1. Composite Scales and Other
Structured Self-Reports
Prepared by:
Dunque, Ruby Shelah P.
Torres, Diana Jane R.

2.  Most important and often incorporated into a questionnaire or
interview package.
Scale
- it provides numeric score wherein the respondents were being
placed in its respective continuum based on measured
attribute.

3. Likert Scales
Most widely used scaling technique.
It was named after a psychologist Rensis
Likert.
Consists of several declarative items that
expresses viewpoint of the topic.
Contains 10 or more statements.

4. Respondents were being asked whether they
will agree or disagree
High scores are given to an agreement with
positively worded items and disagreement with
negatively worded items.
This scale is also called summated rating
scales

6. Semantic Differential
Scales
 The respondents will be ask to rate a concept on a series of
bipolar adjectives.
 easy and flexible to construct
 concept can be anything like a person, situation, abstract idea,
controversial issue, and others.
 It can be presented as a word, phrase, or even as visual
material.

7.  Several concepts can also be included in the semantic
differential scale.
 Two considerations that the researchers used as a guide in
selecting bipolar scale.
 Three independent dimensions:
 Evaluation
 Potency
 Activity

8. The evaluative ones such as effective/ineffective,
valuable/worthless, good/bad, and others were the
most important group.
The potency adjectives includes strong/weak and
large/small.
The examples of activity adjectives are active/passive
and fast/slow.

10. Cognitive and Neuropsychological Tests
 The study participant’s cognitive skills is also assessed by the researchers.
 There are several types of cognitive tests.
 Intelligence test
- an example of cognitive tests
- It evaluates a person’s global ability to perceive relationships, solve problems
and aptitude test
- measures a person’s potential for achievement
 Neuropsychologic functioning among people with potential- cognitive
impairments. E.g Mini- Mental Status Examination (MMSE)

11. Q- Sorts
 Participants in Q- Sort are presented with a set of cards on
which words or phrases are written.
 They are asked to sort the cards along a specified bipolar
dimension from most important to least important.
 Q- sorts are versatile and can be applied to a wide variety of
problems. It is also difficult and time.
 It cannot be incorporated into mailed or Internet
questionnaires or administered in telephone interviews.

12. Vignettes
 Brief case reports or descriptions of events to which
respondents are asked to react.
 The descriptions can be either fictitious or based on fact
which are structured to elicit information about respondents.
 Usually written in narrative descriptions but researchers also
use videotaped vignettes.
 Economical means of eliciting information about how people
might behave in situations that would be difficult to observe
in daily life.

13. Vignettes can be incorporated in a questionnaire
which makes it an inexpansive data collection.
The main problem of vignette is the validity of
responses.
Potential biases should be taken into account in
interpreting results.