2. Open
Pneumothorax

3. Mrs. Puvaneswari Ramesh
Professor
Narayana Hrudayalaya College of
Nursing
AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

4. Learning Objectives
 Concepts of Audio visual aid.
 Principles of Audio Visual Aid
 Indications of Audio Visual Aid.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Audio visual Aid.
 Types of Audio Visual Aid

5. Introduction to Audio Visual aids
Communication tool
Multisensory Experience learning

6. Definitions – AV aids
 Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to
make the learning more effective, more concrete, more
realistic and more dynamic.
(Kinder)

7. 11%-Hearing
3.5%- Smell
1.5%-Touch
1%-Taste
83%-
17%
Watching / Seeing
Concept of Audio Visual aids
COBUN ( 1968)

8. HEARING WORDS
SEEING
WATCHING DEMONSTRATION
PARTICIPATING IN A DISCUSSION
READING
10% WHAT WE READ
Cone of learning- Retention
DOING DEMONSTRATION/
SIMULATING THE REAL EXPERIENCES
20% WHAT WE HEAR
30% WHAT WE SEE
50% WHAT WE SEE &
HEAR
70% WHAT
WE SAY
90% WHAT WE
SAY & DO

9. Research Evidences on AV aids
Comparative
Study (U.S)
Store information Six times more
when presented through visual aids,
compared to traditional lecture
Quasi-
experiment
 More attentive
 Increased their interest
 Increased ability to remember the
contents & motivated to learn

10. History of Audio Visual Education
 Exchange of information
PICTORIAL – 3000BC

11. Gurukul -
(Learning by doing – Science
and Life skills)
Nalanda University - 5th
century (Group discussion,
Dramatization, Clay
modeling)

12.  Ed Tech Time line –
Ancestors of Educational Technology
 John Amos comenius- (15th Century) - Founder of
Modern Instructional Technology
 Didactica Magna and Orbis Pictus
( More than 150 pictures)

13. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AV AIDS
First
generation
• Symbols and models, charts, maps,
pictures, chalk boards, posters etc.
Second
generation
• Printed books, printed workbooks,
printed posters etc.
Third
generation
• Slides, motion pictures, television,
phonograph, recording, tape
recording, radio etc.

14. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AV AIDS
Fourth
generation
• Radio and television (cable
television, satellite Television )
Fifth
generation
Electronic technology and now with
the computer technology. ( Internet,
Interactive board, Mobile phones ,
Simulations, games, Virtual reality,
Cloud computing, Learning analytics

15. Objectives / Purposes of Teaching Aids
 Enhance teachers skills
 Save energy and time
 Develop clear image
 Communicate them according to their capabilities
 Involve intimation in objectives

16.  Add variety and newness to the lesson, provide
vicarious experience
 Basis for more effective perceptual and conceptual
learning
 Make learners active, attentive and motivating.
 Increase understanding and retention
Objectives / Purposes of Teaching Aids

17. Cone of Experience- Edgar Dale

18. Direct Purposeful Experiences
 First hand experiences
 Learning by doing things
Contrived Experiences
 Representative models
and mock-ups of reality.
 Provides more concrete
experiences(visualization)

19. Dramatized experiences.
 Learners can participate in a
reconstructed experiences.
 Familiarity with the concept
Demonstrations.
 Visualize explanation of important
fact, idea, or process

20. Study Trips
 Learning experience through excursions and
visits
Exhibits
 Combination of some
of the first levels

21.  Motion pictures
 Recordings, and Radio.
 Visual symbolic
 Verbal symbolic

22. Importance of Teaching aids
 Motivation
 Clarification
 Discouragement of Cramming

23. SELECTION
EVALUATION
PRINCIPLES
PREPARATION
RESPONSE PRESENTATION
HANDLING

24. 1.Principles of Selection
 Appropriate to the age level, grade level, and other
characteristics of the learners.
 Interesting and motivating.
 True representatives of the real things.
 Realization of desired learning objectives.

25. 2.Principles of preparation:
 Locally available material should be used.
 The teachers should receive some training in the
preparation of aids.
 Students may be associated in
the preparation of aids.

26. 3.Principles of Presentation
 Can carefully visualize the use of teaching aids before
their actual presentation.
 Familiarity with the use and manipulation of the aids.
 Handle with care.
 Proper display of aids

27. 4.Handlin
g
Principles
• Discussion
• Continuous
evaluation
• Safe storing arrangement
• Facilitate their lending
• Teachers guide the
student to respond
actively
6.Evaluatio
n
5.Respons
e

28. Characteristics of AV aids
 Relevancy
 Useful and purposeful teaching
 Accuracy
 Interest
 Minimize verbalism
 Comprehensibility
 Simple/ cheap

29. Advantages of using AV aids
 Learning process - More effective and conceptual.
 Grab the attention of students
 Builds interest and motivational teaching
 Enhances the energy level of teaching and students
 Provide a realistic
approach and experience
to the students

30. Disadvantages of using AV aids
 Technical Problems
 Improper selection/ usage
 Financial hurdles
 Students distractions
 Time consuming
 Need Space

31. Factors influencing in selection of
A.V. aids
 Objective of training Programme / teaching
 Nature of subject matter being taught
 Nature of audience or large group
 Relative cost
 Teacher familiarity

32. Factors influencing in selection of
A.V. aids
 Skill in selection, preparation and its use
 Availability, functioning or working condition
of A.V. aid
 Knowledge of resources

33. Limitations of AV aids
 Apathy of teachers
 Indifference of students
 Financial problems
 Absence of infra structure
 Language barriers
 Do not replace the teacher
 Not followed the principles in making (Letters &
symbols are illegible, colors are misused)

34. Classifications of Audio visual Aids
 OHP
 SLIDES
 FILM
STRIPS
 LCD
PROJECTO
R-PPT
 TV
 INTERACTIV
E WHITE
BOARD
 MOBILE
LEARNING
 VIRTUAL
LEARNING
 CHALK
BOARDS
 CHARTS
 FLASH
CARDS
 MODELS
 BOOKS
 HANDOUTS
 PUPPETS
 FLANNEL
BOARDS
PROJECTED
NON-
PROJECTED ELECTRONIC

35. OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
 A projector having a flat, transparent top on which a
sheet like transparency is places, and an overhead
mirror reflects on the transparency to a screen.

36. Preparation and storing of OHP film
 OHP Transparency Film ( Acetate Sheet) - 8.5 x 11” or
10X10’’
 Place lined paper / (6 mm) grid sheet beneath acetate
sheet
 Use letter style – 6mm for Text and 9 mm for Titles
 Use capital letters for titles.
 Use one lettering style.
 Store them flat, clean and interlocked with paper

37. Methods of using overhead projector
 The projector should not be subjected to mechanical
vibrations.
 Use voltage stabilizer.
 Halogen lamps will not with stand heavy surge in
voltage and never touch the lamp by hand.
 The OHP should be kept in a fixed place

38. Methods of using overhead projector
 Use masking tape
 Stand off to one side of OHP while facing the
audience.
 Use pointer
 Place the OHP on a table (Avoid
key stone effect)

39. Advantages
 It can be used in a fairly lighted room.
 Material projected can be changed easily and quickly.
 Particularly suited for complex diagrams, charts and
illustrations.
 Can build up information
point- by-point through the use of overlays.

40. Disadvantages
 A blown bulb or power failure can spoil all your hard
work.
 Image quality can also be a problem.
 Can be disorienting to manipulate transparencies on
projector plate.

41. Power point presentations
 LCD( Liquid Crystal Display ) panel
 It is very popular and alternative to OHP.

42. Guidelines for PPT
 First slide - Topic , Name of the presenter
 Last slide - Reference.
 Limit the number of slides 12 slides for 10 minute
presentation.
 Avoid patterned back ground,
ensure text contrasts with
background

43. Guidelines for PPT
 Legible font can be used.
 Follow rule of Seven
 Use lower case letters with correct spelling.
 Use of sound or video for interest creation.
 Be consistent in making the slides
 Use appropriate picture with one/ two animation

44. Advantages
 Interesting and motivating for students
 Easy to present and maintain eye contact with a
large audience
 Can combine text, graphics and multi-media content
to create professional presentations

45. Disadvantages
 Time consuming for teachers
 Technical faults ( Power supply)
 Some animations will not be supported by all systems
 Speakers create slides so they have something to
present rather than outlining, organizing, and focusing
on their message.

46. Chalk board/ Blackboard
A blackboard or chalkboard is a slightly
abrasive writing surface made ( wood, ply, hardboard,
cement, ground glass, asbestos, etc.) with black,
green or bluish-green paint on it.
White chalk sticks are generally used
for writing on the board.

47. Types of chalk / black board
 Ordinary board held by Easel
 Roller chalk board
 Magnetic board
 Black ceramic unbreakable board
 Green glass chalk board
 Write and wipe off white board

48. Characteristics of chalk / blackboard
 Size- 5m x 6m
 Surface- Rough, Dull
 The writing should be easily eliminated with duster.
 The chalkboard should be mounted on an
appropriate height

49. Use of chalk boards
 Use with other aids
 For writing important points
 For drawing illustrations
 For solving problems of mathematics and science
 For giving notes to students
 To give exam and test

50. Skills involved in effective use of
chalk board
 Don’t write everything on chalkboard.
 Most convenient place - Left side to stand
 Take half stick of chalk and hold the chalk between
the thumb and forefinger.
 Write in sequence as head line
 There should be equal gap in between the words.

51.  The margin space for the top and bottom of the
board should be equal. Use more pressure for
strong line
 Try to keep 2/3rd part of the board when drawing.
 Never use fingers in place of duster.
 Use duster (cleaned after each class)

52.  Write in straight rows starting at the top corner.
 Avoid abbreviation
 Do not talk as you write
 Extreme lower corners should not be used.
 Use coloured chalks.

53. CHARTS
 Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial
and written key information in systematic way to
summarize, compare. ex: anatomical charts and
figure, diagrams etc.

54. PURPOSES
 To show the relationships by means of facts and
figures.
 To show continuity in process
 For presenting the material symbolically
 Presenting abstract ideas in visual form

55. TYPES OF CHARTS
 Tabulation chart
 Bar chart
 Line chart
 Pie chart
 Flow chart
 Evolution chart
 Tree chart

56. PREPARATION OF CHARTS
.

57. Size of the chart
 Standard chart paper in sizes 90x60cm and 70x55cm
or 20’’x30’’.
The size of the letters
 Title – Two and half inch
 Subtitle and headings – One and one third inches
 Space between lines- One and two inches

58. PREPARATION OF CHARTS
 Based on objectives
 The layout should be balanced and should use the space
effectively
 Title of the chart should be simple, short ,clear and
impressive.
 One chart should convey just one idea or one principle.
 Charts crowded with information are less effective

59.  Light coloured chart paper should be used
 Simple hand-drawn charts with non- decorative lettering
are more effective.
 Involve students in making charts
 Charts should be visible to every pupil in the class.
 Use a pointer.
 A chart should give neat appearance.
PREPARATION OF CHARTS

60. POSTERS
 Posters are simple graphic visual aid which conveys
single idea or single subject.

61. PRINCIPLES OF POSTER
MAKING
 Brevity: Not more than five words is best.
 Simplicity: Too many words should not be used on a
paper.
 Idea: A poster must tell its story, at a glance. Hence
illustrations and captions should be large enough.

62.  Layout: Bold simple styled letters will be easy to
read expressive letters also can be used to attract
attention and to convey the idea.
 Colour: Black or Yellow is
recognized to be the most striking
combination.

63.  Lettering:
Letters should be legible and of appropriate size.
 Poster size:
This usually confirm to the paper sizes available
such as 10”x15”, 15”x20”, 20”x30” etc. These can be
used horizontally or vertically

64. FLASH CARDS
 Flash cards are small cards of generally 25×30 cm
(10x12 inches) size which are shown for a few
moments before the class or group to send across
a message or impart an idea.
 Flash cards would be used along with the other
graphic aids to make the lesson effective.

65. PREPARATION OF FLASH CARDS
 Cut a chart paper and cut it into four equal parts to
get the flash cards.
 Write the content on it and it should be large enough
 It is advisable to make a rough card on an ordinary
paper first and then transfer.
 Use colour to make it attractive.
 The number of cards should be 10 to 12 in a set.

66. USING THE FLASH CARDS
 Give brief introduction about the lesson to the
students.
 Flash the card in front of the class by holding it high
with both your hands so that all the students can see
it.
 Add more information to the
students responses.

67. FLANNEL BOARD
 Flannel board or felt board is a little more than piece
of rigid material covered with cotton, wool, suede
cloth.
 Pupils may be often asked to
fix these to arouse their
creative interest.

68. PRINCIPLES OF FLANNELGRAPH
 One piece of rough textured (dark green or blue) cloth
will adhere or stick to another.
 The backing material (30”x40” ) may be wall board,
massonite, plywood, softwood, heavy cardboard etc.
 Rough textured materials that may be used include
cotton, flannel, khadhi.

69. Guidelines for the presentation of
flannel board
 Tightly stretch the flannel or cloth to the board with
drawing pins.
 Stick the flannel in an organized manner and number
it properly based on space.
 Adequate lighting should be there.

70.  Use minimum number of objects based on the
principles
 Stick the object when explanation is given and
remove the cut outs from the board once the
explanation is over

71. Interactive White board
 A SMART Board is a brand of interactive whiteboard.
It allows teachers and students to control the
computer through touching the screen. Add-on
devices and software can be purchased to increase
the interactivity.

72. Interactive Whiteboards
 Touchscreen: It allows users to alter the data in the
screen with their fingers. The addition of this feature
has made its use much simpler and effective.

73.  Imaging: The high quality imaging make the classes
far more entertaining and informative.
 Online Help: The users can access the web through
the device.

74. Smart Tools: Some of these smart tools are the
magnifier, pointer, spotlight, screen capture etc.

75.  Integrating a wide range of material into a lesson e.g.
a picture from the internet.
 They allow teachers to create easily and rapidly
customized learning objects from a range of existing
content.
 They allow learners to absorb Information more
easily.
 They allow learners to participate in group
discussions
Advantages of Interactive Whiteboards

76. Disadvantages of Interactive
Whiteboards:
 High cost : IT classrooms with modern devices
are needed
 Technical Inability: Old school teachers are not
comfortable with modern technology
 Teacher Training: Special training for the teachers
are needed
 Technical problems- Internet facility with good
speed is needed. Touch sensitivity limitations are
there

77. Mobile learning(m-learning)
Mobile learning is an educational system.
Mobile learning supports, with the help of mobile
devices, a continuous access to the learning
process. This can be on appliances like your phone,
laptop or tablet.

78. Usage of Mobile in learning
 Offering mobile learning material- Texts, videos or
audios.
 Interaction during lessons- Teachers ask questions
and the pupils will answer them on their mobile or
devices. Automatically credited if the answer is
correct.
 Synchronous learning -Immediate feedback from
your teacher or fellow students

79. Benefits
 Relatively inexpensive as compared with PCs and
laptops
 Multimedia content delivery and creation options.
 Continuous and situated learning support
 Decrease in training costs
 Potentially a more rewarding learning experience
 Students are motivated

80. Disadvantages
 Distraction
 Connectivity and battery life
 Screen size and key size
 Meeting required bandwidth for nonstop/fast streaming
 Content security or copyright issue from authoring group
 Multiple standards, multiple screen sizes, multiple
operating systems
 Limited memory

81. Conclusion
Audio visual aids are great tool for teachers
to enhance the education of their students with the
multi sensory approach…….