The document discusses ultrasonic testing principles including: - The 9.5 day course aims to train participants to obtain skills and knowledge for ultrasonic testing certification. - Basic ultrasonic testing principles are explained such as how sound is transmitted through materials and defects are detected based on differences in signal travel time. - Key concepts around sound waves, frequency, wavelength, velocity and their relationships are defined in the context of ultrasonic testing.

1. Ultrasonic Testing Part 1 TWI

2. Ultrasonic Testing NDT Training & Certification

7. Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing Sound is transmitted in the material to be tested The sound reflected back to the probe is displayed on the Flaw Detector

8. Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing The distance the sound traveled can be displayed on the Flaw Detector The screen can be calibrated to give accurate readings of the distance Bottom / Backwall Signal from the backwall

10. Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing The presence of a Defect in the material shows up on the screen of the flaw detector with a less distance than the bottom of the material Defect The BWE signal Defect signal

11. The depth of the defect can be read with reference to the marker on the screen 60 mm 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

12. Thickness / depth measurement A A B B C C The THINNER the material the less distance the sound travel The closer the reflector to the surface, the signal will be more to the left of the screen The thickness is read from the screen 68 46 30

13. Ultrasonic Testing Principles of Sound

17. Velocity 4 times What is the velocity difference in steel compared with in water? If the frequency remain constant, in what material does sound has the highest velocity, steel, water, or air? Steel If the frequency remain constant, in what material does sound has the shortest wavelength, steel, water, or air? Air Remember the formula  = v / f

18. DRUM BEAT Low Frequency Sound 40 Hz Glass High Frequency 5 K Hz ULTRASONIC TESTING Very High Frequency 5 M Hz

20. Acoustic Spectrum 0 10 100 1K 10K 100K 1M 10M 100m Sonic / Audible Human 16Hz - 20kHz Ultrasonic > 20kHz = 20,000Hz Ultrasonic Testing 0.5MHz - 50MHz Ultrasonic : Sound with frequency above 20 KHz

23. Sound waves are the vibration of particles in solids, liquids or gases. Particles vibrate about a mean position. One cycle Displacement The distance taken to complete one cycle wavelength  wavelength Wavelength Wavelength is the distance required to complete a cycle.

24. Velocity Frequency Wavelength

25. Frequency & Wavelength 1 M Hz 5 M Hz 10 M Hz 25 M Hz Which probe has the smallest wavelength? SMALLEST LONGEST Which probe has the longest wavelength?  = v / f F  F 

26. Wavelength is a function of frequency and velocity. 5MHz compression wave probe in steel Therefore: or or f V   V   f V  f 

30. The Sound Beam NZ FZ Main Beam Distance Intensity varies Exponential Decay

31. Main Lobe Side Lobes Near Zone Main Beam The main beam or the centre beam has the highest intensity of sound energy Any reflector hit by the main beam will reflect the high amount of energy The side lobes has multi minute main beams Two identical defects may give different amplitudes of signals

33. Near Zone

36. Which of the above probes has the longest Near Zone ? 1 M Hz 5 M Hz 1 M Hz 5 M Hz

39. Beam Spread Edge,K=1.22 20dB,K=1.08 6dB,K=0.56 Beam axis or Main Beam

42. Which of the above probes has the Largest Beam Spread ? 1 M Hz 5 M Hz 1 M Hz 5 M Hz

44. Testing close to side walls