philosophy of science, different between commonsense and science......

1. PHYLOSOPHY OF
SCIENCE
GROUP 2
1. Nana Apriliana
2. Primadina Cahyati
3. Simon Petrus Kita Ngatu

2. The difference between knowledge (pengetahuan),
commonsense (pengetahuan sehari-hari) and
science (ilmu pengetahuan)
Knowledge
commonsense science

3. The differences between commonsense and
science
Factor Commonsense Science
Purpose Useful for daily
life
Find the truth, expand the
understanding of knowledge,
Description, Explanation,
Interpretation, Prediction, Retrodiksi,
discovery, Application, control
Method Without method •Qualitative
•Quantitative
Language Ambiguous/vague •accurate
•Verification/falsification

4. Brian Fay
(2002:9)
Identifying
Having same
experience
Deciphering
Keraf and
Dua
(2001:34-39)
“knowing
that”
“knowing will”
“knowing
why”
“knowing
how”

5. characteristics of the philosophy
of science
• Berlaku umum
(universal)
• Objective
• Systematic
• There is
justification
• Autonomy
Berrling
• Universal
• Objective
• Systematic
• Methodist
• selfless
• Progresif
• Can be used
Van Melsen
• Universalism
• Communism
• skepticism
• Organized
• Selfless
Robert
Merton

6. Examples of some critics toward the
characteristics of philosophy of science
Universal
• Especially for the social sciences,
culture and humanities
Objective
• Social-cultural phenomenon
• Objective become intersubjective
Selfless
• science (and also technology) are
required to improve human
dignity/prestige right now

7. Methodology and Philosophy of Science
• What is Methodology?
• Methodology  Logic  inductive &
deductive
a.
Methodology
• What is Philosophy of science?
• Group philosophy of science :
• - Philosophy of general science
• - Philosophy of specific science
b.
Philosophy of
Science

8. Aspects of
philosophy
of science
1. Study of
concept,
supposition, and
methodology of
science, extension
and reconstruction
2. Study and
justify the
conclusion
process
3. Study of the
diversity of
science
4. Study of the
consequence of
science
5. Analyze
various concepts
and issues used
in the scientific
method

9. Terminologies in philosophy of science
1.
Evidence
2.
concept
3. definition
of
conceptual
and
Operational
4.
Postulate
5.
Assumption
6.
Hypothesis
7.
theory

10. The scientific method and
scientific assumptions:
 The scientific method is scientific process
that is used to get knowledge
sistematically and empirically by looking
at the phisical evidance
 “Tidak ada temuan penelitian yang lebih
bagus daripada metode yang digunakan
untuk memperolehnya” (Chadwick Cs.,
1991:6)

11. Assumptions in the scientific method:
a. There are events that occur repeatedly by following a certain
pattern or plot
b. There is a belief that science is more important than
foolishness
c. There is belief that experiences give a reliable basis
d. There is order of causality in the natural phenomenon,
social, and human
e. There are assumptions that related to the researcher:
• - Encouragement to acquire knowledge
• - Capable to pull the essence of investigated phenomena
• - The scientific community supports an empirical method as a
search of science

12. Epistemology and Philosophy of
Science
 What is epistemology?
 What is philosophy of science?
 Karl Raimund Popper  physics professor
and logician  paradigm positivism  “he
did not discriminate clearly between
epistemology and philosophy of science”
 Epistemology = Philosophy of Science

13. LOGIC AND METHODOLOGY
A. LOGIC
In term of philosophy how to
draw conclusion : rightly and exactly.
 Inductive and deductive logic.
B. METHODOLOGY
 Ethimology methodos and
logos. Methodos meta:
overcome and hodos: way (how).
 the way of how to acquire or develope
knowledge.

14. Clasifiction of Science
Logic tells about the process of drawing conclussion in general.
Methodology focus on the steps of conducting research in
specific. Because of that methods are parts of logic.
The classification of science generally depands on the
defference of the characteristics or features of the objeck of
science.
What are they ?????????

15. Clasification of Science
No Science Subject -
Object
Method Aim
1 Formal Science
(a priori)
Objeknya
dunia III
Universal
Deductive
axiomatic
certainty
Universality
2 Natural
Science
Object:
inorganic
Empiric
Deduktive
Induktive
Causal-mecanic
explanation
Prediction
Retrodiction
Nomotetic
3 Ilmu Hayat Object: organic Empiric
Deduktif
Induktif
Explanation
Fungsional

16. Continue......
4 Social
Science
Human being
and Society
Empiric, deduktive,
induktive, intuitive,
phenomenologic and
hermeneutic
explanation
Qualitative
Verstehen
5 Cultural
science
Human being
and their
activities and
their creation
Empiric,
Phenomenologi,
Hermeneutika,
semiotika
Deskripsi
Verstehen
Qualitative

17. Natural science Socio and cultural Science
=physics, chemistry,
astronomy, biology. (the
aims of this science is
Nomothetic)
=Human being dan society
(social science)
= Human being and their
creation (cultural science)

18. Views of Science
1. Faris Bacon
He emphasized the importance of new method (novum
organum), that is experiment method in developing science.
Science is developed for human welfare, so science is power.
2. Copernicus Galileo
He found the theory of “heliocentric” in which the sun at the
center in our solar system. The geocentric view has changed
to heliocentric.
3. Newton
He initiated the theory of gravitation, calculus and optic. He
applied the scientific principal in conducting his research.
4. Rene Descrates
He initiated the Cartesian revolution. He placed racional
aspect as a dominant factor in searching the concept of truth.
So he proposed his idea of “cogito ergo sum”.
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3
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