Explain the difference between a positive and negative externality. .pdf

•

0 j'aime•2 vues

Explain the difference between a perpetuity (zero growth model), constant growth model and a non-constant growth model in valuing stocks. Solution Zero growth model: In this model it is assumed that the dividends paid are constant and does not grow, so for ever the same dividend is paid. Current value of a stock is nothing but the present vaule of the expected dividends from the stock. As, the dividends remain same every year, the dividend amount is discounted with the required rate of return. The resultant is the value of stock with perpetual dividends. Constant growth model: In this model it is assumed that the growth of dividends year on year remains the same. This is also called dividend discount model, in this case value of the stock is calculated by using the formula D1/(Ke - g).Where D1 is the expected dividend to be paid current year and Ke is the required rate of return and g is the growth rate. Non constant growth model: In a non constant growth model, where neither dividends nor growth of dividends are uniform, the expected dividends are discounted with the required rate of return to arrive at the current value of the stock..

Formation

Explain the difference between a positive and negative externality. In your analysis, make sure to
provide an example of each type of externality. Why does the government need to get involved
with externalities to bring about market efficiency? What solutions need to be provided for your
examples?
Solution
Answer: Externality refers to the side effects of generall economic activities. Such side effects
are not internalized while taking the output decision. These effects are not reflected in the
demand and supply. Hence, such side effects either causes over production or under production.
Postive externalities: These are posive side efffects on parties not involved in transactions. For
example, inculcating the injection agains the lethal communicable diseases automatically
immunes other from being caught in disease.
Negative externalites: These are neagive side effect. The effulents unleashed by the factory
situated on the bank of rivers pollutes the river water. Polluted river waters causes a lot of
hardships to the residents residing on bank of river.
Govt must intervene to bring about the efficiency in economic system.govt must give subsidy
where the positive externality exists and on other side, if there is negative externality then govt
must tax the firms to internalize the external costs

Contenu connexe

Similaire à Explain the difference between a positive and negative externality. .pdf

Annual Results and Impact Evaluation Workshop for RBF - Day Six - Introductio...

RBFHealth

Market Failure

Lumen Learning

micro-ch10-presentation-121019103135-phpapp02.pdf

chhornqw

Pure Command Economy.pptx

ssuserf85be2

Externalities

Kevin A

Seeds of the Future Afghanistan's economy

Susanna Pierce

Externalities microeconimics

nida_71

Unit 1 Micro: Government Intervention in Markets

tutor2u

Industrial sickness of small and medium scale industries

alphasct

Government Intervention in Price System (core)

Kalaiyarasi Danabalan

Intro to Public finanace Managemnt.ppt

musanaseer1

Smans

sagayaglory

Government Intervention

JyotirmayRathore

factors including economic and industrial analysis

vishnu1204

Government intervention

ishwarijoshi

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT UNIT-1

Dr.ankireddy yenireddy

Tourism Environment.pptx

MuditMundra2

Assignment 1 elements

Kirti Khade

welfare_Econ.ppt

ShobhaBasnet2

WSJ Executive Adviser (A Special Report): The Case Against Corporate Social Responsibility: The idea that companies have a duty to address social ills is not just flawed, argues Aneel Karnani; It also makes it more likely that we'll ignore the real solutions to these problems Karnani, Aneel . Wall Street Journal , Eastern edition; New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]23 Aug 2010: R.1. ProQuest document link ABSTRACT [...] the fact is that while companies sometimes can do well by doing good, more often they can't. Because in most cases, doing what's best for society means sacrificing profits. FULL TEXT Can companies do well by doing good? Yes -- sometimes. But the idea that companies have a responsibility to act in the public interest and will profit from doing so is fundamentally flawed. Large companies now routinely claim that they aren't in business just for the profits, that they're also intent on serving some larger social purpose. They trumpet their efforts to produce healthier foods or more fuel-efficient vehicles, conserve energy and other resources in their operations, or otherwise make the world a better place. Influential institutions like the Academy of Management and the United Nations, among many others, encourage companies to pursue such strategies. It's not surprising that this idea has won over so many people -- it's a very appealing proposition. You can have your cake and eat it too! But it's an illusion, and a potentially dangerous one. Very simply, in cases where private profits and public interests are aligned, the idea of corporate social responsibility is irrelevant: Companies that simply do everything they can to boost profits will end up increasing social welfare. In circumstances in which profits and social welfare are in direct opposition, an appeal to corporate social responsibility will almost always be ineffective, because executives are unlikely to act voluntarily in the public interest and against shareholder interests. Irrelevant or ineffective, take your pick. But it's worse than that. The danger is that a focus on social responsibility will delay or discourage more-effective measures to enhance social welfare in those cases where profits and the public good are at odds. As society looks to companies to address these problems, the real solutions may be ignored. http://ezproxy.library.berkeley.org/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F746396923%3Faccountid%3D38129 http://ezproxy.library.berkeley.org/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F746396923%3Faccountid%3D38129 To get a better fix on the irrelevance or ineffectiveness of corporate social responsibility efforts, let's first look at situations where profits and social welfare are in synch. Consider the market for healthier food. Fast-food outlets have profited by expanding their offerings to include salads and other options designed to appeal to health-conscious consu ...

WSJ Executive Adviser (A Special Report) TheCase Against .docx

odiliagilby

Similaire à Explain the difference between a positive and negative externality. .pdf (20)

Annual Results and Impact Evaluation Workshop for RBF - Day Six - Introductio...

Market Failure

micro-ch10-presentation-121019103135-phpapp02.pdf

Pure Command Economy.pptx

Externalities

Seeds of the Future Afghanistan's economy

Externalities microeconimics

Unit 1 Micro: Government Intervention in Markets

Industrial sickness of small and medium scale industries

Government Intervention in Price System (core)

Intro to Public finanace Managemnt.ppt

Smans

Government Intervention

factors including economic and industrial analysis

Government intervention

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT UNIT-1

Tourism Environment.pptx

Assignment 1 elements

welfare_Econ.ppt

WSJ Executive Adviser (A Special Report) TheCase Against .docx

Plus de rastogiarun

Explain briefly the system of system of the Balance of Payments Accounting for a country, including an explanation of the current account, the capital account, and the financial account. Solution BOP is an official record that tracks all the transactions of financial nature, between a country (and its residents) with other countries. BOP is a flow concept since it measures the transactions during a specific period of time (1 year, 1 quarter etc). BOP is always prepared in a single currency (the domestic currency). BOP has 3 types of accounts, based on nature of transaction. These component accounts are: Current Account, Capital Account, Financial Account. Theoritically, sum of balances in all these accounts will be zero. But in reality there may be some positive and negative balance which is then classified under \"Balance Account\". Current Account records the exports, imports (defining Trade Balance as Exports less Imports), Services, Net Factor Income from Abroad and fund (Cash) transfers. Capital Account records all transactions and transfers pertaining to Investment purposes (and not for consumption purposes). For example, an official exemption on debt (\"Debt Forgiveness\") falls under Capital Account. Financial Account records transactions relating to asset/investment borrowing, selling in other countries. This includes DFI (Direct Foreign Investment, a longer term capital flow), DPI (Direct Portfolio Investment which is shorter term capital flow) and Official Reserves (which is assets transacted by Central Bank, for example, foreign exchange). Together, these 3 components theoritically balance up, implying shortfall in one or more component account is compensated by surplus in other component account(s). If there is any negative/positive balance arising out of BPO accounting, that goes into Balance Account..

Explain briefly the system of system of the Balance of Payments Acco.pdf

rastogiarun

Explain how convection and radiation terms are included in the fundamental equation. Solution CONVECTION: Flow of heat through currents within a fluid (liquid or gas). Convection is the displacement of volumes of a substance in a liquid or gaseous phase. When a mass of a fluid is heated up, for example when it is in contact with a warmer surface, its molecules are carried away and scattered causing that the mass of that fluid becomes less dense. For this reason, the warmed mass will be displaced vertically and/or horizontally, while the colder and denser mass of fluid goes down (the low-kinetic-energy molecules displace the molecules in high-kinetic- energy states). Through this process, the molecules of the hot fluid transfer heat continuously toward the volumes of the colder fluid. For example, when heating up water on a stove, the volume of water at the bottom of the pot will be warmed up by conduction from the metallic bottom of the pot and its density decreases. Given that it gets lesser dense, it shifts upwards up to the surface of the volume of water and displaces the upper -colder and denser- mass of water downwards, to the bottom of the pot. Formula of Convection: q = hA (Ts - T ?) Where h is for convective heat transfer coefficient, A is the area implied in the heat transfer process, Ts is for the temperature of the system and T ? is a reference temperature. RADIATION: It is heat transfer by electromagnetic waves or photons. It does not need a propagating medium. The energy transferred by radiation moves at the speed of light. The heat radiated by the Sun can be exchanged between the solar surface and the Earth\'s surface without heating the transitional space. For example, if I place an object (such as a coin, a car, or myself) under the direct sunbeams, I will note in a little while that the object will be heated. The exchange of heat between the Sun and the object occurs by radiation. The formula to know the amount of heat transferred by radiation is: q = e ? A [(?T)^4] Where q is the heat transferred by radiation, E is the emissivity of the system, ? is the constant of Stephan-Boltzmann (5.6697 x 10^-8 W/m^2.K^4), A is the area involved in the heat transfer by radiation, and (?T)^4 is the difference of temperature between two systems to the fourth or higher power. Water absorbs the incoming solar Infrared Radiation because the frequency of the internal vibration of the water molecules is the same frequency of the waves of the solar Infrared Radiation. This form of Radiative Heat transfer is known as Resonance Absorption. We humans feel the heat radiated by the Sun and other systems with a higher temperature because our bodies contain 55-75% of water. The radiative energy inciding on our skin is absorbed by the molecules of water in our bodies by Resonance Absorption. Just then, the Infrared Radiation absorbed by our bodies leads to a more intense internal vibration of the water molecules in our bodies and our bodies get warmer. .

Explain how convection and radiation terms are included in the funda.pdf

rastogiarun

Explain how academic knowledge impacts the social elements and institutions of both local and global communities. Solution Academic Knowledge impacts Global communities because it brings them information that most of the time communties dont have or dont have access due to the fact they have to pay for it o they dont know where to find it. This knowledge has a possive effect because it provides the tools for communitites to develop further and faster using methods aquired through a superior institution like a college or university. The influence allows communitites to grow and narrows the path to follow in order to math the requirements on the globalization..

Explain how academic knowledge impacts the social elements and insti.pdf

rastogiarun

Explain the relevance of a rate reconciliation in a tax provision. Why is it so important and what information does it provide to a reader of financial statements? Solution Users of financial statements continue to emphasize the importance of informative, decision- useful disclosures. This focus often extends to the reporting of income taxes, a material component of most financial statements. Tax laws can be difficult to understand due to their complexity, compounded by the multitude of taxing jurisdictions throughout the world. Connecting the effects of those laws with financial accounting principles adds to the challenge. Numerous income tax accounting matters require the use of estimates, judgments, and other subjective information that can obscure the presentation in the financial statement accounts. Clarifying disclosures can enable users to gain a better understanding of the reporting entity’s income tax environment. Today’s financial reporting users represent a spectrum of stakeholders including investors, lenders, regulators, accounting standard setters, analysts, researchers, and legislative or public policy-making bodies around the world. The business environment and user expectations have evolved such that companies are encouraged to communicate more effectively about their income tax profile. FASB’s focus on disclosure The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has a large-scale disclosure framework project in progress. A discussion paper was issued on July 12, 2012 followed by a comment period. The FASB is currently reviewing the feedback, while developing a decision process for establishing disclosure requirements. With the framework project, the FASB hopes to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements by clearly communicating the information that is most important to users. The FASB intends the framework to promote more consistent decisions around disclosure requirements. Earlier this month, the FASB announced that it will seek further input on certain income tax areas noted in a recently completed Financial Accounting Foundation report as presenting difficulties for users. Specifically, information enabling users to analyze income tax cash flows and the effects of indefinitely reinvested foreign earnings. IASB’s focus on disclosure The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) held a discussion forum in London earlier this year and released a paper in May 2013, Discussion Forum – Financial Reporting Disclosure Feedback Statement, outlining the initiatives they expect to undertake. The actions include steps to address materiality considerations and the challenges associated with providing effective disclosure. SEC’s focus on disclosure The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) recently announced its plan to hold roundtable discussions with its varying constituents on the subject of disclosure. In October 2013, Mary Jo White, Chair of the SEC, gave a speech to the National Associa.

Explain the results of the Judge, Ilies, Bono, and Gerhardt review. .pdf

rastogiarun

Explain the relationship between training and organizational development. How might each contribute to strategic HR management? Solution Training plays a vital role in every Organization whether it is Private Limited firm or Public Limited firm. In order to achieve desired targets of an Organization and also to make their Employees to give better Productivity in Performance it is Imperative for an Organization to give Training to their Employees whether it is Top Level of Management Employees or Bottom Level of Management Employees. ( CEO\'s, Managers or Executives). Giving Training to their own Employees and Performing good in their Desired Tasks gives Win- Win Situation to particular Organization to function good in the Market against their Competitors. Training their Employees for specific time duration For eg- 3 months can enable Employees to perform for atleast 2-3 Years i.e. Short term Training with Long Term Performance. Training and Organization Management is very well connected with Strategic HR Management- HR Recruits Employees and Training is also conducted from HR\'s only. If an Employees fails to perform as per the targets decided from the Managers then Trainers communicates with HR andaccordingly take actions to terminate Employees. For Eg of my Own Firm where i work presently- Managers, training initiatives are focused on providing them with the tools to balance the effective management of their employee resources with the strategies and goals of the organization. Managers learn to develop their employees effectively by helping employees learn and change, as well as by identifying and preparing them for future responsibilities. Management development may also include programs for developing decision making skills, creating and managing successful work teams, allocating resources effectively, budgeting, business planning, and goal setting. Conclusion-Training and development describes the formal, ongoing efforts of organizations to improve the performance and self-fulfillment of their employees through a variety of methods and programs. In the modern workplace, these efforts have taken on a broad range of applications.

Explain the relevance of a rate reconciliation in a tax provision. W.pdf

rastogiarun

Explain the relationship between supply and demand. Solution The law of demand states that as the price of the product increases/decreases the demand of the product falls/rises respectively. Also, the lasw of supply states that as the price increases the supply of the product increases since sellers are more willing to sell their products at higher prices. Now , the realtionship between supply and demand can be studied by looking at the price movement. As the price goes up, the suppy goes up and the demand falls. So, as supply rises more than the required amount of goods, the demand falls and as the supply falls, the demand of the good increase as the price also falls along with the fall un supply..

Explain the relationship between system implementation and a systems.pdf

rastogiarun

Explain how a manufacturer Solution Distribution involves getting the right products to the right people at the right time, and can take a number of forms: Zero level. The distribution channel is short and the manufacturer/producer sells directly to the final customer. (For example, web sales or through own retail outlet). One level. A manufacturer/producer deals with retailers who in turn act as intermediaries by dealing with the final customers. (For example, phone manufacturer which sells to phone wholesalers which sell to the public). Two level. Where the supply chain is further extended, wholesalers become involved and there are several intermediaries between the manufacturer/producer and the ultimate customer. (For example, the extended chain involved in sales of items of clothing). A manufacturer.

Explain how a manufacturerSolutionDistribution involves gettin.pdf

rastogiarun

Explain how confusing the two (population and a sample) can lead to .pdf

rastogiarun

Explain the process of Positioning and Pointing the Camera in computer graphics? Solution Explain the process of Positioning and Pointing the Camera in computer graphics? sol: the process of positioning and poiniting the camera in cg in followed by below steps 1)setup your camera towards the scene (this is called viewing transformation) 2)arrange the scene to be taken in required position(it is also called modelling transformation) 3)adjust lens and zoom (this is called projection transafromation 4)calculate how large to be the photograph(it is also called viewport transformation) viewing transformation: this will transform the real object coordinates into device coordinates modelling transformation: here it will transform the coordinates of the device which were taken by the real world object where modelled and adjusted according to our requirements projection transformation:this transformation will converts the viewing frustum in to a cuboid shape,here the near end of the frustrum will be smaller than the far end this will give you the zooming effect view port transfromation: viewport means it is an rectangle window where the image is drawn.this is mesured in window coordinates here view prot trnsformation means it will maps the coradinates of the device to the window coordinates.

Explain the process through which individuals with a certain set of .pdf

rastogiarun

Explain the organizational archetypes as described by Mintzberg and discuss how organizational structure influences innovation. Summarize Mintzberg\'s work with archetypes. What key features and implications are involved in each archetype? Why do we need a template for explaining the structure of an organization? Mintzberg claimed we have too many managers and too few leaders. Do you agree or disagree with this and why? Solution Mintzberg\'s Organizational Types: The Entrepreneurial Organization: This type of organization has a simple, flat structure. It consists of one large unit with one or a few top managers. The organization is relatively unstructured and informal compared with other types of organization, and the lack of standardized systems allows the organization to be flexible. A young company that\'s tightly controlled by the owner is the most common example of this type of organization. However, a particularly strong leader may be able to sustain an entrepreneurial organization as it grows, and when large companies face hostile conditions, they can revert to this structure to keep strict control from the top The Machine Organization (Bureaucracy) : The machine organization is defined by its standardization. Work is very formalized, there are many routines and procedures, decision- making is centralized, and tasks are grouped by functional departments. Jobs will be clearly defined; there will be a formal planning process with budgets and audits; and procedures will regularly be analyzed for efficiency. The machine organization has a tight vertical structure. Functional lines go all the way to the top, allowing top managers to maintain centralized control. These organizations can be very efficient, and they rely heavily on economies of scale for their success. However, the formalization leads to specialization and, pretty soon, functional units can have conflicting goals that can be inconsistent with overall corporate objectives. The Professional Organization : According to Mintzberg, the professional organization is also very bureaucratic. The key difference between these and machine organizations is that professional organizations rely on highly trained professionals who demand control of their own work. So, while there\'s a high degree of specialization, decision making is decentralized. This structure is typical when the organization contains a large number of knowledge workers, and it\'s why it\'s common in places like schools and universities, and in accounting and law firms. The Divisional (Diversified) Organization : If an organization has many different product lines and business units, you\'ll typically see a divisional structure in place. A central headquarters supports a number of autonomous divisions that make their own decisions, and have their own unique structures. You\'ll often find this type of structure in large and mature organizations that have a variety of brands, produce a wide range of products, or operate in d.

Explain the origins of the U.S. judicial system and how the judicial.pdf

rastogiarun

Explain the organizational archetypes as described by Mintzberg and .pdf

rastogiarun

Explain the method which can be used to determine the disjunction normal form of the Boolean function represented by the following table: x y z f 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 Solution To form a DNF representation of the function, we\'ll include a term for each row of the truth table in which the value of the function is true(1). For each of these terms, include all variables that are parameters to the function. If a variable is given a value of false(0) in the truth table row, negate it in the term; otherwise, leave it non-negated. In this way a DNF expression is generated directly from the truth table. F(x, y, z) = x\'yz\' + xy\'z\' + xy\'z The disjunctive normal form should have three minterms corresponding to thethree triples for which F takes the value 1. Consider one of these: F(0, 1, 0) = 1.In order to have a product of literals that will equal 1, we need to multiply literalsthat have a value of 1. At the triple (0, 1, 0) the literals we need are x, y, and z,since x = y = z = 1 when x = 0, y = 1, and z = 0. The corresponding minterm,xyz, will then have value 1 at (0, 1, 0) and 0 at every other triple in B3. The othertwo minterms come from considering F(1, 0, 0) = 1 and F(1, 0, 1) = 1. The sum ofthese three minterms will have value 1 at each of (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1) and 0 atall other triples in B3..

Explain the Mutiplier Effect. Try to explain it in some detail so th.pdf

rastogiarun

Explain the main porpose of conducting a time study? Solution Time study is a direct observation of a task and a continous one at that. This observation is done using a time keeping device. The main purpose is to record the time taken to complete a task or a job. When this is done the time standard for a job can be set and planning of work can be done accordingly. Time studies can also be used for setting goals, data analysis and reporting..

Explain the main sources of power available to managers, giving exam.pdf

rastogiarun

Explain the meaning of the following dimensionless numbers respectively. Nu, Re, Pr, Gr Solution Nusselt number (Nu) is a non dimensional heat transfer coefficient. It is a measure of heat transfer rate comparison between the conduction and convection. Nu = h*L / kf It is the ratio of convection to pure conduction heat transfer, where kf is the conductivity of the fluid. Reynolds number (Re) says, whether the flow is inertial or viscous force dominant that leads to draw characteristics of fluid whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. Re = v*L / kinematic viscosity It is the ratio of the inertia and viscous forces. Viscous force provides the dampening effect for disturbances in the fluid. If dampening is laminar flow --> strong enough Otherwise, instability è turbulent flow --> critical Reynolds number Prandtl (Pr) number says about the kind of fluid. It can give the information about the thickness of thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layer. Pr = kinematic viscosity/thermal diffusivity It is the ratio of the momentum and thermal diffusivities. Grashof number is the ratio of buoyancy force to viscous force and plays nearly the same role as the Reynolds number in forced convection. Gr = buoyancy force / viscous force For forced convection, the heat transfer correlation can be expressed as Nu=f (Re, Pr).

Explain the mechanisms of internal loading of phosphorus in lakes.pdf

rastogiarun

Explain the long-run consequences of continued increases in the money supply. Solution This follows from the Fisher\'s equation of exchange. According to this, MV = PY P= MV/Y In classical theory, V is assumed to be constant because it depends on people\'s stable habits of holding money and the given modes of payments of wages and salaries. Further they assume that aggregate output (Y) remain constant at full employment level. The above equation indicates that the quantity of money in the long run determines the price level. The rationale behind this was with V and Y fixed, increase in money supply would cause people to hold more money than they desire to hold. This they use for transaction purposes which leads to increase in the price level by the same proportion..

Explain the main porpose of conducting a time studySolutionTi.pdf

rastogiarun

Explain the formula how they get they obtain X. I already have the answer, but I don\'t know the exact steps with getting the z-score, area, entry and x which is what we want in this question? So just work it out for me in detail. Solution 0.5987 or 0.6 is the alpha value. For this alpha, critical z is 0.25. [You can calcualte it using any of the critical z value calculators available online] Z is defined as (X - Mean)/(Std. Dev.).

Explain the functions of the formal and informal organizationsand .pdf

rastogiarun

Explain the effects of a tariff and a quota placed on imported automobiles on a domestic market. Who is hurt with a tariff or a quota and why? Who benefits and why? Solution Let us first understand the meaning of “Tariff” and “Quota”. 1) Tariff: A Tariff is a tax imposed on imported goods; it increases the price of the good in the domestic market by the value of the Tariff. Domestic producers benefit due to the tariff because they receive higher prices. The government benefits by collecting tax revenues by the value of the Tariff. 2) Quota: As the name suggests, Quotas are numerical limits imposed on imported goods. Consumers are harmed by quotas, while domestic and foreign producers benefit by receiving higher prices. As we can understand from the above explanations, due to a tariff and quota the consumer of the product is hurt the most as he/she pays more for it and it also reduces the supply of that good. The domestic producers of the goods benefit the most due to tariffs and quotas. Due to the tariff the imported good becomes expensive and hence consumers will shift their demand for the domestically made products and this increases the demand for the domestically made products and the domestic manufacturers benefit. Due to the quotas, the supply of the imported good decreases and again the domestic manufacturers benefit due to the higher demand of their products. Due to a tariff, the government also benefits because the government receives taxes on the imported product. I hope my solution solves your query..

Explain the environmental triggers that forces companies to adopt su.pdf

rastogiarun

Explain the disadvantages of a firm developing relationships with suppliers based on price alone. Solution Supply chain suffers: Enlightened thinking suggests that it is preferable to work with suppliers to add value to the supply chain so that the overall benefits that accrue can be shared amongst all the parties involved. Loss of quality: Quality may be compromised in a quest for the lowest price. Adversarial: The relationship between a firm and its suppliers may become quite adversarial when discussions are centred on price alone. Loss of goodwill: The potential loyalty, cooperation and goodwill of suppliers may be sacrificedthrough harsh negotiation of prices. This may result in an unwillingness of suppliers to cooperate when there are changes and rush orders, etc. in the future. Jeopardised supply: Harsh price negotiations may also destabilise suppliers financially making them more vulnerable to going out of business, so potentially jeopardising future supply. Administrative expense: Focusing on the lowest price available might lead to a need to frequently change supplier causing increased administrative effort and a lack of coherence in external dealings..

Explain the distinction between the standard deviation and the stand.pdf

rastogiarun

Explain the different types of workforce flexibility that an organis.pdf

rastogiarun

Explain age Hardening process used to strengthen an aluminium alloy diving cylinder Solution Precipitation hardening, or age hardening, provides one of the most widely used mechanisms for the strengthening of metal alloys. The fundamental understanding and basis for this technique was established in early work at the U. S. Bureau of Standards on Duralumin. The strength and hardness of some metal alloys may be enhanced by the formation of extremely small uniformly dispersed second-phase particles within the original phase matrix in a process known as precipitation or age hardening. The precipitate particles act as obstacles to dislocation movement and thereby strengthen the heat-treated alloys. Many aluminum based alloys, copper- tin, certain steels, nickel based super-alloys and titanium alloys can be strengthened by age hardening processes. The precipitation-hardening process involves three basic steps: 1).

Explain age Hardening process used to strengthen an aluminium alloy .pdf

rastogiarun

Plus de rastogiarun (20)