3 3 , if n is odd
n π
Using this value of λ n in (8), the required solution is

y ( x, t ) =
8kl 2 ∞
1 ( 2n − 1)πx cos ( 2n − 1)πat
π3
∑ ( 2n − 1)
n =1
3
sin
l l

∂2 y ∂2 y
(2) Solve the one dimensional wave equation = a 2 2 in − l ≤ x ≤ l , t ≥ 0,
∂t 2 ∂x
∂y
given that y ( − l , t ) = 0, y ( l , t ) = 0, ( x,0) = 0 and y ( x,0 ) = ( l − x ).
b
∂t l
Solution:
Shifting the origin to the point ( − l ,0 ) , we get x = X − l and y = Y , Where ( X , Y )
are the coordinates of the point (x, y) with reference to the new system of coordinate
axes. The differential equation in the new system is
∂2 y ∂2 y
= a2 2 0 ≤ X ≤ 2l , t ≥ 0, ……….. (1)
∂t 2 ∂x
The boundary conditions become
Y ( 0, t ) = 0 ………… (2)
Y ( 2l , t ) = 0 .…..…… (3)
for all t ≥ 0.
∂Y
( X ,0) = 0 ………. (4)
∂t
b
 X, in 0 ≤ X ≤ l
and Y ( X ,0) =  l
 ……….(5)
 b ( 2l − X ) , in l ≤ X ≤ 2l
l

Since the last boundary condition in the old system is
b
 l (1 + x ) , in − l ≤ x ≤ 0

y ( x,0) = 
 b (1 − x ) , in 0 ≤ x ≤ l
l

The required solution of equation (1) is
8b ∞ 1 πx nπX nπat
Y ( X , t ) = 2 ∑ 2 sin sin cos
π n =1 n 2 2l 2l
nπ
Since sin , When n is an even integer, the solution can be rewritten as
2
8b ∞ 1 πx nπX nπat
Y ( X ,t) = 2 ∑ sin sin cos Where 0 ≤ X ≤ 2l , t ≥ 0.
π n =1,3,5, n 2
2 2l 2l
Changing over to the old system of coordinates, the solution becomes

6

πx nπ
( x + l ) cos nπat
∞
8b 1
y ( x, t ) = ∑ sin sin
π2
n =1, 3, 5 n
2
2 2l 2l
nπ
Now sin ( x + l ) = sin  nπ + nπx 
 
2l  2 2l 
nπ nπx nπ nπx
= sin cos + cos sin
2 2l 2 2l
nπ nπx
= sin cos , Since n is odd.
2 2l
The required solution is
8b ∞ 1 nπ nπx nπat
y ( x, t ) = 2 ∑ sin 2 cos cos
π n =1,3,5, n 2
2 2l 2l
8b ∞
1 nπx nπat
y ( x, t ) = 2 ∑ cos cos
π n =1,3,5, n 2
2l 2l
Where − l ≤ x ≤ l and t ≥ 0.

(3) A tightly stretched strings with fixed end points x=0 and x=50 is initially at rest
in its equilibrium position. If it is said to vibrate by giving each point a velocity
3 πx
(i) v = v 0 sin and
50
πx 2πx
(ii) v = v 0 sin cos ,
50 50
Find the displacement of any point of the string at any subsequent time.
Solution:
The displacement y(x, t) of any point ‘x’ of the string at any time‘t’ is given by
∂2 y 2 ∂ y
2
=a ……….. (1)
∂t 2 ∂x 2
We have to solve equation (1) satisfying the following boundary conditions.
y ( 0, t ) = 0, for t ≥ 0 ………… (2)
y ( 50, t ) = 0, for t ≥ 0 ..………..
(3)
y ( x,0) = 0, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 50 ………… (4)
Since the string is in its equilibrium position initially and so the initial displacement of
every point of the string is zero.
∂y
( x,0) = f ( x ) , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 50 ...………. (5)
∂t
πx
where f ( x ) = v 0 sin 3 For (i) and
50
πx 2πx
f ( x ) = v 0 sin cos , For (ii)
50 50
The suitable solution of Eq (1), consistent with the vibration of the string, is

7

y ( x, t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px )( C cos pat + D sin pat ) ..…….……
(6)
A=0
B sin 50 p ( C cos pat + D sin pat ) = 0 for all t ≥ 0
Either B = 0 or sin 50 p = 0
If we assume that B=0, we get a trivial solution.
sin 50 p = 0
50 p = nπ
nπ
p=
50
Where n = 0,1,2  ∞
B sin px.C = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 50
As B ≠ 0, we get C = 0
Using these values of A, p, C in (6), the solution reduces to
nπx nπat
y ( x, t ) = k sin sin , ...............(7)
50 50
where k = BD and n = 1,2,3 ∞
The most general solution of Eq.(1) is
∞
nπ nπat
y ( x, t ) = ∑ λ n sin cos ...……….
n =1 50 50
(8)
∂y
( x, t ) = ∑  nπa .λn  sin nπx cos nπat
∞
  . ....………. (9)
∂t n =1  50  50 50
Using boundary condition (5) in (9), we have
∞
 nπa  nπx ∂y
∑  50 λn  sin 50 = v. Since v = ∂t ( x,0) ,
n =1  
πx
(i) v = v 0 sin 3 and
50
v  πx 3πx 
= 0  3 sin − sin 
4 50 50 
∞
 nπa  nπx v  πx 3πx 
∑  50 λn  sin 50 = 40  3 sin 50 − sin 50 .
n =1    
Comparing like terms, we get
πa 3v 3πa v nπa
λ1 = 0 , λ3 = − 0 and λ n = 0, for n = 2,4,5,6 ∞
50 4 50 4 50

8

75v0 25v0
λ1 = , λ3 = − and λ2 = 0 = λ4 = λ5 = 
2πa 6πa
75v0 πx πx 25v0 3πx 3πat
y ( x, t ) = sin sin − sin sin
2πa 50 50 6πa 50 50
πx 2πx
(ii) v = v0 sin cos
50 50
v  3πx πx 
= 0  sin − sin 
2 50 50 
∞
 nπa  nπx v  3πx πx 
∑  50 λn  sin 50 = 20  sin 50 − sin 50 .
n =1    
πa v 3πa v nπa
λ1 = − 0 , λ3 = 0 and λn = 0, for n = 2,4,5,6  ∞
50 4 50 4 50
25v 0 25v 0
λ1 = − , λ3 = and λ 2 = 0 = λ4 = λ5 = 
πa 3πa
25v 0 πx πat 25v0 3πx 3πat
y ( x, t ) = − sin sin + sin sin
πa 50 50 3πa 50 50

(4) A taut string of length 2l , fastened at both ends, is disturbed from its position of
equilibrium by imparting to each of its points an initial velocity of magnitude
k ( 2lx − x 2 ). Find the displacement function y ( x, t ) .
Solution:
The displacement y(x, t) of any point ‘x’ of the string at any time ‘t’ is given by
∂2 y 2 ∂ y
2
=a ……….. (1)
∂t 2 ∂x 2
y ( 0, t ) = 0, for t ≥ 0 ………… (2)
y ( 2l , t ) = 0, for t ≥ 0 .……….. (3)
y ( x,0) = 0, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2l ...……… (4)
∂y
( x,0) = k ( 2lx − x 2 ), for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2l ………… (5)
∂t
The suitable solution of Eq (1), consistent with the vibration of the string, is
y ( x, t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px )( C cos pat + D sin pat ) ………… (6)
A=0
B sin 2lp ( C cos pat + D sin pat ) = 0 for all t ≥ 0
Either B = 0 or sin 2lp = 0

9

If we assume that B=0, we get a trivial solution.
sin 2lp = 0
2lp = nπ
nπ
p=
2l
Where n = 0,1,2  ∞
B sin px.C = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2l
As B ≠ 0, we get C = 0
nπx nπat
y ( x, t ) = k sin sin , .............(7)
2l 2l
where n = 0,1,2,3 ∞
∞
nπ nπat
y ( x, t ) = ∑ λ n sin cos ………. (8)
n =1 2l 2l
∂y
( x, t ) = ∑  nπa .λn  sin nπx cos nπat
∞
  ………. (9)
∂t n =1  2l  2l 2l
 nπa  nπx
∑  2l λn  sin 2l = k ( 2lx − x 2 ), for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2l
∞

n =1  
∞
nπx
= ∑ bn sin
n =1 2l
Which is Fourier half-range sine series of k ( 2lx − x 2 ). in ( 0,2l ) .
nπa nπx
2l
2
.λ n = bn = ∫ f ( x ) sin dx, by Euler ′s formula
2l 2l 0 l
nπx
2l
= ∫ k ( 2lx − x 2 ) sin
2
dx
2l 0 2l
2l
  nπx   nπx   nπx 
  − cos   − sin   cos 
( 2lx − x )
2k  2  2l  − ( 2l − 2 x )  2l  + ( − 2)  2l 
=
nπa   nπ   n 2π 2   n 3π 3 

     
  2l   4l 2
  8l 3
 0


{ }
3
32kl
= 4 4 1 − ( − 1)
n

nπ a

10

0, if n is even

=  32kl 3

n π a

y ( x, t ) =
64kl 3 ∞
1 ( 2n − 1)πx cos ( 2n − 1)πat
π 4a
∑ ( 2n − 1)
n =1
4
sin
2l 2l

ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT FLOW
VARIABLE SEPARABLE SOLUTIONS OF THE HEAT EQUATION
The one dimensional heat flow equation is
∂u 2 ∂ u
2
=α .….……………..(1)
∂t ∂x 2
Let u(x ,t) = X(x).T(t) …..……………..(2)
be a solution of Eq.(1), where X(x) is a function of x alone and T(t) is a function of t
∂u ∂ 2u dT d2X
alone. Then = XT ′ and 2 = X ′′T , where T ′ = and X ′′ = , satisfy Eq.
∂t ∂x dt dx 2
(1).
i.e., XT ′ = α 2 X ′′T
X ′′ T′
i.e., = 2 ……..…………..(3)
X α T
The L.H.S. of (3) is a function of x alone and the R.H.S is a function of t alone.
They are equal for all values of independent variables x and t. This is possible only
if each is a constant.
X ′′ T′
∴ = 2 = k, where k is a constant.
X α T
∴ X ′′ − kX = 0
and T ′ − kα 2T = 0 …...……………(4)
The nature of the solutions of (4) and (5) depends on the nature of the values of k. Hence
the following three cases come into being.
Case 1 : k is positive. Let k = p 2 .
Then equations (4) and (5) become
( D 2 − p 2 ) X = 0 and ( D′ − p 2α 2 )T = 0, where
d d
D≡ and D′ ≡ .
dx dt
2 2
X = C1e px + C 2 e − px and T = C3e p α t
Case 2 : k is negative. Let k = − p 2 .
( D 2 + p 2 ) X = 0 and ( D′ + p 2α 2 )T = 0,

11

2 2
X = C1 cos px + C 2 sin px and T = C3 e − p α t
Case 3 : k=0
d2X dT
= 0 and =0
dx 2
dt
X = C1 x + C 2 and T = C3
Since u(x , t) = X.T is the solution of Eq.(1), the three mathematically possible solutions
of Eq.(1) are
2 2
u ( x , t ) = ( Ae px + Be − px )e p α t .…..…………….(6)
2 2
u ( x , t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px)e − p α t
…..….…………
(7)
and u ( x , t ) = Ax + B …...……………(8)
where C1C3 and C 2 C3 have been taken as A and B.

PROBLEMS
1. Find the temperature distribution in a homogeneous bar of length π which is
insulated laterally, if the ends are kept at zero temperature and if, initially, the
temperature is k at the centre of the bar and falls uniformly to zero at its ends.
Solution:
Figure 4.3 represents the graph of the initial temperature in the bar.

y − 0 x −π
2k =
Equation of OA is y = x and the equation of AB is k − 0 π
π −π
2
2k
i.e., y= (π − x)
π

12

 2k π
 π x, in 0 ≤ x ≤
 2
Hence u ( x ,0) = 
 2k (π − x), in π ≤ x ≤ π
π
 2
The temperature distribution u(x , t) in the bar is given by
∂u 2 ∂ u
2
=α ….……………..(1)
∂t ∂t 2
We have to solve Eq.(1) satisfying the following boundary conditions.
u (0 , t ) = 0, for all t ≥ 0 .….…………….
(2)
u (π , t ) = 0, for all t ≥ 0 ..….……………(3)
 2k π
 π x, in 0 ≤ x ≤
 2
u ( x ,0) =  .…..……………(4)
 2k (π − x), in π ≤ x ≤ π
π
 2
As u(x , t) has to remain finite when t → ∞ , the proper solution of Eq.(1) is
2 2
u ( x , t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px)e − p α t …....….……….(5)
2 2
A.e − p α t = 0, for all t ≥ 0
∴ A=0
2 2
B sin pπ .e − p α t = 0, for all t ≥ 0
∴ B = 0 or sin pπ = 0
B = 0 leads to a trivial solution.
sin pπ = 0
pπ = nπ or p = n, where n = 0 , 1 , 2,∞
Using these values of A and p in (5), it reduces to
2 2
u ( x , t ) = B sin nx e − n α t ……………….(6)
where n = 1 , 2 , 3, ∞
Therefore the most general solution of Eq.(1) is
∞
u ( x , t ) = ∑ Bn sin nx.e −n α
2 2
t
……………….(7)
n =1
∞

∑B
n =1
n sin nx = f ( x) in (0, π ), where

 2k π
 π x, in 0 ≤ x ≤
 2
f ( x) = 
 2k (π − x ), in π ≤ x ≤ π
π
 2

13

∞
If the Fourier half-range sine series of f ( x) in (0, π ) is ∑ Bn sin nx, it is comparable with
n =1
∞

∑B
n =1
n sin nx.

π π

2  2 2k 2k 
Hence Bn = bn =  ∫ x sin nx dx + ∫ (π − x) sin nx dx 
π 0 π π π

 2


 π
π 
4k   − cos nx   − sin nx  2   − cos nx   − sin nx  
= 2  x −  + (π − x) + 
π   n   n 2  0   n   n
2
 π 

 2
8k nπ
= 2 2 sin
nπ 2
Using this value in (7), the required solution is
8k ∞ 1 nπ
u ( x , t ) = 2 ∑ 2 sin
2 2
sin nx.e −n α t
π n =1 n 2
8k ∞
(−1) n +1
∑ (2n − 1) 2 sin(2n − 1) x.e −( 2n−1) α t
2 2
u( x , t) =
π2 n =1

2. Solve the one dimensional heat flow equation
∂u ∂ 2u
=α2 2
∂t ∂x
satisfying the following boundary conditions.
∂u
(i) (0 , t ) = 0, for all t ≥ 0
∂x
∂u
(ii) (π , t ) = 0, for all t ≥ 0; and
∂x
(iii) u ( x ,0) = cos 2 x, 0 < x < π
Solution:
The appropriate solution of the equation
∂u ∂ 2u
=α2 2 …………………(1)
∂t ∂x
satisfying the condition that u ≠ ∞ when t → ∞ is
2 2
……..….……….
(2)
Differentiating (2) partially w.r.t. x, we have
∂u 2 2
( x , t ) = p (− A sin px + B cos px )e − p α t ……..….……….
∂x
(3)
Using boundary condition (i) in (3), we have

14

2 2
p.B.e − p α t = 0, for all t ≥ 0
∴ B=0 [ if p = 0, u ( x , t ) = A, which is meaningless ]
Using boundary condition (ii) in (3), we have
2 2
− p. A sin pπ .e − p α t = 0, for all t ≥ 0
∴ Either A = 0 or sin pπ = 0
A = 0 leads to a trivial solution.
sin pπ = 0
pπ = nπ or p = n, where n = 0 , 1 , 2,∞
Using these values of B and p in (2), it reduces to
2 2
u ( x , t ) = A cos nx.e − n α t ………………..(4)
where n = 0 , 1 , 2 , ∞

∞
u ( x , t ) = ∑ An cos nx.e −n α
2 2
t
.……………….(5)
n=0
Using boundary condition (iii) in (5), we have
∞

∑A
n =0
n cos nx = cos 2 x in (0, π )

In general, we have to expand the function in the R.H.S. as a Fourier half-range cosine
series in (0, π ) so that it may be compared with L.H.S. series.
1
In this problem, it is not necessary. We can rewrite cos x as (1 + cos 2 x ), so that
2

2
comparison is possible.
∞
1 1
Thus ∑ An cos nx = 2 + 2 cos 2 x
n=0
Comparing like terms, we have
1 1
A0 = , A2 = , A1 = A3 = A4 =  = 0
2 2
1 1 2
u ( x , t ) = + cos 2 x e −4α t
2 2

∂u 2 ∂ u
2
3. Solve the equation =α satisfying the following conditions.
∂t ∂x 2
(i) u is finite when t → ∞ .
∂u
(ii) = 0 when x = 0, for all values of t.
∂x
(iii) u = 0 when x = l, for all values of t.
(iv) u = u 0 when t = 0, for 0 < x < l.
Solution:
We have to solve the equation

15

∂u ∂ 2u
=α2 2 …………………(1)
∂t ∂x
satisfying the following boundary conditions.
∂u
(0, t ) = 0, for all t ≥ 0 …………………(2)
∂x
u(l , t) = 0, for all t ≥ 0 ………………....(3)
u ( x , 0) = u 0 for 0 < x < l. ...………………(4)
Since u is finite when t → ∞ , the proper solution of Eq.(1) is
2 2
...…..….……….
(5)
Differentiating (5) partially w.r.t. x, we have
∂u 2 2
( x , t ) = p (− A sin px + B cos px )e − p α t ……..….……….
∂x
(6)
Using boundary condition (ii) in (6), we have
2 2
p.B.e − p α t = 0, for all t ≥ 0
∴ B=0 [ if p = 0, u ( x, t ) = A, which is meaningless ]
Using boundary condition (iii) in (5), we have
2 2
− A cos pl.e − p α t = 0, for all t ≥ 0
∴ Either A = 0 or cos pl = 0
A = 0 leads to a trivial solution.
cos pl = 0
π π
pl = an odd multiple of or (2n − 1)
2 2
(2n − 1)π
pl = , where n = 0 , 1 , 2,∞.
2l
Using these values of B and p in (5), it reduces to

( 2n − 1)πx −( 2 n −1)2 π 2α 2t 4l 2
u ( x , t ) = A cos . .e ….….…………..(7)
2l
where n = 1 , 2 , 3 ,∞.
∞
(2n − 1)πx −( 2 n −1) 2 π 2t 4l 2
u ( x , t ) = ∑ A2 n−1 cos . .e ….….…………..(8)
n =1 2l
Using boundary condition (iv) in (8), we have
∞
( 2n − 1)πx
∑ A2n−1 cos . 2l = u0 in (0, l )
n =1
………………….
(9)

16

The series in the L.H.S of (9) is not in the form of the Fourier half-range cosine series of
a0 ∞ nπx
any function in (0 , l), that is, + ∑ a n cos . Hence, to find A2 n−1, we proceed as in
2 n =1 l
the derivation of Euler’s formula for the Fourier coefficients.
(2n − 1)πx
Multiplying both sides of (9) by cos and integrating w.r.t. x between 0
2l
and l, we get
2 ( 2n − 1)πx (2n − 1)πx
l l
A2 n −1 ∫ cos dx = u 0 ∫ cos dx
0
2l 0
2l
[ All other int egrals in the L.H .S . vanish]
l l
 (2n − 1)πx   (2n − 1)πx 
 sin   sin 
1 l 2l
A2 n −1 .  x +  = u0  
2 (2n − 1)π   (2n − 1)π 

 l 0
 
 2l 0

1 2l (2n − 1)π
A2 n −1 . = u 0 . sin
2 (2n − 1)π 2
4u 0
A2 n −1 = ( −1) n +1
( 2n − 1)π
Using this value in (8), the required solution is
4u o ∞ (−1) n +1 (2n − 1)πx
∑ (2n − 1) cos . 2l .e −( 2n−1) π α t 4l
2 2 2 2
u ( x, t ) =
π n =1

PROBLEMS ON TEMPERATURE IN A SLAB WITH FACES WITH ZERO
TEMPERATURE
1. Faces of a slab of width c are kept at temperature zero. If the initial temperature
in the slab is f (x) , determine the temperature formula. If f ( x) = u 0 , a constant,
∂u
find the flux − k ( x0 , t ) across any plane x = x0 (0 ≤ x0 ≤ c) and show that no heat
∂x
c
flows across the central plane x0 = , where k 2 is the diffusivity of the substance.
2
Solution:

17

Fig.3
Though the slab is a three dimensional solid (Fig.2), it is assumed that the temperature in
it at a given time t depends only on and varies with respect to x, the distance measured
from one face along the width of the slab. Hence the temperature function u(x , t) at any
interior point of the slab is given by
∂u ∂ 2u
= k2 2 …………………(1)
∂t ∂x

u(0 , t) = 0, for all t ≥ 0 ………………....(2)
u(c , t) = 0, for all t ≥ 0 …………………(3)
u(x , 0) = f (x) for 0 < x < c ………………....(4)
Proceeding as before, the most general solution of Eq.(1) is

∞
nπx −n 2π 2k 2t c 2
u ( x , t ) = ∑ Bn sin .
.e ….….…………..(5)
n =1 c
∞
nπx nπx
∑ Bn sin . c = f ( x) in (0, c) = ∑ bn sin c
n =1

which is the Fourier half-range sine series of f (x) in (0 , c).
nπx
c
2
Bn = bn = ∫ f ( x ) sin dx …………………
c0 c
(6)
Using (6) in (5), the required solution is

nπx −n 2π 2k 2t c 2 nπθ
c
2 ∞
u ( x , t ) = ∑ sin. .e ∫ f (θ ) sin c dθ …………………(7)
c n =1 c 0

When f ( x) = u 0 , from (6), we get

18

nπx
c
2
Bn = ∫ u 0 sin dx
c0 c
c
 nπx 
2u 0  
cos
= − c 
c  nπ 
 
 c 0
2u
= 0 {1 − cos nπ }
c
 4u 0
 , if n is odd
=  nπ
0,
 if n is even
Therefore the required solution in this case is

4u 0 ∞ 1 (2n − 1)πx
∑ 2n − 1 sin. c .e −( 2n−1) π k t
2 2 2
c2
u( x , t) = …………………(8)
c n=1
Differentiating (8) partially w.r.t x,

∂u 4u ∞
(2n − 1)πx −( 2 n−1) 2 π 2 k 2t
∂x
(x ,t) = 0
c
∑ cos.
n =1 c
.e c2

Therefore the flux across the plane x = x0 is given by
∂u 4ku 0 ∞ (2n − 1)πx
∑ cos. c 0 .e −( 2n−1) π k t c
2 2 2 2
− k ( x0 , t ) = −
∂x c n =1
c
Therefore the flux across the central plane x = is given by
2

∂u  c  4ku 0 ∞
(2n − 1)π −( 2 n −1) 2 π 2 k 2t
−k  ,t  = −
∂x  2  c n =1
∑ cos.2
.e c2

(2n − 1)π
= 0, sin ce cos =0
2
That is no heat flow across the central plane of the slab.

PROBLEMS WITH NON-ZERO BOUNDARY VALUES (TEMPERATURE OR
TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS)

1. A bar AB with insulated sides is initially at temperature 0 0 C throughout.
∂u
Heat is suddenly applied at the end x = l at a constant rate A, so that =A
∂x
for x = l, while the end A is not disturbed. Find the subsequent temperature
distribution in the bar.

19

Solution:
The temperature distribution u(x , t) in the bar is given by the equation.
∂u ∂ 2u
=α2 2 …………………(1)
∂t ∂x
u(0 , t) = 0, for all t ≥ 0 ………………....(3)
∂u
(l , t ) = A, for all t ≥ 0 …………………(2)
∂x
u ( x , 0) = 0 for 0 < x < l. ...……………….(4)

Since condition (3) has a non-zero value on the right side, we adopt the modified
procedure.
Let u ( x , t ) = u1 ( x) + u 2 ( x , t ) ………………….
(5)
Where u1 ( x) is given by
d 2 u1
=0 .…………………
dx 2
(6)
and u 2 ( x , t ) is given by
∂u 2 ∂ 2u2
=α2 .…………………(7)
∂t ∂x 2

The boundary conditions for Eq.(6) are
u1 (0) = 0 ………………….
(8)
du1
and (l ) = A …………………(9)
dx
Solving Eq.(6), we get
u1 ( x) = C1 x + C 2 ………………...(10)
Using boundary condition (8) in (10), we get C 2 = 0
From (10), we have
du1
( x) = C1 ..………………(11)
dx
Using boundary condition (9) in (11), we get C1 = A.
u1 ( x) = Ax ………………...(12)
The boundary conditions for Eq.(7) are

u 2 (0 , t ) = u (0 , t ) − u1 (0) = 0, for all t ≥ 0 ………………...(13)
∂u 2 ∂u du
(l , t ) = (l , t ) − 1 (l ) = 0, for all t ≥ 0 ………………...(14)
∂x ∂x dx
u 2 ( x ,0) = u ( x ,0) − u1 ( x ) = − Ax, for 0 < x < l ………………...(15)

20

Proceeding as before, we get the most general solution of Eq.(7) as
∞
(2n − 1)πx  − (2n − 1) 2 π 2α 2 t 
u 2 ( x , t ) = ∑ B2 n −1 sin exp  ………………...(16)
n =1 2l  4l 2 

∞
(2n − 1)πx
∑B
n =1
2 n −1 sin
2l
= − Ax in (0 , l )

( 2n − 1)πx
l
2
∴ B2 n−1 = ∫ − Ax sin 2l dx
l 0
l
  (2n − 1)πx   (2n − 1)πx 
  − cos
2A  
  − sin 

 x 2l 2l
=−  − 
l   (2n − 1)π   (2n − 1) π2 2

 
  2l  
  4l 2  0

8 Al (2n − 1)π
=− sin
(2n − 1) π
2 2
2
8 Al.(−1) n
=
(2n − 1) 2 π 2
Using this value in (16) and then using (12) and (16) in (5), the required solution is
∞
(2n − 1)πx  − (2n − 1) 2 π 2α 2 t 
u ( x , t ) = ∑ B2 n−1 sin exp 
n =1 2l  4l 2 

Steady State Heat Flow in Two Dimensions:

Variable Separable Solutions of Laplace Equation:

Laplace equation in two dimensional Cartesians is

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ =0 …… (1)
∂x 2 ∂y 2
Let u ( x, y ) = X ( x ).Y ( y ) …… (2)
be the solution of the equation (1).
Where X ( x ) is a function of ‘ x ’alone and Y ( y ) is a function of ‘y’ alone.
Then
∂ 2u ∂ 2u d2X d2X
= X ′′Y and 2 = XY ′′, Where X ′′ = and Y ′′ = Satisfy equation (1)
∂x 2 ∂y dx 2 dy 2

21

X ′′Y + XY ′′ = 0
i.e X ′′ Y ′′
=−  (3)
X Y
The L.H.S of (3) is a function of x alone and the R.H.S is a function of t alone. They are
equal for all values of the independent variable x and t. This is possible only if each is a
constant.
X ′′ Y ′′
=− =k
X Y
Where k is a constant.
X ′′ − kX = 0 …….. (4)
and
Y ′′ + kY = 0 …….. (5)
The nature of the solution of (4) and (5) depends on the nature of values of k. Hence the
following three cases arise.

Case 1:
k is positive. Let k = p 2
(D2 − p2 )X = 0
and
( D′ 2 + p 2 )Y = 0
Where
d d
D≡ and D ′ ≡
dx dY
X = Ae px + Be − px
and
Y = C cos py + D sin py

Case 2:
k is negative. Let k = − p 2
(D2 + p2 )X = 0
and
( D′ 2 − p 2 )Y = 0
X = A cos px + B sin px
and
Y = Ce py + De − py

Case 3:
k = 0.

22

d2X
=0
dx 2
and
d 2Y
=0
dy 2


X = Ax + B
and
Y = Cy + D
Since u ( x, t ) = X ( x ).Y ( y ) is the solution of the equation (1), the three mathematically
possible solutions of the equation (1) are
u ( x, y ) = ( Ae px + Be − px )( C cos py + D sin py ) ……… (6)
u ( x, y ) = ( A cos px + B sin px ) ( Ce + De )
py − py
………. (7)
and u ( x, y ) = ( Ax + B )( Cy + D ) ……… (8)

Problems:

(1)A rectangular plane with insulated surface is a cm wide and so long compared to
its width that it may be considered infinite in length without introducing an
appreciable error. If the two long edges x=0 and x=a and the short edge at infinity
are kept at temperature 0 0 C, while the other short edge y=0 is kept at temperature
3 πx
(i) u 0 sin and (ii) T (constant). Find the steady state temperature at any point
a
(x, y) of the plate.

Solution:

.
Fig.1

23

The temperature u ( x, y ) at any point (x,y) of the plate in the steady state is given by the
equation..

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ =0 ………… (1)
∂x 2 ∂y 2

u ( 0, y ) = 0, for y>0 ……… (2)
u ( a, y ) = 0, for y>0 ……….. (3)
u ( x, ∞ ) = 0, for 0≤x≤a ……… (4)
u ( x,0 ) = f ( x ) , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2l ……… (5)

πx
Where f ( x ) = u 0 sin for ( i ) and f ( x ) = T for ( ii )
3

a
Three possible solutions of the equation (1) are
u ( x, y ) = ( Ae px + Be − px )( C cos py + D sin py ) ……… (6)
u ( x, y ) = ( A cos px + B sin px ) ( Ce py + De − py ) ………. (7)
and u ( x, y ) = ( Ax + B )( Cy + D ) ……… (8)

By boundary condition (4), u → 0 when y → ∞. of the three possible solutions, only
solution (7) can satisfy this condition. Hens we reject the other two solutions.
Rewriting (7), we have

u ( x, y ) e = py = ( A cos px + B sin px ) ( C + De −2 py ) ………. (9)

( A cos px + B sin px ) C = 0, for 0 ≤ x ≤ a
C=0
A.D.e = py = 0 for all y > 0
Either A = 0 or D = 0
If we assume that D=0, we get a trivial solution
A=0

B sin pa.De = py = 0 for all y > 0

The assumption that B=o leads to a trivial solution.

24

sin pa = 0
pa = nπ
nπ
p=
a
Where n = 0,1,2  ∞
nπx − nπy a
u ( x, y ) = λ sin e , ...........(10)
a
where n = 0,1,2,3 ∞
∞
nπx −nπy a
u ( x, y ) = ∑ λn sin e ………. (11)
n =1 a
∞
nπx
∑ λn sin a = f ( x ) in ( 0, a )
n =1
……… (12)

πx
(i) f ( x ) = u 0 sin 3
a
u  πx 3πx 
= 0  3 sin − sin 
4 a a 
3u u
λ1 = 0 , λ3 = − 0 , and λ 2 = 0 = λ 4 = 
4 4
3u πx −πy u 3πx −3πy a
u ( x, y ) = 0 sin e a − 0 sin e
4 a 4 a

(ii) f ( x ) = T in ( 0, a )
∞
nπx
Let the Fourier half-range sine series of f(x) in (o, a) be ∑b
n =1
n sin
a

nπx
a
2
λ n = bn = ∫ T sin dx
a0 a
a
 nπx 
− cos
2T 


a 
=  
a  nπ 

 a

 0
=
2T
nπ
{
1 − ( − 1) }
n

25

0, if n is even

=  4T
 nπ , if n is odd


u ( x, y ) =
4T
π
∞
1
∑ ( 2n − 1) sin
n =1 a
{
( 2n − 1)πx exp − ( 2n − 1) πy
a
}
(2) An infinitely long metal plate in the form of an area is enclosed between the lines
y = 0 and y = π for positive values of x. The temperature is zero along the edges
y = 0 , y = π and the edge at infinity. If the edge x=0 is kept at temperature ky,
Find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate.
Solution:

Fig.2

The temperature u ( x, y ) at any point (x, y) of the plate in the steady state is given by the
equation..
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ =0 ………… (1)
∂x 2 ∂y 2
u ( x,0 ) = 0, for x > 0 ……… (2)
u ( x, π ) = 0, for x > 0 ……….. (3)
u ( ∞, y ) = 0, for 0 ≤ y ≤ π ……… (4)
u ( 0, y ) = ky, for 0 ≤ y ≤ π ……… (5)
Of the three possible solutions of Eq.(1), the solution
u ( x, y ) = ( Ae px + Be − px )( C cos py + D sin py ) ………... (6)

can satisfy the boundary condition (4). Rewriting (6), we have
u ( x, y ) e − px = ( A + Be −2 px )( C cos py + D sin py ) ………. (7)


26

A( C cos py + D sin py ) = 0, for 0 ≤ y ≤ π
A=0
B.C.e = px = 0 for all x > 0
Either B = 0 or C = 0
If we assume that B=0, we get a trivial solution
C=0

D sin pπ .Be = py = 0 for all x > 0
B = 0, D = 0 or sin pπ = 0

The values B=o and D=0 leads to a trivial solution.
sin pπ = 0
p=n
Where n = 0,1,2  ∞

u ( x, y ) = λe − nx sin ny ,
………. (8)
where n = 0,1,2,3 ∞

∞
u ( x, y ) = ∑ λn e − nx sin ny ………. (9)
n =1

∞

∑λ n sin ny = ky in ( 0, π )
n =1

= ∑ bn sin ny

Which is the Fourier half-range sine series of ky in ( 0, π ) .Comparing like terms in the
two series, we get.
π
2
λ n = bn = ∫ ky sin ny dy
π 0
π
2k   − cos ny   − sin ny 
=  y − 
π   n   n 2  0
2k
= ( − 1) n+1
n

27

u ( x, y ) = 2 k ∑
( − 1) n +1 e −nx sin ny
n

(3) A rectangular plate with insulated surface is 20 cm wide and so long compared
to its width that it may be considered infinite in length without introducing an
appreciable error. If the temperature of the short edge x=0 is given by

10 y , for 0 ≤ y ≤ 10
u=
10( 20 − y ) , for 10 ≤ y ≤ 20
and the two long edges as well as the other short edge are kept at 0 0 C. Find the
steady state temperature distribution in the plate.

Solution:

The steady state temperature u ( x, y ) at any point (x, y) of the plate in the steady state is
given by the equation..

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ =0 ………… (1)
∂x 2 ∂y 2

u ( x,0 ) = 0, for x>0 ……… (2)
u ( x,20 ) = 0, for x>0 ……….. (3)
u ( ∞, y ) = 0, for 0 ≤ y ≤ 20 ……… (4)
u ( 0, y ) = f ( y ) , for 0 ≤ y ≤ 20 ……… (5)

where

10 y, for 0 ≤ y ≤ 10
f ( y) = 
10( 20 − y ) , for 10 ≤ y ≤ 20


∞ − nπx nπy
u ( x, y ) = ∑ λ n e 20
sin ………. (6)
n =1 20


28

∞
nπy
∑λ n sin = f ( y ) in ( 0,20 )
n =1 20
nπy
= ∑ bn sin
20

Which is Fourier half-range sine series of f(y) in ( 0,20)

nπx
20
2
.λ n = bn = ∫ f ( x ) sin 20 dy, by Euler ′s formula
20 0
nπy nπy
10 20
= ∫ y sin dy + ∫ ( 20 − y ) sin dy
0
20 10
20

10 20
  nπx   nπx    nπy   nπy 
  − cos   − sin    − cos   − sin 
  20   20 
= y 20  − 
 + ( 20 − y )  20  − ( − 1) 
  nπ   n 2π 2     nπ   n 2π 2 
     
  20 2  0
   
 20    20   20 2
10

 200 nπ 400 nπ   200 nπ 400 nπ 
=  − cos + 2 2 sin + cos + 2 2 sin 
 nπ 2 nπ 2   nπ 2 n π 2 
800 nπ
= 2 2 sin
nπ 2


u ( x, y ) =
800 ∞ ( − 1)
2 ∑
n +1

π n =1 ( 2n − 1) 2
{ }
exp − ( 2n − 1)πx sin
20
( 2n − 1)πy
20

(4) A long rectangular plate with insulated surface is 1 cm wide. If the temperature
along one short edge(y=0) is u ( x,0 ) = k ( 2lx − x 2 ). degrees, for 0<x<l, while the two long
edges x=0 and x=l as well as the other short edge are kept at temperature 0 0 C, Find
the steady state temperature function u ( x, y ) .

Solution:

The steady state temperature u ( x, y ) at any point (x, y) of the plate in the steady state is
given by the equation..

29

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ =0 ………… (1)
∂x 2 ∂y 2

u ( 0, y ) = 0, for y>0 ……… (2)
u ( a, y ) = 0, for y>0 ……….. (3)
u ( x, ∞ ) = 0, for 0≤ x≤l ……… (4)
u ( x,0 ) = k ( lx − x 2 ), for 0 ≤ x ≤ l ……… (5)


∞
nπx −nπy l
u ( x, y ) = ∑ λn sin .e ………. (6)
n =1 l


nπx
= k ( lx − x 2 ), in ( 0, l )
∞

∑λ
n =1
n sin
l
∞
nπx
= ∑ bn sin
n =1 l

Which is Fourier half-range sine series of k ( 2lx − x 2 ). in ( 0, l ) .

nπx
l
2
λ n = bn = ∫ f ( x ) sin dx, by Euler ′s formula
l 0 l
nπx
l

∫ k (lx − x ) sin l dx
2
= 2

l 0
l
  nπx   nπx   nπx 
  − cos   − sin   cos 
( lx − x )
2k  2  l  − ( l − 2x) l  + ( − 2)  l 
=
l   nπ   n 2π 2   n 3π 3 

     
  l   l2   l 3  0 

=
4kl 2
nπ a
3 3
{
1 − ( − 1)
n
}
0, if n is even

=  8kl 2

n π


30

u ( x, t ) =
8kl 2
π3
∞
1
∑ ( 2n − 1)
n =1
3
sin
l
{
( 2n − 1)πx exp − ( 2n − 1)πy
l
}

UNIT 3
PART A

1. Classify the partial differential equation 3u xx + 4u xy + 3u y − 2u x = 0.
Ans:
Given 3u xx + 4u xy + 3u y − 2u x = 0.
A = 3, B = 4, C = 0
B 2 − 4 AC =16 > 0, Hyperbolic.

2. The ends A and B of a rod of length 10 cm long have their temperature kept at 20 0 C
and 70 0 C. Find the steady state temperature distribution on the rod.

31

Ans:
When the steady state conditions exists the heat flow equation is
∂ 2u
=0
∂x 2
i.e., u ( x) = c1 x + c2 ………………(1)
The boundary conditions are (a) u(0) = 20, (b) u(10) = 70
Applying (a) in (1), we get
u (0) = c2 = 20
Substitute this value in (1), we get
u ( x ) = c1 x + 20 ………………
(2)
Applying (b) in (2), we get
u (10) = c110 + 20 = 70
∴ c1 = 5
u ( x ) = 5 x + 20

∂u ∂u
3. Solve the equation 3 +2 = 0, given that u ( x,0) = 4e − x by the method of
∂x ∂y
separation of variables.
Ans:
∂u ∂u
Given 3 + 2 = 0 ………………..
∂x ∂y
(1)
Let u = X(x).Y(y) ……………….
(2)
Be a solution of (1)
∂u ∂u
= X ′Y , = XY ′ ………………
∂x ∂y
(3)
Substituting (3) in (1) we get
3 X ′Y + 2 XY ′ = 0
3 X ′ 2Y ′
= =K
X Y
3 X ′ − KX = 0, − 2Y ′ − KY = 0
dX dY
3 = KX , 2 = − KY
dx dy
dX dY
3 = K dx, 2 = − K dy
dx dy
Integrating we get

32

3 log X = Kx, 2 log Y = Ky
kx ky
X =e3, Y =e2
kx ky
Therefore u = X .Y = e 3 . e 2

4. Write the one dimensional wave equation with initial and boundary conditions in
which the initial position of the string is f (x) and the initial velocity imparted at each
point x is g (x) .
Ans:
∂2 y ∂2 y
The one dimensional wave equation is 2 = α 2 2
∂t ∂x
The boundary conditions are
(i) y(0 , t) = 0 (iii) y(x , 0) = f (x )
∂y ( x,0)
(ii) y(l , t) = 0 (iv) = g ( x)
∂t
5. What is the basic difference between the solution of one dimensional wave equation
and one dimensional heat equation.
Ans:
Solution of the one dimensional wave equation is of periodic in nature. But
solution of the one dimensional heat equation is not of periodic in nature.

6. In steady state conditions derive the solution of one dimensional heat flow equation.
Ans:
When steady state conditions exist the heat floe equation is independent of time t.
∂u
∴ =0
∂t
The heat flow equation becomes
∂ 2u
=0
∂x 2

7. What are the possible solutions of one dimensional wave equation.
Ans:
y ( x , t ) = (C1e px + C2 e − px ) (C3 e pat + C 4 e − pat )
y ( x , t ) = (C5 cos px + C6 sin px) (C7 cos pat + C8 sin pat )
y ( x , t ) = (C9 x + C10 ) (C11t + C12 )

∂2 y ∂2 y
8. In the wave equation = α 2 2 what does c 2 stand for?
∂t 2 ∂x
Ans:
Tension
c2 = T =
mass

33

9. State Fourier law of conduction.
Ans:
The rate at which heat flows across an area A at a distance x from one end of a
bar given by
 ∂u 
Q = − KA 
 ∂x  x
 ∂u 
K is thermal conductivity and   means the temperature gradient at x.
 ∂x  x

10. What is the constant a 2 in the wave equation utt = a u xx .
2

Ans:
Tension
a2 =
mass

11. State any two laws which are assumed to derive one dimensional heat equation.
Ans:
(i) The sides of the bar are insulated so that the loss or gain of heat from the sides
by conduction or radiation is negligible.
(ii) The same amount of heat is applied at all points of the face.

12. Classify the PDE u xx + xu yy = 0.
Ans:
Here A = 1, B = x, C = 0
∴ B 2 − 4 AC = x 2
(i) Elliptic if x > 0
(ii) Parabolic if x = 0
(iii) Hyperbolic if x < 0

13. Classify the PDE
(a) y u xx − 2 xyu xy + x u yy + 2u x − 3u = 0.
2 2

2
(b) y u xx + u yy + u x + u y + 7 = 0.
2 2

Ans:
(a) Here A = y 2 , B = -2xy, C = x 2
∴ B 2 − 4 AC = 4 x 2 y 2 − 4 x 2 y 2 = 0
∴ Parabolic
(b) Here A = y 2 , B = 0, C = 1.
∴ B 2 − 4 AC = −4 y 2 < 0.
∴ Elliptic.

14. An insulated rod of length 60 cm has its ends at A and B maintained at 30 0 C and
40 0 C respectively. Find the steady state solution.
Ans:

34

The heat flow equation is
∂u ∂2 y
=α2 2 ………………
∂t ∂x
(1)
When the steady state condition exist the heat flow equation becomes
∂ 2u
=0
∂x 2
i.e., u ( x) = c1 x + c2 ………………(2)
The boundary conditions are (a) u(0) = 30, (b) u(l) = 40
Applying (a) in (2), we get
u (0) = c2 = 30
u ( x) = c1 x + 30 ………………
(3)
Applying (b) in (3), we get
u (10) = c1l + 30 = 40
40
∴ c1 =
l
40 x
u ( x) = x + 30
l

15. Solve using separation of variables method yu x + xu y = 0.
Ans:
Given yu x + xu y = 0. ………………..
(1)
Let u = X(x).Y(y) ……………….
(2)
Be a solution of (1)
∂u ∂u
= X ′Y , = XY ′ ………………
∂x ∂y
(3)
Substituting (3) in (1) we get
y. X ′Y + x. XY ′ = 0
X ′ −Y′
= =K
xX yY
X ′ = KxX , − Y ′ = KyY
dX dY
= KxX , = − KyY
dx dy
dX dY
= Kx dx, = − Ky dy
X Y

35

Integrating we get
x2 y2
log X = k + k1 , log Y = − k + k2
2 2
kx 2 ky 2
X = c1e 2
, Y = c2 e 2

k 2
− y2 )
Therefore u = X .Y = c c e 2 ( x
1 2

PART B

(1) A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x=0 and x = l is initially at rest in its
equilibrium position. If it is set vibrating giving each point a velocity λx( l − x ). , then
show that
8λl 3 ∞ 1 nπx nπat
y ( x, t ) = 4 ∑ 4 sin . sin
π a n =1,3,5 n l l

(2) A rectangular plate is bounded by lines x=0, y=0, x=a, y=b. It’s surface are insulated.
The temperature along x=0 and y=o are kept at 0 0 C and others at 100 0 C. Find the steady
state temperature at any point of the plate.

(3)A metal bar 10 cm. long, with insulated sides has its ends A and B kept at 20 0 C and
40 0 C respectively until steady state conditions prevail. The temperature at A is then
suddenly raised to 50 0 C and at the same instant that at B is lowered to 10 0 C. Find the
subsequent temperature at any point of the bar at any time.

(4) A tightly stretched string of length l has its ends fastened at x=0, x = l . The mid-
point of the string is mean taken to height ‘b’ and then released from rest in that position.
Find the lateral displacement of a point of the string at time‘t’ from the instant of release.

(5)If a square plate is bounded by the lines x = ± a and y = ± a and three of its edges are
kept at temperature 0 0 C, while the temperature along the edge y=a is kept at
u = x + a, − a ≤ x ≤ a, Find the steady state temperature in the plate.

(6)A uniform string is stretched and fastened to two points l apart. Motion is started by
displacing the string into the form of the curve
3  πx 
(i) y = k sin   and
 l 
(ii) y = kx( l − x )
and then releasing it from this position at time t=0. Find the displacement of the point of
the string at a distance x from one end at time t.

(7) A long rectangular plate with insulated surface is 1 cm wide. If the temperature along
one short edge(y=0) is u ( x,0 ) = k ( 2lx − x 2 ). degrees, for 0 < x < l , while the two long

36

edges x=0 and x=l as well as the other short edge are kept at temperature 0 0 C, Find the
steady state temperature function u ( x, y ) .

(8)Find the temperature distribution in a homogeneous bar of length π which is insulated
laterally, if the ends are kept at zero temperature and if, initially, the temperature is k at
the centre of the bar and falls uniformly to zero at its ends.

∂2 y ∂2 y
(9) solve the one dimensional wave equation = a 2 2 in − l ≤ x ≤ l , t ≥ 0,
∂t 2 ∂x
∂y
given that y ( − l , t ) = 0, y ( l , t ) = 0, ( x,0) = 0 and y ( x,0 ) = ( l − x ).
b
∂t l

(10) A rectangular plate with insulated surface is 20 cm wide and so long compared to its
width that it may be considered infinite in length without introducing an appreciable
error. If the temperature of the short edge x=0 is given by

10 y , for 0 ≤ y ≤ 10
u=
10( 20 − y ) , for 10 ≤ y ≤ 20
and the two long edges as well as the other short edge are kept at 0 0 C. Find the steady
state temperature distribution in the plate.

(11) Solve the one dimensional heat flow equation
∂u ∂ 2u
=α2 2
∂t ∂x
Satisfying the following boundary conditions.

∂u
(i) ( 0, t ) = 0, for all t ≥ 0
∂x
∂u
(ii) ( π , t ) = 0, for all t ≥ 0
∂x
(iii) u ( x,0 ) = cos 2 x, for 0 < x < π

(12)A rectangular plane with insulated surface is a cm wide and so long compared to its
width that it may be considered infinite in length without introducing an appreciable
error. If the two long edges x=0 and x=a and the short edge at infinity are kept at
temperature 0 0 C, while the other short edge y=0 is kept at temperature
3 πx
(i) u 0 sin and (ii) T (constant). Find the steady state temperature at any point
a
(x, y) of the plate.

37

(13) A tightly stretched strings with fixed end points x=0 and x=50 is initially at rest in its
equilibrium position. If it is said to vibrate by giving each point a velocity
3 πx
(i) v = v 0 sin and
50
πx 2πx
(ii) v = v 0 sin cos ,
50 50
Find the displacement of any point of the string at any subsequent time.

(14) An infinitely long metal plate in the form of an area is enclosed between the lines
y = 0 and y = π for positive values of x. The temperature is zero along the edges
y = 0 , y = π and the edge at infinity. If the edge x=0 is kept at temperature ky,
Find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate.

(15) A taut string of length 2l , fastened at both ends, is disturbed from its position of
equilibrium by imparting to each of its points an initial velocity of magnitude k ( 2lx − x 2 ).
Find the displacement function y ( x, t )

38

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