2. What is Quality ?
• Quality is the defined as
“the degree to which project fulfills requirements”
• Quality is customer driven, Customers are demanding
- Higher performance requirements,
- Shorter product development timeframes,
- Use of latest technology,
- Use of best materials and processes,
- Lower Contractor profit Margins,
- Fewer Defect and thus rejects,
• Quality is affected by market expectations
3. Project Quality Management -
Introduction
• Includes processes and activities that,
Determine quality policies, procedures and responsibilities
So project will satisfy the need for which the project was
undertaken
• Supports continuous improvement,
• Ensures project and product requirements are met,
• Includes Planning, Performing QA, Controlling Quality
4. Project Quality Management -
Introduction
• Help preventing problems rather than solving them,
• The view of quality has changed now,
• Identify What is
acceptable quality
and how it will be
measured.
5. Quality Theorists
• Joseph Juran: 80/20 principle, advocated
top management involvement and “fitness
for use”
• W.Edward Deming: 14 points of Total
quality management, advocated Plan-Do-
Check-Act as a the basis of quality
improvement,
• Philip Crosby: Cost of poor quality, zero
defects ,prevention over inspection, Quality
is conformance to requirements
6. Quality related PMI-isms
• Recommend improvements to current quality standards,
policies and procedures,
• Quality to be consider whenever there is change to project
constraints,
• Check quality before an activity completes,
• PM spends time to improve quality,
• PM must plan continuous quality improvement,
• PM focuses on following authorized approaches and
processes
7. Quality related PMI-isms – Cont’d…
• Some activities are related to quality control/assurance
department,
• PM determines quality metrics before the project work starts,
• Go to page 295 of Rita PMP Exam prep and skim through the
list
8. Quality related Terms
• Gold Platting,
• Prevention over inspection,
• Marginal Analysis: looking for the point where the revenue to
equals the incremental cost to achieve that quality,
• Continuous improvement (Kaizen)
• Just in time
• Total Quality Management (TQM),
• Responsibility for Quality
• Impact of Poor quality
9. Difference between Plan Quality
Management, Perform QA, Control
Quality
• Define quality for the project, product and project
management
• Plan on how it will be achieved
Plan Quality
Management
• Ensure the team is following Org policies,
standards and processes,
• Evaluate if processes need to improved or modified
Perform QA
• Examine the actual deliverables
• Ensure the deliverables are correct and meet
planned level of quality,
Control Quality
11. 1 - Plan Quality Management,
2 – Perform Quality Assurance
3 – Control Quality
12. Plan Quality Management
• Process of identifying org/industry practices, quality
requirements or standards for the project and deliverables,
• Document and plan how the project will demonstrate
complaiance with relevant quality requirements/standards,
• Look for available external and internal standards and
practices
• Find out what Customer quality standards are?,
• Are additional project specific standards or procedures req?
• Inputs: Project MP, Stakeholder register, risk register, Req
documentation, OPA, EEF
13. Plan Quality Management
• Once standard and procedures are identified
-determine the work needed to meet standards,
-determine the specific measurements and frequency
• Determine the level of quality efforts appropriate to the needs
of the project
• Output is a Quality management Plan
14. Plan Quality Management –
Tools and techniques
• Cost-Benefit Analysis
• Cost of Quality (COQ): Includes costs incurred
-Prevent Non Conformance, Appraising the product
-Cost of Nonconformance
• Seven Basic Quality tools
• Benchmarking
• Design of experiments
• Statistical sampling
• 3 or 6 sigma
15. Seven Basic Quality Tools
• Help clarify stakeholder requirements and expectations,
• Helps clarify acceptance criteria,
• Manage stakeholders expectations,
• Identify which tool we will use in QA and QC work,
• Cause and effect diagram
• Flowchart
• Check sheet
• Pareto diagram
• Histogram
• Control chart
• Scatter diagram
16. Cause and Effect Diagram
• Helps find the root cause of the
problem
• Also called Fishbone, Ishikawa
diagram (Dr.Kaoru Ishikawa University
of Tokyo-1943)
• Creative way of looking at cause of
problems, stimulates thinking, organ-
izes thought and generates decision
• Flowchart: shows how process or sys
flows, helps with Cost of quality
17. Flowchart
• Flowchart: shows how process or sys
flows,
• SIPOC( Supplier, input, process,
output
customer) is a common flowchart
• helps with Cost of quality
• Helps to see the process and identify
any quality issues with the process
18. Check sheet (Tally sheet)
• Type of checklist to keep track of data
• Created in Plan quality management
and used in Control quality,
• Documents how often a particular
defect occurs.
Pareto Diagram (Pareto chart)
• Type of bar chart that arranges results
from most frequent to least frequent.
Juran’s “Pareto principle – 80% of problems
are due to 20% of root causes
20. Control Charts
• Upper and lower control limits,
• Mean
• Specification limits,
• Out of Control
- outside control limits,
-Rule of seven
21. Scatter Diagram
• Used to find a relationship between two variables
• Relationship is typically analyzed to prove or disprove cause
and effect relationship
• Independent and dependent variables plotted
22. Other Techniques
• Benchmarking,
• Design of Experiments (DOE),
• Statistical sampling
• 3 or 6 Sigma
- Sigma = standard deviation
- how much variance is
permissible compare to mean,
23. Output Plan Quality Management
• Quality Management Plan:
What Quality practice and standards are applicable?,
What Quality responsibilities are and what Quality processes
will be followed?
Meetings , metrics and Reports?
• Quality Metrics: What is being measured and how?
Failure rate, defect density measurements
• Quality Checklists: List of required steps in a process ,
check for completeness
• Process Improvement plans
24. 1 - Plan Quality Management,
2 – Perform Quality Assurance
3 – Control Quality
25. Perform Quality Assurance
• Done during executing,
• Uses measurements gather under Control Quality
• Audits output of quality control,
• Ensures appropriate quality standards are used
• Facilitates the improvement of quality processes
Tools & techniques
• Quality Audits,
• Process analysis
• Affinity diagrams,
26. Perform Quality Assurance – Tools &
Techniques
• Tree Diagrams:
Used for decision analysis
Help organize data,
map relationship ,
Decomposes process/problem
• Process Decision Program Charts
decompose a goal into steps,
Each step reviewed for potential risk
27. Perform Quality Assurance – Tools &
Techniques
• Interrelationship Diagraphs,
• Matrix diagrams,:
used for data analysis,
visual representation of relationship
between two or more sets of items
• Prioritization Matrices:
Focuses on most beneficial solution
to most critical issues
• Network diagrams
29. 1 - Plan Quality Management,
2 – Perform Quality Assurance
3 – Control Quality
30. Control Quality
• Ensure a certain level of quality in a deliverable,
• Major Function: Measure
• Validate if project work and deliverables meet quality
standards,
• Ensures customer satisfaction,
• Involves confirming and documenting the achievement of
agreed-to requirements
• Results in change requests, validated deliverables
31. Control Quality – Answers questions
like…
• Are the results of work meeting standards?
• What is the actual variance from the standard?
• Variance from standards or processes outside acceptable
limits?
• Checklists being followed to meet metrics?
• What changes in the project should be considered?
32. Some Quality control Terms
• Mutual Exclusivity (two things cannot occur in same trial)
• Probability
• Normal Distribution (bell curve used to measure variation)
• Statistical independence,(Probability of one not impacting the
other)
• Standard deviation