4. Milkfish Groupers Snappers Sea bass Rabbitfish Age at sexual 5 (M/F) 3 (F) 4 (M) 2.5 (M) 10 mos (M) maturity >5 (M) 5 (F) 4 (F) 1 yr (F) Size at sexual > 3 kg 2-3 kg (F) 2.5 kg (M) 1.5 kg (M) > 200 g maturity > 6 kg (M) 4 kg (F) 3 kg (F) Spawning March-Nov year round Apr-Nov April-Oct year round season Sexes separate protogynous separate protandrous separate hermaphrodite hermaphrodite Egg pelagic pelagic pelagic pelagic demersal characteristics adhesive
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6. Broodstock facilities Tanks with recirculating water system Canvass tanks with flow-through water
7. broodstock feeds Milkfish & Siganid broodstock feeds For groupers, red snapper and sea bass * trash fish/squid * formulated feed * combination
8. When feeding with trash fish: * Remove head: potential source of VNN * Consider supplementation with essential fatty acids (fish oils) and/or vitamin mixes
9. sex determination * Apply gentle pressure on the abdomen and check for the presence of milt or check for the presence of oocytes by using a fine PE tube
15. Timing of events related to the onset of feeding milkfish sea bass rabbitfish grouper total eye pigmentation (h) opening of mouth (h) complete yolk resorption (h) oil globule resorption (h) time available to initiate feeding (h) mouth width at opening ( m) 54 32 32 55* 54 32 36 55 120 60 70 75 120 72 90 66 88 36 35 500 250 125 180
16. endogenous feeding period larvae are dependent on their yolk reserves as source of energy yolk oil globule red snapper yolk oil globule sea bass yolk grouper milkfish yolk
17. day 1 within 24 hours from hatching: grouper no functional eyes mouth still closed stomach poorly developed yolk Newly-hatched larva
18. mixed feeding period larvae survive on yolk reserves and external food yolk oil globule rabbitfish grouper yolk oil globule critical period: between 55-90 hours transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding
19. exogenous feeding period larvae are dependent solely on external food grouper day 4 day 2 grouper
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21. What to feed ? * Copepod nauplii may also be introduced at first feeding * Adult copepods may be seeded into the larval rearing tank a few days before stocking the larvae * Mass production of copepods is difficult copepods
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23. As the larvae grow: grouper day 4 Other food items are given including: * copepods * mysids * brine shrimps * trash fish * formulated feeds
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25. Larval feeds Milkfish: before day 15 day 15 up Grouper: graded sizes
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27. days of culture 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Protocol for rearing grouper larvae feeding management Nannochlorum (1-3 x 10 5 cells/ml) rotifers (ind/ml) artificial diet Artemia (1-3 ind/ml) water management siphoning of tank bottom 20-30 % 50-70 % flow-through 3 10 20 1 2 3-5g/ton/day
28. days of culture 0 5 10 15 20 Protocol for rearing milkfish larvae feeding management Nannochlorum sp . (1-3 x 10 5 cells/ml) rotifers (ind/ml) water management siphoning of tank bottom water change 10-20 % 50 % 1-2 g/ton/day larval diet 2-3 10 10-20 20-40 %
46. Hatchery Operations Feeding Diatoms*( or Tetraselmis ) STAGE: N I -N VI Z I Z II Z III M I M II M III PL 1-5 PL 10-15 5,000-10,000 cells/ml Feeding Scheme Protozoea Stages (3-5 days) Z I Z II Z III
47. Growth Molting Hatchery Operations Natural food production in the hatchery Algae that are frequently used as food for the larvae: Skeletonema Chaetoceros Tetraselmis
48. Hatchery Operations Feeding Diatoms*( or Tetraselmis ) Artificial Diet Artemia Egg custard * Skeletonema or Chaetoceros STAGE: N I -N VI Z I Z II Z III M I M II M III PL 1-5 PL 10-15 5,000-10,000 cells/ml 0.5 1 2- 5 ind/ml Feeding Scheme as recommended Mysis Postlarva
49. Mud crab production (tons) from aquaculture (FAO Fishery Statistics, 2004) Country 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Indonesia 1,906 1,339 5,176 866 5,143 5,126 3,879 9,039 7,152 2,243 Malaysia 623 381 277 231 188 225 219 311 204 174 Philippines 2,782 2,463 3,7 59 4,033 4,826 4,968 4,608 4,747 4,809 6,245 Singapore 342 353 215 45 78 86 75 93 104 60 Sri Lanka 1 2 1 - - - - - - - Thailand 45 132 115 19 9 9 5 10 10 10 Taiwan 1,526 797 430 796 381 315 423 239 226 239 Total 10,006 5,465 9,972 5,990 10,625 10,729 9,209 14,440 12,507 8,972 Export revenue in million Php P was valued at P1, 050 - 2003; P1,590 - 2004; P1,693 -2005) Tremendous growth underscores the importance of hatchery for seed supply. Major source of crablets for farming is from the wild.
50. Different kinds of alimango in the Philippines: *Hatchery technology is feasible for bulik * Scylla serrata (Giant mud crab – ‘kinis’ or ‘bulik’ ) Scylla tranquebarica (Purple mud crab – ‘lawodnon’) Scylla olivacea (Orange mud crab – ‘pulang alimango’)
51. Life cycle of mud crab Coastal water Open sea Estuary Mangrove forest Juvenile Sub-adult Adult mating Spawner Eggs Zoea 1 Zoea 2 Megalopa Crab instar hatching spawning Etq rev 030401 Zoea 3 Zoea 4 Zoea 5 HATCHERY PHASE
52. Broodstock sourcing BROODSTOCK MANAGEMENT Water change 2-3x / week > 500g ♀ with ‘aligi’ Stocking in tank Acclimation & disinfection Feeding
53. Incubation 300 or 500 L tank/female Disinfection Sampling for berried females 0.8 to 5 million zoeae per female (450-750 g BW) Stocking of zoeae in tanks flowing seawater Zoeae Collection of newly hatched zoeae
55. • mesh size 1 mm • area 20 m 2 or bigger • bamboo poles as support • net bottom buried 3-5 cm into the soil • 80- 100 cm deep Net cages Tanks • 80- 100 cm deep • area 40 m 2 or bigger megalopa 5-7 d + 3 weeks Fly size crabs (0.35-0.40 cm) (0.40 – 0.45 cm) (0.8-1.0 cm)
58. Aquaculture Department Diatom Culture tanks Dry Lab/ Stockroom Overhead Reservoir Sand Filter Box Seawater Pump Air Blower Settlement tanks Spawning tanks Incubation tanks Broodstock Holding tanks A Typical Abalone Hatchery Lay-out Seaweed tanks Primary nursery tanks Working area Worker’s room Intermediate nursery tanks
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60. Female Male Group spawning female male Female Male Group spawning Aquaculture Department
61. Group Spawning Periodicity and Fecundity in Hatchery-bred Abalone 2,494 + 304 224,150 + 37,760 1-8 44 74 87 HB-2B/6 7,671 + 1,461 186,610 + 35,371 2-5 33 48 25 HB-2A/6 4,324 + 782 572,630 + 100,000 1-2 94 81 135 HB-1/7 Ave. # eggs per g BW Ave. # eggs per spawn Spawning Days interval frequency/ between month spawning SL BW cm g Group/ n Aquaculture Department
62. Creeping larvae ready for stocking Settlement tanks LARVAE PREPARATION FOR SETTLEMENT Benthic diatoms as larval food INCUBATORS Artificial illumination Aquaculture Department
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64. PRIMARY NURSERY REARING “ Clearing of diatoms on surfaces of settlement plate indicates the presence of settled and metamorphosed post-larvae...” Crustose coralline algae- diatom complex Indoor settlement tanks Outdoor nursery tanks 10 days Aquaculture Department
65. Mesh basket for Intermediate nursery INTERMEDIATE NURSERY REARING Early juveniles (5-8 mm) ready to feed on seaweeds Indoor tanks Outdoor nursery tanks Raceway-type Flow-through Aquaculture Department
66. ABALONE NURSERY IN SEA CAGES CAGE NURSERY REARING: Material: Amazon screen Size: 30cm high x 60cm-diam. Shelter surface area: 1.24m 2 Stocking density/cage: 1000-1,500 Food: Fresh seaweed Gracilaria Feeding rate: 40-50% of bw/day Rearing period: 90 days Final size at harvest: 28-30mm SL Survival: 90-95% Black net cover Wooden or Bamboo raft Aquaculture Department
69. Commonly used farming techniques Spider web (‘ambian’) Hanging long line (‘palabad’) Hanging long line (single) Multiple raft (‘alul’) Fixed off-bottom (‘parasdas’)
70. Regeneration of E. denticulatum from callus-like structures 1 2 3 4 5 Young plants grown in a nursery cage Outplanted plants in a cage 6 7
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