Advanced Communicative Grammar Skills

1. NOUN CLAUSE
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2. Noun01
Contents
The Equivalence02
Noun Clause03
Indirect Speech04

3. NOUNReview

4. Definition
The noun is one of the most important parts of
speech. Its arrangement with the verb helps to form the
sentence core which is essential to every complete
sentece. In addition, it may function as the chief or
“head” word in many structures of modification.

5. Types of Nouns
A. Classified by
Meaning
• Proper Nouns
• Concrete or Abstract
Nouns
• Countable or
Noncountable Nouns
• Collective Nouns
B. Classified by Form
• Compound Nouns
• Words having the form
of Other Parts of
Speech

6. A. Classified by Meaning
1. Proper Nouns
Name a particular person, place, thing, or idea
and begin with a capital letter.
(a) Personal names
Examples: Mr. John Smith, Mrs. Brenda
(b) Names of Georgraphic units such as countries,
cities, rivers, etc.
Examples: Country  Australia, Indonesia
City  Jakarta, Mexico
River  Nile, Mississippi

7. (c) Name of nationalities and religions
Examples: Nationality  Dutchman, Australian
Religion Christianity, Islam
(d) Names of holidays
Examples: Easter, Thanksgiving Day
(e) Names of time units
Examples: Day  Saturday, Monday
Month  June, July
(f) words used for personification—a thing or abstarction treated as a
person.
Examples: Nature, Liberty

8. 2. Concrete or Abstract Nouns
(a) Concrete Noun
A word for a physical object that can be percieved by the
senses—we can see, touch, smell the object.
Examples: Flower, girl, cat
(b) Abstract Noun
A word for concept—it is an idea that exists in our minds only.
Examples: beauty, justice, mankind, love

9. 3. Countable Noun or Non-countable Nouns
A countable noun can usually be made plural by the addition of –s.
Examples: one girl, two girls
A non-countable noun is not used in the plural. Mass nouns form one type
of non-countable noun. They are words for concrete objects stated in an
undivided quantity.
Examples: coffee, iron
Abstract nouns (including names of school and sports) are non countable.
Some non-countable nouns may also be used in a countable sense and will
therefore have a plural.
Examples: We had chicken for dinner, chicken is a mass.
There were many chickens in the yard, chickens is countable.

10. 4. Collective Noun
A word for a group of people, animals, or objects considered as
a single unit.
Examples: Committee, class, crew, faculty, family etc.
In American English a collective noun used as subject usually
takes a singular verb.
Example: The committee has decided to make some
recommendation.
However, if attention is being drawn to the individual members
of the unit, then a plural verb is used.
Example: The commitee have disagreed among themselves.

11. B. Classified by Forms
1. Compound Nouns
The term compound, as it is used for a part of speech, refers to a group of
words—usually two, but sometimes more—joined together into one vocabulary unit
that functions as a single part of speech. Noun compounds consist of the following
composite forms:
(a) Noun + noun
Examples: bathroom, department store, grammar book.
(b) Possessive noun + noun
Examples: lady’s maid, artist’s model, traveler’s checks
Note: sometimes the ‘s is omitted from the first noun.
Examples: a womens college, a citizens bank.

12. (c) adjective + noun
Examples: blackbird, common sense, blueprint
(d) verb + noun
Examples: pickpocket, flashlight, dance team
(e) noun + verb
Examples: handshake, garbage dumb, lifeguard
(f) gerund + noun
Examples: dining room, punching bag, wearing apparel.

13. (g) Noun + gerund
Examples: fortune telling, housecleaning, water skiing
(h) Preposition + noun
Examples: downpour, overall, by-way
(i) Verb + preposition-adverb
Examples: breakdown, makeup, grow-up
(j) Noun + prepositional phrase
Examples: son-in-law, editor-in-chief

14. 2. Words Having the Form of Other Parts of Speech
(a) Adjective Forms Used as Nouns
These nouns are often preceded by the. They take a plural verb when they refer to
persons.
Example: The rich grow richer and the poor grow poorer.
Adjectives of nationality are frequently used thus, especially adjectives ending in –ch, -sh, or –ese.
Examples: the French, the Irish, the Chinese
Adjectives of nationality that end in –an are also used as noun, but they have a regular plural with –
s.
Examples: Americans, Italians
The addition –man or –men to adjectives of nationality changes them to regular nouns that may be
singular or plural.
Examples: The Frenchmen, an Irishman.

15. Noun
Equivalent

16. Noun Equivalent
• Noun equivalent is a word or phrase that is equal to noun, in other
words, any parts of speech or constraction that can take the function of
noun are called noun equivalent.
• There are 4 types (form) :
• Pronoun
• Adjective
• Verb : gerund, infinitive
• Adverb

17. A. Pronoun
• Possessive pronoun, can not stand alone to hold the status of
noun, as it should be followed by other nouns so that it can
function as noun.
• Examples :
• I study English
• Form of “I” :pronoun
• Function : subject (noun)

18. Another examples
• The men visit us every weekend
The men => Form : noun
Function : subject (noun)
Us => Form : pronoun
Function : object (noun)

19. B. Adjective
Adjectival nouns are nouns that function as adjective. A noun that is placed in
front of another noun to help modify the noun make the modifying noun an
adjective.
Typically you would use an article in front of the word, such as a, an, or the.
Examples:
• The young are more active in the summer.
Form: Adjective
Function: Subject (noun)
• The rich is very proud
Rich is preceded by article ‘the’
Form : Adjective
Function : Subject (noun)

20. C. Verb
Verb as noun equivalent can be classified as gerund and to
infinitive.
• Gerund
Example : Singing is my hobby
Form : verb
Function : subject (noun)

21. • To infinitive
Example 1 : To sit here with you is nice
Form : verb
Function : subject (noun)
Example 2:
To make you happy is my priority
Form: Verb
Function: subject (noun)

22. D. Adverb
Adverbial nouns are adverbs that function as nouns depending on how it is
used in the sentence.
These types of nouns are usually used as modifiers to provide more details
to the verb or adjective to give it more value.
Often adverbial nouns refer to some kind of measurement such as distance
or direction. They answer questions such as, “how far”, “how long”, “how
much”, or “which way”.

23. Examples:
1. Samir drove east. [Samir drove which way?]
2. Joseph walked south for an hour. [Joseph walked which way?
Joseph walked for how long?]
3. This candy bar is only worth a dollar. [How much is the candy
bar?]

24. NOUN CLAUSE

25. DEFINITION
If a subordinate clause acts as a subject of a verb or object of a
transitive verb, we say this subordinate clause is a noun clause.
Noun clause can be identified by clause makers or introductory
conjunction:
when, where, why, how, who/whom, which, whose, whether, that, what, if

26. Types and Functions
Noun clause is classified according to the kinds of sentence from
which they are derived:
1. Statements
2. Questions
3. Requests
4. Exclamations

27. No. Noun Clause derived from:
Introductory
Conjunction
Function of
Clause
Examples
1.
a statement
Coffee grows in Brazil.
that
subject
That coffee grows
in Brazil is well
known to all.
subject after it
It is well known that
coffee grows in
Brazil.
subjective
complement
My understanding
is that coffee grows
in Brazil.
object of verb
I know that coffee
grows in Brazil.
appositive
He belief that
coffee grows in
Brazil is correct.

28. Noun Clause from STATEMENTS
Other types of verbs occurring with that noun clause subjects are:
1. Causative verbs: made, angered.
 That her boyfriend left her made her very melancholy.
2. Verbs expressing emotion: flattered, angered
 That she was called upon to speak flattered her greatly.
3. That clauses may also function as subjects of verbs like mean, matter, make a difference.
 That they are very rich means nothing to me.
4. That noun clause subjects occur less frequently in subject position than in predicate position after
anticipatory it.
 It is very encouraging that the child’s fever has gone down.
5. The auxiliary should often appears in that noun clause subjects of sentences containing verbs of predicate
adjectives that express emotion.
 It is surprising that you should say that.

29. Noun Clause from STATEMENTS
6. Omission THAT
• That can be left out after common reporting verbs like said,
thought and suggested OR when the meaning is clear without it.
• She said that she was busy. OR She said she was busy.
• She suggested that we should wait. OR She suggested we should wait.
• I thought you weren’t interested. OR I thought that you weren’t interested.
• That cannot be dropped after verbs like reply and shout.
• She replied that she wasn’t interested. (NOT She replied she wasn’t interested.)
• He shouted that he was coming. (NOT He shouted he was coming.)
• That cannot be dropped after nouns.
• He agreed with my opinion that we should start again. (NOT He agreed with my opinion we
should start again.)

30. Noun Clause from STATEMENTS
• After adjectives: That can be left out after adjectives in some common expressions.
• I’m glad that you are safe. OR I’m glad you are safe.
• It’s funny that he hasn’t come. OR It’s funny he hasn’t come.
• I was surprised that she won the prize. OR I was surprised she won the prize.
• Conjunctions: That can be left out after some common two-word conjunctions (e.g. so that,
such…that, now that, provided that, considering that) in an informal style.
• Now (that) we have come so far, we may as well go all the way.
• Speak clearly so (that) we can hear you.
• That is sometimes omitted informally from clauses functioning as predicate nouns.
• The truth is, (that) I don’t remember where I met him.
• The reason we returned do early is, (that) one of the children got sick.

31. No. Noun Clause derived from:
Introductory
Conjunction
Function of
Clause
Examples
2.
a question
a. Expecting yes or no answer
Will he get the money?
• whether (or
not)
• if
subject
Whether (or not)
he gets the money
doesn’t concern
me.
subjective
complement
The question is
whether he will get
the money.
object of verb
Do you know
whether (or if) he
will get the
money?
object of
preposition
We were
concerned about
whether he would
get the money.

32. No. Noun Clause derived from:
Introductory
Conjunction
Function of
Clause
Examples
2.
a question
b. Interrogative word question.
How will he get the money?
• who
• what
• which
• when
• where
• why
• how
subject
How he gets the
money is his own
affair.
subjective
complement
The question is
how he will get the
money.
object of verb
I don’t know how
he will get the
money.
object of
preposition
We were
concerned about
how he would get
the money.

33. Noun Clause from INTERROGATIVE
Noun clauses from questions may begin with interrogative words functioning
as:
Pronoun : who(ever), what(ever), which(ever)
Adjectives : whose, what(ever), which(ever)
Adverbs : how(ever), when(ever), where(ver), why
As in direct questions, the forms of who and whoever in noun clauses are
determined by the function of these noun.
Who : we don’t know who will be coming from the jungle. (who is the
subject of will be coming)
Whoever : we will interview whoever comes from the jungle. (whoever is
the subject of comes)

34. Noun Clause from INTERROGATIVE
1. Who vs. Whoever
Who in noun cause is more limited than that of whoever. Who does not appear in noun clause
subjects. Who in noun clause objects occurs after some verbs of indirect speech or mental activity.
• Who (the person that): Please tell me who is in charge here.
• Whoever (any person that): He will employ whoever is willing to work.
2. What vs. Whatever
They may appear in all noun function. The –ever forms are often interchangeable with what,
depending on the degree of generality desired.
What (ever) you need will be supplied.
What (ever) is worth doing at all is worth doing well.

35. Noun Clause from INTERROGATIVE
3. Word order
NOUN CLAUSE
ORIGINAL
QUESTION
I don’t know
Introductory
word
Subject Verb
whether he did it Did he do it?
when they are coming When are they
coming?
who she is Who is she?
what her name is. What is her
name?

36. Noun Clause from REQUEST
Noun clause from requests are introduced by that. This clause mostly occurs as object of verbs that combine with
the idea of requesting some degree of urgency, advisability or desirability. The verbs are:
Advise recommend
Ask Require
Command request
Demand Stipulate
Forbid Suggest
insist Urge
move propose
No.
Noun Clause derived
from:
Introductory
Conjunction
Function of
Clause
Examples
3. a request
Write the letter soon that object of verb
He suggested that I
write the letter soon.

37. Noun Clause from REQUEST
• The verbs in noun clause from requests usually take present subjunctive form. The Subjunctive is used
to emphasize urgency or importance.
He is requesting that a company car be placed at his disposal.
• A gerund phrase is also possible after some verbs of requesting:
I advised (or forbid, recommended, requested, urged) his leaving soon.
• That clauses after nouns derived from verbs of requesting also require verbs in subjunctive form or
with the auxiliary should.
He ignored his doctor’s advice that he take (or should take) a vacation.
• That clause subjects often appear after passive verbs of requesting in anticipatory it construction.
It is requested that all gentlemen wear coats and ties.

38. Noun Clause from REQUEST
Noun clauses from exclamations are introduced by the same words that introduce exclamation- what
(a), how.
The word order of exclamation is:
4.
an exclamation
What a pretty girls she is!
what
how
object of verb
I hadn’t realized
what a pretty girl
she was.
Exclamation How beautiful his wife is!
Noun clause I am amazed at how beautiful his wife is.
Exclamation What a beautiful figure his wife is!
Noun clause He is always boasting about what a beautiful figure his wife is.

39. Noun Clause from REQUEST
Noun clauses from exclamation occur chiefly as objects of verbs (denoting mental activity such as
realize, notice, see, remember, understand) OR prepositions (occur after certain verbs of indirect
speech that take prepositional objects- boast (about), complain (about), talk (about), remark (about)- and
after the noun forms of these verbs.
Did you notice how large that diamond was?
She is always boasting about what a good child she has.
This clauses also appear after –ed participial adjectives of emotion such as amazed, astonished,
disappointed, disgusted, surprised. The noun clauses are the objects of the prepositions that follow the –
ed adjectives, usually at.
I was astonished at how small their house was.

40. INDIRECT SPEECH

41. INDIRECT SPEECH
A. The definition
Indirect speech is used when we want to report what someone
says.
We can give the meaning in our own words and from our point
of view.
B. The tenses
The use of tenses in indirect speech is based on the context.
We can change the tense of the verb form present or past.

42. a. Present
 The words were spoken only a short time ago and are still relevant.
 The example : Robert says he’s hungry.
b. Past tense
 If the statement is in the past, the verb is past tense.
 The example : Karen told me yesterday that she knows the way.

43. admit
(dis)agree
allege
announce
argue
assert
assure
aver
boast
claim
complain
confess
convince
declare
deny
explain
foretell
hint
inform
insist
maintain
notify
persuade
pray
predict
proclaim
promise
relate
remark
remind
report
say
state
swear
teach
tell
threaten
warn
The verbs of indirect speech are:
In indirect speech, the use of that is commonly used.

44.  The examples are:
a. The company notified their employees that a pay raise would go into effect
the following month.
b. She taught her son that he must be honest and fair with everyone.
c. Gould admitted that his team were beaten by a better side.
d. We informed everyone that the time had been changed.
 The verbs like tell, inform, remind, notify, persuade, convince and reassure are
always followed by an indirect object.
 We sometimes use that, but in informal English we can leave it out, especially
after say or tell.
 The examples are:
a. Tom says (that) his feet hurt.
b. You told me (that) you enjoyed the visit.

45. References
Eastwood, J.2002. Oxford Guide to English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Frank, M. 1972. Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide. New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Philips, D. 2001. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test. New York:
Longman.

46. EXERCISES

47. Exercises
1. Dolphins form extremely complicated allegiances and ________
continually change.
a. enmities that
b. that are enmities
c. enmities that are
d. that enmities
2. _____ was late caused many problems.
a. That he
b. The driver
c. There
d. Because

48. Underline the noun clause in each of the following sentences. Then, on the line that follows
each sentence, write whether the noun clause.
1. Whoever takes bird-watching seriously should be grateful to Roger Tory Peterson, the author of
the classic Field Guide to the Birds. __________________________________________
2. Whoever wants to identify birds needs his pocket guide.
_________________________________
3. The new edition of this book, first published in 1934, contains what is known about birds’ field
markings and habitats. _______________________________________________________
4. Peterson’s beautiful, detailed illustrations may make an avid bird lover of whoever picks up the
book. ___________________________________________________________________
5. Peterson recorded in his book what he had observed about bird plumages and bird songs over a
period of many years. _______________________________________________________
6. Watching birds is what many Field Guide readers enjoy most.
_____________________________

49. Key Answer
1. Subject
2. Subject
3. Object
4. Object of Preposition
5. Object
6. Object of Verb