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Introduction to Surveying under ECE
1. B Y :
R A K E S H K U M A R V E R M A
A S S T . P R O F E S S O R C I V I L E N G G . P . I . E . T .
Elements of Civil Engineering
Amer Fort, Rajasthan Agra Fort
TajMahal
2. Civil Engineering
One of the oldest of the engineering professions
Includes the designing, planning, construction, and
maintenance of the infrastructure
Works include roads, bridges, buildings, dams,
canals, water supply
Concerned with determining the right design for
these structures and looking after the construction
process
Egyptian pyramids and Roman road systems are
based on civil engineering principles
9. Civil Engg.
in Daily
routine
Water Treatment Plant
All have been designed and constructed by civil engineers
Morning
Shower
Water Supply System
Network of Roads
Structural Bridges
Tall Buildings
10. Importance and Applications of Civil Engineering
building good quality transportation systems like
highways, airports, rail lines, sea ports, etc
fire control systems and installing quick fire exit
points in the buildings
minimizing the loss of life during fire accidents
purify the contaminated air, water and soil
11. Continue……..
Other principal works in which surveying is
primarily utilised are
1. to fix the national and state boundaries;
2. to chart coastlines, navigable streams and lakes;
3. to establish control points;
4. to execute hydrographic and oceanographic
charting and mapping; and
5. to prepare topographic map of land surface of the
earth.
16. Surveying
American Congress on Surveying and Mapping
(ACSM) defines as;
Surveying is the science and art of making all
essential measurements to determine the relative
position of points or physical and cultural details
above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to
depict them in a usable form, or to establish the
position of points or details.
This is being carried out by finding the spatial
location (relative / absolute) of points on or near
the surface of the earth.
17. Land Surveying
The science of determining the relative positions of
points on the Earth’s surface
Primary Division of Survey( based on accuracy)
Geodetic Surveys
Plane Surveys
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19.
20. Takes into account the true size, shape, and gravity fields
of the Earth
The geoid is the
equipotential surface of
the Earth’s gravity field
which best fits global
mean sea level
Provides significant
precision
Establishes highly
accurate control
networks
Geodetic Survey
21. Surveying aims
to measure the Horizontal Distance between
points.
to measure the Vertical elevation between points.
to find out the Relative direction of lines by
measuring horizontal angles with reference to any
arbitrary direction and
to find out Absolute direction by
measuring horizontal angles with reference to a fixed
direction.
22. Plane Survey
Assumes the Earth’s
surface to be a plane (flat)
More common than
geodetic surveys
Precise enough for small-
scale surveys in a limited
area, such as a construction
site
Used to determine legal
boundaries, construction
surveys, and small-area
topographic or control
surveys
23. Plane Surveying
When radius of curvature of the earth is not taken
into account.
Small area and small distances are covered
Degree of accuracy is comparatively low.
American survey put 250 km2 for treating survey as
Plane, but controlling factor should be degree of
precision rather than extent of area.
24. Based upon Nature of
field
Based upon Method
Employed
Land Survey
Marine Survey
Astronomical Survey
Triangulation
Traversing
Types of Surveying
25. Based upon Object of
Survey
Based upon Instrument
Used
Geological Survey(Object
is to survey different
strata in the earth crust)
Mine Survey (Mineral
wealth such as coal, gold)
Military Survey(Points of
strategic importance)
Surveying by Total Station
Chain Survey
Theodolite Survey
Compass Survey
Plane Tabling
Photographic and Aerial
Surveys
Types of Surveying
26. Topographical Survey Cadastral Survey
Determine natural
features of a country
such as hills, valleys,
lakes woods etc. and
also arterial features
such as roads,
buildings, canals,
towns etc.
Details such
boundaries of houses,
town, fields and other
properties pathways
are determined.
1. City Survey
2. Engineering Survey
Land Survey
27. Engineering Survey
Engineering Survey can be further divided into:
Reconnaissance (To determine the feasibility and
rough cost of the scheme)
Preliminary Survey (For collecting more precise
data)
Location Survey(For setting out the work on the
ground)
28. Geodetic or Trigonometrical Surveying
When the radius of curvature of earth is taken in to
account.
Large area and large distances are covered.
Object of geodetic survey is to determine precise
positions on the surface of earth.
Refined Instruments and Methods are used.
Conducted by Government agencies.
29. No. Plain Surveying Geodetic Surveying
1 The earth surface is considered as
plain Surface.
The earth surface is considered as Curved
Surface.
2. The Curvature of the earth is
ignored
The curvature of earth is taken into
account.
3 Line joining any two stations is
considered to be straight
The line joining any two stations is
considered as spherical.
4. The triangle formed by any three
points is considered as plain
The Triangle formed by any three points is
considered as spherical.
5. The angles of triangle are
considered as plain angles.
The angles of the triangle are considered as
spherical angles.
6. Carried out for a small area <
250 km2
Carried out for a small area > 250 km2
30. ‘Earth’
As considered
spherical in
shape
Plumb Line
Geoid, Actual surface of earth
Geodetic survey line,
equal elevation
from center of earth
Horizontal survey line, equal elevationHorizontal plane
Rod
Rod
Geodetic vs. Plane Survey
31. Types of Surveys
Control Survey
Topographic Survey
Property Survey
Site Survey
Construction Survey
32. Control Survey
Establish precise horizontal and vertical positions of
points that serve as a reference for other surveys
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43. Topographic Survey
Gathers data on the
location of natural and
man-made features,
contours, and ground
elevation to create a
topographic map
45. Site Survey
(Plot Survey or Lot Survey)
Combination of a
property survey and
topographic survey
May be required to
receive a construction
permit
46. Construction Survey
Locates points and
elevations that can be
used to establish correct
locations and elevations
for engineering and
architectural projects
47. National Spatial Reference System (NSRS)
Common set of reference
points for all surveys
Horizontal Datum =
Collection of points of
known latitude and
longitude
Vertical Datum =
Collection of points of
known elevation
Benchmark (BM) =
Permanent mark that
establishes a point of
known elevation
48. Optical Equipment
A theodolite measures
vertical and horizontal
angles
A total station is an
electronic/optical
surveying instrument
49. Optical Equipment
Automatic (Auto) Level
Commonly used on
building sites
Internal compensator
can automatically level
the instrument
Measures difference in
elevation between the
line of sight and a point
54. Stadia Readings
• Estimate distance between rod and instrument
• Rod intercept is the difference between stadia
readings
• Estimated distance
• Stadia multiplier typically = 100
– Indicated on inside of instrument case or in
Instructional Manual
55. Example
Upper Stadia Reading = 5.30 ft
Lower Stadia Reading = 5.20 ft
Rod Intercept = 0.10 ft
56. Differential Leveling
The establishment of differences in elevation
between two or more points with respect to a datum
Earth Surface
Datum line or plane
BM
BS FS
Staff
Staff
Instrument
Point of
unknown
elevation
57. GPS Technology
Global Positioning System
A global navigation satellite
system
Developed by the U.S.
Department of Defense
A constellation of satellites
that broadcast radio signals
Receivers intercept several
satellite signals in order to
determine precise location