2. INTRODUCTION
•In competitive sports, doping refers to the use of banned
athletic performance-enhancing drugs by athletic
competitors, where the term doping is widely used by
organizations that regulate sporting competitions.
•The use of drugs to enhance performance is considered
unethical by most international sports organizations,
including the International Olympic Committee.
3. HISTORY OF DOPING
• The use of drugs to enhance sporting performance is known as doping.
• The word 'dope' originated in South Africa.
• Dope referred to a primitive alcoholic drink used as a stimulant in
ceremonial dances.
• International Olympic Committee medical commission formed -1967
• List of banned substances released which contained stimulants and
narcotics only
4. WHY DO PERFORMERS TAKE DRUGS?
REASONS
SOCIAL
•To win at all costs
•Belief that everyone else is doing it
•Pressure from coaches, peers and
the media
•By winning they can earn big money
•Fear of not winning
PHYSIOLOGICAL
•To get more strength
•Increase oxygen transport
•Lose weight, train harder
•To build muscle, increase energy
•Mask injury and reduce tiredness
5. PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUGS
•Performance-enhancing drugs (also known as PEDs) are
substances used to improve performance.
•Although the phrase performance-enhancing drugs is
popularly used in reference to anabolic steroids or their
precursors (hence the colloquial term "steroids"), anti-
doping organizations apply the term broadly.
6. USERS
•Performance-enhancing drugs are used by athletes and
bodybuilders.
•Use of cognitive performance enhancers by students is
sometimes referred to as academic doping. They are also
used by military personnel to enhance combat
performance.
9. Enhances athletic performance in
the following ways:
1. Aggressiveness increase
2. Alertness increase
3. Responsiveness increase
4. Tiredness reduction
5. Weight loss
ADR
1. Addiction/withdrawal
2. Aggressiveness (prolong)
3. Anxiety
4. Blood pressure increase
5. Cardiac arrhythmia
6. Cerebral hemorrhage
7. Coma
8. Convulsions
9. Death
10. HORMONES & RELATED
SUBSTANCES
Enhances athletic performance in the
following ways:
• 1. Endurance capabilities
enhancement during exercise
• 2. Muscle recovery increase
Erythropoietin (EPO)
ADR’s
1. Deep vein thrombosis
2. Heart attack
3. Hyper viscosity of the blood
4. Myocardial infarction
5. Pulmonary embolism
6. Stroke
7. Thrombosis
11. • GROWTH HORMONE
INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS
MECHANO GROWTH FACTORS (MGFS)
Enhances athletic performance
via:
1. Body fat percentage decrease
2. Growth stimulation
3. Muscle enhancement
4. Muscle size and strength increase
5. Muscle tissue repair
6. Protein synthesis increase
Used medically to treat the following
ADR’s
• Abnormal body changes
• Brain swelling
• Cardiomyopathy
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
• Diabetes mellitus
• Facial nerve paralysis
• Forehead and jaw shape change
• Hypercholesterolemia
• Hypothyroidism
• Impotence
12. GONADOTROPINS (LH, HCG)
Effects
• Masking agent (for anabolic
steroids)
• Testosterone and epistestosterone
production stimulation
• Used medically to treat the
following symptom:
• 1. Infertility (females)
ADR’s
• Increased risk of gynaecomastia
• Similar effects as anabolic steroids
13. INSULIN
Enhances athletic performance in
the following ways:
1. Muscle enhancement when used
in conjunction with other
substances
2. Protein breakdown reduction
ADR’s
1. Brain damage
2. Breath shortness
3. Coma
4. Death
5. drowsiness
6. hypoglycemia
14. CORTICOTROPHINS (ACTH)
Enhances athletic performance
in the following ways:
1. increases adrenal corticosteroid
levels
2. anti-inflammatory action aids
recovery from injury
Used medically to treat the following
symptom:
1. spasms (infants)
ADR’s
1. psychological effects such as
irritability
2. softening of connective tissue
3. stomach irritation and ulcers
4. weakening of an injured area in
muscles, bones, tendons or ligaments,
osteoporosis and cataracts
15. ALL BETA-2 AGONISTS INCLUDING THEIR D- AND
L ISOMERS
Enhances athletic performance
in the following ways:
1. aerobic exercise improvement
2. fat reduction
3. muscle growth
Used medically to treat the following
symptom and disease:
• 1. asthma
• 2. chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease
ADR’s
• Anxiety
• Arrhythmias
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Insomnia
• Mood disorders
• Muscle cramps
• Tremor (usually of the hands)
16. HORMONE ANTAGONISTS &
MODULATORS
Enhances athletic performance in the
following ways:
1. anabolic effects
2. strength increase
3. reduction of anabolic steroid use
side effects (i.e. breast tissue growth)
ADR’s
1. abdominal discomfort
2. cancer
3. hot flushes
4. libido reduction
5. verbal slurring
Aromatase inhibitors
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
Other anti-estrogenic substances
17. DIURETICS & OTHER MASKING
AGENTS
Enhances athletic performance
in the following ways:
1. prevent detection of banned
substances
2. produce urine excretion to
reduce concentration of banned
substances
3. weight loss
ADR’s
• Dropping in blood pressure
• Dehydration
• Dizziness
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Heart failure
• Kidney failure
• Muscle cramps
• Volume depletion
19. NARCOTICS
Enhances athletic performance
in the following ways:
1. invincibility feeling
2. pain killer
3. sensation of euphoria
ADR’s
1. addiction/withdrawal
2. balance and coordination loss
3. cardiovascular collapse
4. concentration ability decrease
5. respiratory depression
20. CANNABINOIDS (HASHISH, MARIJUANA)
Enhances athletic performance
in the following ways:
1. euphoric sensation
2. sedative
ADR’s
1. addiction/withdrawal
2. Anxiety
3. balance and coordination impairment
4. cancer in the lung, throat, mouth, and tongue
5. concentration loss
6. Drowsiness
7. Hallucinations
8. learning ability impairment
9. memory impairment
10. panic attacks
11. paranoid thinking
12. reflex loss
13. weight gain
21. GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS
Enhances athletic performance
in the following ways:
1. anti-inflammatory agent
Used medically to treat the following
symptoms:
1. arthritis
2. asthma
3. inflamed joints
4. allergic reactions
ADR’s
1. fluid retention
2. hyperglycemia
3. mood alteration
4. musculoskeletal problems
5. systemic infections
22. ETHANOL
Enhances athletic performance
in the following ways:
• 1. anti-anxiety effect
• 2. maximize effects of other drugs
taken at the same time
• 3. sedative
ADR’s
1. addiction/withdrawal
2. cirrhosis of the liver
3. Depression
4. double vision
5. Incontinence
6. judgment impairment
7. memory and comprehension loss
8. reflex and muscular coordination impairment
9. sleepiness
10. speech slurring
11. suicide
23. BANNED METHODS
• Enhancement of oxygen transfer
(i.e. blood doping and artificially enhancing the uptake, transport
or delivery of oxygen)
• Chemical and physical manipulation
• Gene doping
24.
25. WHAT ARE THE TIME MARKERS OF ANTI-
DOPING ACTIVITIES?
1968: First doping control sat the Olympics
1988: First out-of-competition testing in Germany
1999: World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
2004: World Anti-Doping Code and International Standards
2007: International Convention against Doping in Sport
2008: Human growth hormone in blood by Luminometer
2009: Implementation of blood parameters for Athlete passport
26. WORLD ANTI DOPING AGENCY(WADA)
Responsible for World Anti Doping Programme
Formed in 1999
India –One of Foundation Board Member (National Dope Testing
Laboratory (NDTL))
Composition of WADA
-Intergovernmental
-International Federations
-International Olympic Committee
WHAT IS MGF?
Mechano Growth Factor (MGF) also known as IGF-1Ec is a growth factor/repair factor that is derived from exercised or damaged muscle tissue. It’s called MGF as IGF-IEa is a bit of a mouthful and harder to identify amongst the other IGF variants.
What makes MGF special is its’ unique role in muscle growth. MGF has the ability to cause wasted tissue to grow and improve by activating muscle stem cells and increasing the upregulation of protein synthesis, this unique ability can rapidly improve recovery and speed up muscle growth. MGF can initiate muscle satellite (stem) cell activation in addition to its IGF-1 receptor domain which, in turn, increases protein synthesis turnover; therefore, if used correctly it can improve muscle mass over time.
The liver produces 2 kinds of MGF splice variants of IGF
1) IGF-1Ec: This is the first phase release igf splice variant and it appears to stimulate satellite cells into activation, This is the closest variant to synthetic MGF.
2) Liver type IGF-IEa: this is the secondary release of igf from the liver, and its far less anabolic.
