The Protestant Reform in England and on the Continent. Summary

1. History of English-speaking countries The Protestant Reform in England. Domestic and foreign causes and effects. Prof. Rosana Manca

4. The Reformers He was a German monk, a theologian and a university professor. He defied the Pope openly and severely criticized some church practices. He condemned the sale of indulgences in his Ninety Five Theses , which he nailed to the church door at the University of Wittenberg. This action was the starting point of the Reformation. MARTIN LUTHER JOHN CALVIN A French Theologian, he fled to Geneva to spread his teachings. In his Institutes of Christianity , he stated his Protestant theology, highly influential in the Western world. John Knox spread his teachings in Scotland and from there to the north of England

5. Born in Switzerland, he was influenced by Erasmus and Luther. He attacked the corruption of the clergy, criticized the use of images in worship places and was in favour of clerical marriage. ULRICH ZWINGLI

6. The sale of indulgences Luther opposed the sale of indulgences as he believed there was great danger that men would not realize that sin must be atoned for by inward penitence. This practice stressed the value of charitable and pious actions and gifts.

7. Luther nailing his Ninety-nine Theses The Great Schism

9. He had had no quarrel with the papacy up to that point and he even condemned Luther’s attack upon the Church. Nevertheless, he needed to get rid of papal authority in England to get what he wanted. King Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn