Deductive Essay Examples

Inductive & Deductive Research
INDUCTIVE & DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH
Meritorious Prof. Dr. S. M. Aqil Burney
Director UBIT Chairman
Department of Computer Science University of Karachi
burney@computer.org www.drburney.net
Designed and Assisted by
Hussain Saleem hussainsaleem@uok.edu.pk 06th March 2008
"Well begun is half done"
––Aristotle, quoting an old proverb
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Research Methods
In research, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive
approaches.
Research Types
Deductive Approach
Inductive Approach
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Deductive Research Approach
THEORY
HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION
Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally
called a "top–down"...show more content...
PP 61–75 61 CS/IT"
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Reasoning methods and Argumentation
The main division between forms of reasoning that is made in philosophy is between deductive
reasoning and inductive reasoning. Formal logic has been described as 'the science of deduction '.
The study of inductive reasoning is generally carried out within the field known as informal logic or
critical thinking.
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http://www.phac–aspc.gc.ca/publicat/cdic–mcc/18–3/d_e.html 11
Automated Reasoning
Logic lends itself to automation. A variety of problems can be attacked by representing the problem
description and relevant background information as logical axioms and treating problem instances as
theorems to be proved.
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72/98
Logic and Reasoning
Reasoning
Using given knowledge and truth value help us to solve, understand real life problems.
Logical Reasoning
Probabilistic Reasoning
Bayesian Networks
Subjective
Objective
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EXAMPLE
p: All mathematicians wear glasses q: Anyone who wears glasses is an algebraist r: All
mathematicians are algebraist
pв€§q в†’ r в‰
Ў ( в€
ј( pв€§q) в€Ё r)
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TRUTH TABLE
Truth Table for the formulae built with the Logical Operators

p T T T T F F F F
q T T F F T T F F
r T F T F T F T F
pО›q ~(pО›q) ~(pО›q)Vr О› О› О› T F T T F F F T T F T T F T T F T T F T T F T T
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If r is the conclusion, and we know that p and q are true simultaneously then r is valid statement. In
real life, the
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How Is Each Related To Deductive Inquiry?
1. Explain and give an example of how a review of the scientific literature can help a researcher to
narrow the focus of a research topic.
Reviewing scientific literature can help by establishing a connection to research topic, establish a
connection to research and theory, and provides information about the procedures in other related
studies. Reading multiple articles of investigative articles in a credible magazine would give the
researcher a foundation in the technical aspects of academic writing. The Researcher can also gather
information. This will allow the observer to expand on data previously gathered.
2. Explain the difference between quantitative and qualitative research questions. What is the
scientific objective of each type of question? How is each related to deductive and inductive inquiry?
...show more content...
Quantitative question's objective in scientific research is for testing objects outside of the human
race that respond only to variables and have mathematically set rules. The objective of a qualitative
question is to study behaviors that respond to a set of rules that are affected not affected only
mathematically but by a set of social rules. Deductive logic uses quantitative questions that allow a
more solid outcome. Inductive inquire uses qualitative that allows a person to make an assumption
because of the unpredictability of human behavior.
3. What are the necessary criteria for establishing causal relationships in quantitative research?
Establishing casual relationships in quantitative research involves evidence of association, direction
of influence, and absence of common cause. This involves studying variables only.
4. Give an example of how research design in qualitative research is more "open–ended" than in
quantitative

"My mind," he said, "rebels at stagnation. Give me problems, give me work, give me the most
abstruse cryptogram or the most intricate analysis, and I am in my own proper atmosphere. I can
dispense then with artificial stimulants. But I abhor the dull routine of existence. I crave for mental
exaltation" (Sign of Four 6). Sherlock Holmes can not only solve the mysteries that are presented to
him, but he can solve them with ease because of his reasoning skills. In particular, he mostly uses
abductive reasoning, but sometimes he uses deductive and inductive reasoning. This also overlaps
into mathematics, with proofs and inferences.
First, deductive reasoning is "a truth–guaranteeing type of reasoning, meaning that if the premises of
a deductive argument are correct, then the conclusion must inescapably...show more content...
Sherlock Holmes uses many of the rules of inferences to come up with his conclusion. For my
second example of abductive reasoning you could see it written out as; 1. Mr. Wilson wears an
arc–and–compass breastpin. 2. If Mr. Wilson is a Freemason, then he would wear an
arc–and–compass breastpin. 3. Therefore, Mr. Wilson is a Freemason. Simplified it would look
like; 1. P. 2. If Q then P. 3. Therefore Q. This is the definition of modus ponens inference in math
terms. Inferences can be turned into proofs by simply stating them in full sentences.
Not only does Sherlock use proofs, he uses indirect proofs. As Sherlock says, "It is an old maxim
of mine that when you have excluded the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable,
must be the truth" which we call an indirect proof (The Speckled Band 164). The Silver Blaze has
an excellent example, Sherlock deducts "that he must have gone to King's Pyland or to Mapleton.
He is not at King's Pyland, therefore he is at Mapleton" (Silver Blaze 291). In the long run, the
proofs and inferences just back up my conclusion that Sherlock's reasoning skills are

Research Approach And Inductive Approach
When choosing the research approach, when the selection between deductive approach and inductive
approach both are suitable for the research. Deductive approach is when theory and hypothesis are
built up after reading literature and the testing theory and hypothesis is tested. Inductive approach is
focused on the testing theory. When this theory developed from the analysis of collected data which
depend on building theory (Saunders etal., 2003). So, the chosen method is the deductive approach.
First of all, we started to read the different literature to find the theories of our questions. If we start
to talk about research philosophy, we understand the way of thinking when it comes to the
development of knowledge. We can form the research process...show more content...
When purchasing buyers have different choices all they make can be stressful and the possibility
and demand on how to act and what to say can be an extra burden. Sometimes, the proposal of a
product from consumers come or just take a product among many. It will be difficult to make
choices, especially at the first purchase situation in an unknown environment. The purpose of this
dissertation was to do a brand research to see the movements of consumers for brand awareness.
When purchasing for the first–time what extent brand awareness matters in an unfamiliar
environment or culture. According to the research or theories, the consumer often buys products
most they recognize the brand easily more than the unknown brand. So, the factors have a greater
effect on the consumers for their buying behavior. Because of the time limitations, we are focusing
on the best–known theories in this field. The population was limited to the students of Daffodil
University. The theories in our questionnaire only included everyday commodities since student's
probable buy such products that they need for daily use products. Further, in the research, the only
factors that we considered were the one that had the most effect on the choice of

Deductive Critical Thinking
INTRODUCTION
In our day to day studies, almost everything is transformed into our understanding by the creation of
arguments in our brains. An argument is basically described as a process of making what we think
clear to ourselves and others .the final goal of an argument is usually to reach a conclusion which is
sufficiently persuasive to convince someone of something. Any argument that relies on collection of
data, on measurement, on information collected somehow (rather than on a general principle) is
known as an inductive argument. On the other hand an argument which begins with a generally true
phrase to a particular phrase is known as a deductive argument.
BODY
Usually in a deductive argument, the premises are meant to provide a guarantee...show more
content...
Inductive arguments, therefore, can take vary wide ranging forms, including arguments dealing with
statistical data, generalizations from past experience appeals to signs, evidence or authority and
casual relationship. The following is an example of an inductive argument:
It has snowed in Massachusetts every December in recorded history. Therefore, it will snow in
Massachusetts this coming December.
How do inductive and deductive arguments help us in critical thinking? This is a question that needs
much insight so as to fully understand the role of inductive and deductive arguments in critical
thinking.
Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally. It includes the ability to engage in
reflective & independent thinking. So deductive and inductive arguments will help in the following
ways in critical thinking:
1.Making accurate and logic decisions.
In arguments, facts are reviewed, wrote and reviewed again. By this, it usually helps one to make
decisions accurately .arguments really helps someone to understand every single piece of
information because when you fail to understand a part of given information then it is likely to make
biased

How Does Sherlock Holme Use Deductive Reasoning
Compare/Contrast Essay
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's character, Sherlock Holmes, once said "I consider that a man's brain
originally is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose."
This quote can be found in A Study in Scarlet and relates to how Sherlock feels about knowledge.
Sherlock even seems to use this to help him reason and understand the characteristics of people who
cross paths with him. Both The Great Mouse Detective (GMD) and Sherlock Holmes (SH) use
characteristics, from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's short stories, but they are depicted and intertwined
into the stories very differently.
In the movies The Great Mouse Detective and Sherlock Holmes, deductive reasoning is the main
tool used to solve cases. Sherlock Holmes, the lead detective in SH, uses deductive reasoning to
decipher how the antagonist pulls off the illusions. Basil of Baker Street, the lead detective in
GMD, uses deductive reasoning in a similar way to figure out the antagonist's evil scheme. While
deductive reasoning is used in both films, Sherlock Holmes seems to use it more uniformly, as
opposed to Basil who appears to use deductive reasoning more sporadically. Sherlock also tends to
rely less on others own reasoning, and more on their abilities to...show more content...
Dr. Watson and Dr. Dawson are both the lead detective's friend and help the lead detective solve
cases. They are good people that wish to help others, but they often need the lead detective to
explain how all the clues connect. The characters are based off of the original Dr.Watson and
have the same back story, including the fact they have seen war. Dr. Watson from SH, is a skinnier
guy with well groomed facial hair, and he doesn't put up with drivel from Sherlock Holmes. Dr.
Dawson, however, is a chubby man with less well groomed facial hair, and he is a lot more patient
with Sherlock's outlandish

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Deductive Method
Strengths and weaknesses of Deductive and Inductive grammar teaching Erlam (2003) defines the
deductive method as a process that moves from general to specific. The learners are exposed to the
general use, and they apply the rule to particular examples of language use. And this method ismost
close with the Grammar–Translation approach (Gollin, 1998). This approach, according to Brinton,
Celce– Murcia and Snow (2014) was used as a way to teach Latin and other languages. This
Approach has some elements, which are as follows: – The focus is on grammatical parsing. – Using
the native language of the students. – Little use of the target language for communication. – Atypical
exercise is to translate sentences from the target language into the mother tongue. The Deductive
method is related to conscious learning. This method tries to place a great emphasis on error
correction and presentation of explicit rules. The deductive method is often used with adult learners.
The teacher in this method teaches the rule explicitly to learners, and they are ready to cope with
exercises given (Krashen, 2002). The deductive method has its own strengths and weaknesses,
according to Widodo (2006), which are in the following table: Strengths 1–The Deductive approach
goes straight forwardly to the point and time–saving. The positive aspect of the method is that it
saves time. Teacher's explanations, independent work and subsequent checks are effective methods
for learning facts and developing basic skills (Allahyar and Ramezanpour, 2011, p. 240–243;
Entwistle, 1998, p.225–258). 2– A number of rule aspects (for example, form) can be more simply
and clearly explained than elicited from examples. 3– A number of direct practice/application
examples are immediately given. 4– The deductive approach respects the intelligence and maturity of
many adult learners in particular and acknowledges the role of cognitive processes in language
acquisition. 5–It confirms many learners' expectations about classroom learning, particularly for
those who have an analytical style. Weaknesses 1– Beginning the lesson with a grammar
presentation may be off putting for some Learners, especially younger ones. 2– Younger learners
may not be able to

Deductive Reasoning
Since all three had an adverse reaction to me, I used deductive reasoning. Being so easily
rejected, they appeared to be physically put off by my asking them for coffee. This reasoning led
me to one simple conclusion, which was to ask myself if I had a right to ask any woman out, if I
could cause such an adverse reaction. Awoman once told me I looked too serious when interacting
with her. I still do not know what she meant by that. It appeared I had been Sheldon Cooper long
before Jim Parsons played the character.
I am sure some of this apprehension on my part is due to issues that I am struggling to overcome. I
also suspect that I will always be dealing with some issue or another in the struggle to be free of the
demons that haunted me

Inductve Approach Vs Deductive Approach
The inductive approach is easier, both to write and to receive. When writing a bad–news letter, it is
imperative for the writer to be in a positive mindset. Writing a buffer paragraph first, puts the writer
in a constructive frame of mind and the result will most likely be positive. "The chances of getting
your audience to understand the reasons are much better before the bad news is presented...," sums
up my preference for the inductive approach rather than the deductive approach.
In the five step outline in the text book, I feel that the explanation is key to retaining goodwill. An
explanation for the refusal will often serve as a diffuser in a bad news message, whether in writing or
in person, and it shows the audience that the problem,

What Makes A Deductive Argument
With your first argument I think you should add more to your premises or add another premise to
support your conclusion. This example gives a very broad overview on alcohol related accidents.
How much was the person that got into the accident drinking. You could add a premise that states
this many percent of people drive while being legally intoxicated. I would also add for premise one
the percent of people that die in alcohol–related accidents every year or for a certain number of
years. This will make your argument stronger.
With your second argument is more of a deductive argument as premise one and two are true and the
conclusion is guaranteed. So this would be a valid deductive argument. For an inductive argument
the conclusion should

Examples Of Unsound Valid Deductive Argument
Deductive and Inductive Arguments Unsound Valid Deductive Argument Premise 1: My husband
does not work on the weekends. Premise 2: My husband was home today. Conclusion: It must be a
weekend. This argument precludes the fact that he may be home sick, or using paid time off.
Therefore, this is not a sound argument, though the premises are true, as it does not account for
other factors that may keep my husband home. Sound Valid Deductive Argument Premise 1: My
baby cries when he needs something. Premise 2: My baby is crying. Conclusion: He needs
something. This argument is sound and valid, as my baby only cries when there is something that
must be done for him, whether that be feeding, changing, playing, etc. Weak Inductive Argument

Example Of An Unsound Deductive Argument
An example of an unsound valid deductive argument from my life is that the online course at
Ashford University that I am taking is the best option for me to continue studying because I do not
have other option and is the best decision I made. (P1)–If the online course at Ashford University
that I am taking is the best option to continue studying because I do not have other option then I am
taking the best decision. (P2)– I don't have other option (C)– At least is the best decision.

Deduction Vs Deductive Reasoning
Induction and deduction are pervasive elements in critical thinking. They are also somewhat
misunderstood terms. Arguments based on experience or observation are best expressed inductively,
while arguments based on laws or rules are best expressed deductively. Most arguments are mainly
inductive. In fact, inductive reasoning usually comes much more naturally to us than deductive
reasoning. Deductive reasoning that is based on a general statement of fact is hard to argue with.
When using this method, you begin with a factual statement that describes a class of things, such as
animals. "In deductive inference, we hold a theory and based on it we make a prediction of its
consequences. That is, we predict what the observations should be if the...show more content...
Once this step has been completed, the next step involves coding the data for statistical analysis in
which the results are supported with theories. The important item that makes inductive profiling
more robust than deductive profiling is, through research observable patterns in the data can be
found that lead to new theories. Rather than being stagnated with held views of behavior, inductive
profiling is like a revolving door – researchers are always striving to look for emerging patterns in
crime data, which leads to new ways to assist

Inductive Approach
Deductive: Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the
concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. Deductive reasoning is
sometimes referred to as top–down logic. Its counterpart, inductive reasoning, is sometimes referred
to as bottom–up logic. Difference: The main difference between inductive and deductive approaches
to research is that whilst a deductive approach is aimed and testing theory, an inductive approach is
concerned with the generation of new theory emerging from the data. Inductive or Deductive? Two
Different Approaches Learning Objectives 1.Describe the inductive approach to research, and
provide examples of inductive research. 2.Describe the deductive approach...show more content...
Specifically, no hypotheses can be found at the initial stages of the research and the researcher is
not sure about the type and nature of the research findings until the study is completed. In inductive
approach there is no theory at the beginning point of the research, and theories may evolve as a
result of the research: It is noted that "inductive reasoning is often referred to as a "bottom–up"
approach to knowing, in which the researcher uses observations to build an abstraction or to
describe a picture of the phenomenon that is being studied" (Lodico et al, 2010, p.10). In other
words, in inductive studies no known theories or patterns need to be tested during the research
process. Inductive reasoning is based on learning from experience. Patterns, resemblances and
regularities in experience (premises) are observed in order to reach conclusions (or to generate
theory). Here is an example: My nephew borrowed $100 last June but he did not pay back until
September as he had promised (PREMISE). Then he assured me that he will pay back until
Christmas but he didn't (PREMISE). He also failed in to keep his promise to pay back in March
(PREMISE). I reckon I have to face the facts. My nephew is never going to pay me back

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Deductive and inductive reasoning A deductive argument tends to work from the generalized to the
more specific. It often referred to as a top–down approach informally. The conclusions that are made
in deductive argument follow logically from the facts that are available. A deductive approach can
be taken on the statement traditional publishing has been rendered unnecessary by the rise of digital
publication. Electrical publishing which is also referred to as ePublishing or digital publishing
involves the publication of e–books, electronic articles, digital libraries and EPUBS. It is becoming
a common trend to distribute books, newspapers and even magazines directly to readers through
tablet reading devices. This has been generated by vendors who operate online like Apple iTunes
bookstore and books in the android market among others. Market researchers have made suggestions
that most of the magazines and newspapers that will be in circulation will be done through digital
means by 2015(Sader, 2004). Most of the publishing companies are also considering making
agreements with these electronic publishing networks like Apple so that they can increase the
publications through them and eventually no more traditional publishing will be done (Rothchild, I.
2006). From the look at the general trend in publishing that most people and firms are taking as
depicted above, it is safe to take the deductive conclusion that "Traditional publishing has been
rendered unnecessary by the

Deductive and Inductive Grammar Teaching
DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE GRAMMAR TEACHING By Arnis Silvia
(arnis.silvia@gmail.com) I. Introduction: What is Grammar Teaching and Why? In traditional
setting, grammar teaching is seen as the presentation and practice of discrete grammatical structures.
More comprehensively, Ellis1 (2006) defines grammar teaching as: Grammar teaching involves any
instructional technique that draws learners ' attention to some specific grammatical form in such a
way that it helps them either to understand it metalinguistically and/or process it in comprehension
and/or production so that they can internalize it. Further, Ellis (2006) points out some key concepts
in teaching grammar. First, some grammar lessons might consist of presentation by...show more
content...
Within this period, grammar was abandoned. However, the language users now agree that grammar
is too good to be abandoned, as without good command of grammar, language development will be
constrained. Besides, 3 Richards, J.C, & Renandya, W.A (eds). Methodology in Language Teaching:
An Anthology of Current Practice). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002. p.145 language
within a good grammar is a requirement for someone to be accepted in certain social contexts, says
academics, law, medics, and such where the use of language Since then, the issue does not ask
whether to teach grammar or not, but it shifts to: how should we teach grammar? should we teach it
deductively or inductively? which grammar should be taught? It implies that "the controversy has
always been whether grammar should be taught explicitly through a formal presentation of
grammatical rules or implicitly through natural exposure to meaningful language use." (Nassaji &
Fortos4, 2011) Further, the most current issue in grammar teaching mentions that the main issues of
grammar and grammar teaching covers three major problems, which are: " ... beginning with those
that conceptualized teaching in terms of methods with an exclusive focus on grammar, continuing
later as types of exposure to meaningful communication, and emerging more recently as a set of
instructional options

Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning In order to fully understand deductive reasoning, there are certain points to be
noted. First, what is the nature of deductive reasoning? Logical strength is defined as the property of
an argument whose premises, if true provide support for its conclusion. Deductive and inductive
arguments are also distinguished based on the point that logical strength is a matter of degree. This
distinction makes it necessary to understand the nature of deductive reasoning. Therefore, deductive
arguments are those whose premises guarantee the truth of the conclusion, and inductive arguments
are those whose premises make it reasonable to accept the conclusion though do not absolutely
guarantee its truth. Deductive reasoning is...show more content...
В•The logical operators also play crucial part in telling precisely how the truth of the statement as a
whole is determined by the truth values of its component statements. They also define the different
kinds of truth–functional statement as explained above. Four kinds of truth–functions: 1.It is false
that Keanu Reeves is gay. Negation – the statement p is false is true when the component statement
is false and false when the component statement is true 2.Manny Pacquiao is the world's
featherweight champion and he has not been defeated so far. Conjunction В– true if and only if both
statements are true and false it both is false or either one is false 3.Either he stole it or somebody
else stole it. Disjunction В– true when either one of the components is true or if both are true, it is
false when both are false В•It is to note that disjunction is to be considered among complex
statements. Consider the example, either Mac did it or Bud it. This statement will still be
grammatically correct if written as either Mac or Bud did it but this perhaps is merely a simple
statement containing compound subjects. В•It is also important to note that in a disjunctive
truth–function the two disjuncts are exhaustive but not exclusive. This means that the disjuncts
cannot be both false (exhaustive) but both may be true (not exclusive). 4.If one commits homicide
then he must be imprisoned. Implication В– if p then q; the first component is called the antecedent,
the second

Deductive Reasoning Strengths And Weaknesses
Additionally, deductive reasoning is where general principles guide individuals as they analyze
specific situations. I was able to utilize my deductive reasoning skills when I noticed a dip in a
specific industries advertising levels. I was able to deduce the reason and take action to regain a
portion of that business. I have also discovered a few weaknesses through the assessments. I get
bored fast and act impulsively. I have learned through the Myers Brigg assessment that the likely
reason for failing to complete college in the past was my ENFJ learning style. When I took a class
that was of great interest to me and used active learning methods such as debates I was able to do
well and enjoyed it. When I needed to take a class that I failed

Compare And Contrastive And Deductive Reasoning
The inductive and deductive reasoning seems dissimilar to each other from all accounts. Inductive
reasoning involves a scientist using series of correlated observations to reach or infer a conclusion
while deductive reasoning involves predicting a specific result by following existing laws and
general concepts that support a conclusion (OpenStax College, & Rice University, 2013). So,
considering the definition of inductive reasoning and the definition of deductive reasoning and their
mode of operations highlighted above, they are apparently different from each other. In comparing
and contrasting both approaches, inductive reasoning focuses on observation while deductive
reasoning considers the generally accepted facts to ascertain the authenticity of a specific case. With
the obvious difference in their modus operandi, inductive and deductive reasoning both use
hypothesis, tests, repetitions...show more content...
The two methods can, as a matter of fact, be complementary when used in experiments. In other
words, the top–down logic of the deductive reasoning can be supported by the bottom–up logic of the
inductive reasoning. In addition, it may be necessary to evaluate which approach is best for getting
the required findings. The observational approach used by inductive reasoning can be solidified by
the evidence gathered from the test results of a supported hypothesis. This, in my opinion, is what
an intelligent scientist should do when working on a specific experiment. In an attempt to find a
solution or answer tough questions regarding scientific or biological matters, it would be unwise or
unnecessary to apply rigidity in using any of the discussed methods as both are complementary to
each

Examples Of Inductive Approach
In general, there were two approaches that could be applied to teach grammar: deductive and
inductive. This dichotomy was built upon rule–based and example–based teaching. The deductive
approach, also known as a 'top down' approach, was a rule–based teaching style that involved
explaining the grammar item to learners before they encountered how rules functioned in language
and then applying it; therefore, the deductive approach was one of the explicit teaching styles
(Cowan, 2008). This approach was derived from the notion of deductive reasoning where the
concept went from the general to the specific. It can also be called rule driven learning. In such an
approach, the most favorable method was Grammar Translation Method where the grammar...show
more content...
This question relates to a long–standing debate among language teachers in the context of EFL
/ESL, since the two had their own significances for Particular learner progress. On one side,
deductive approach can be effective with students of a lower level, who are beginning to learn the
basic structures of the language, or with students who are accustomed to a more traditional style of
learning (Goner, Philips, and Walters,1995,p.134). Also, Deductive approach goes straightforwardly
to the point and can, therefore, be time–saving for the teacher and the class. Robinson (1996) proved
that learners performed grammatical tasks better and reacted faster in deductive rather than
inductive teaching. Erlam (2003) confirmed that deductive teaching was easier for learners to
acquire direct object pronouns in French as a second language, and it was highly likely that the
same holds true for learners of

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