This presentation seeks to introduce the topic of mapping cyberspace with the help of images from "The Atlas of Cyberspace".

1. Mapping Cyberspace

2. Why should we consider mapping structures in cyberspace? Using images from the Atlas of Cyberspace, we will explore the various motives for mapping cyberspace and its infrastructure. Dodge, Martin, and Rob Kitchin. Atlas of Cyberspace. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2002. 2

3. What are MAPS actually? “Maps are the world reduced to points, lines, and areas, using a variety of visual resources: size, shape, value, texture or pattern, color, orientation, and shape. A thin line may mean something different from a thick one, and similarly, red lines from blue ones.” (Lanius 2003) How do maps represent “reality”? “A photograph shows all objects in its view; a map is an abstraction of reality. The cartographer selects only the information that is essential to fulfill the purpose of the map, and that is suitable for its scale. Maps use symbols such as points, lines, area patterns and colors to convey information.” (Lanius 2003) 3

4. “Cartographyprovides a means by which to classify, represent and communicateinformation about areas that are too large or too complex to be seen directly.” Maps, if well made, are relatively easy to interpret and can help to understand problems quickly and easily. Maps can help to reveal relationships that may otherwise not have been noticed. (Dodge & Kitchin 2002:2) 4

5. But canwemap CYPERSPACE? We can map the flows and infrastructure of cyberspace which helps us understand how cyberspace might look like. To apply a spatial, map-like structure to data where no inherent or obvious one exists, is called spatialization. (Dodge & Kitchin 2002:2) 5

6. Ok, let‘s look at some interesting, unique, creative and diverse maps of cyberspace… 6

7. History: Back in time… telegraphing 1) Telegraph stations in the United States and Canada (1856) 7 Aim: To map the location of telegraph stations and their connections. The table provides telegraph tariffs from Pittsburgh to all other stations.

8. The birthoftheinternet #1-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) #2- Stanford Research Institute (SRI); #3- University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB); #4-University of Utah (UTAH) 2) Sketch maps of ARPANET in September andDecember1969 8 Aim: To record the initial topological structure of ARPANET.

9. The birthoftheinternetcontinued 3) ARPANET geographicmap (June 1977) 9 Aim: To display the geographic topology of ARPANET in the summer of 1977.

10. Mapping where the wires, fiber-optic cables and satellitesreallyare. 4) International submarine cableinfrastructure (1999) 10 Aim: To show the detailed geography of undersea cables for a technical audience.

11. 4) Schematic diagram of a building’s network facilities (2000) 11 Aim: To provide a detailed layout of the network infrastructure through a building for use by networkmaintenanceengineers.

12. 5) Frame from a SaVi animation of the Teledesicsatellite Constellation(1997) 12 Aim: To show the changing pattern of satellite constellations around the Earth.

13. Mapping flows & connectivity on a global scale (macroscale mapping) 6a) International Connectivity series of maps no. 1 (September 1991) 13

14. 6b) International Connectivity series of maps no. 2 (June 1997) 14 Aim: To chart the global spread of network connectivity at the level of nation-states.

15. 7a) Matrix.NetInternet worldmapsno. 1 (January 1997) 15 Showingvolumeofnetworkedcomputers

16. 7b) Matrix.NetInternet worldmapsno. 2 (January 2000) 16 Aim:To chart the geographic extent of the Internet as a function of the volume of networked computers at the city level. The first map charted four different networks, while the later one shows only Internet-connected computers.

17. UUNET’s backbone marketing maps at four different scales (2000) 17 Aim: To provide marketing maps to promote the company’s Internet network to potential customers by demonstrating the geographic extent and capacity of the infrastructure.

18. 10) Large graph of the MBone network topology (Aug. 1996) 18 Aim: To visualize the topological structure of the Mbone and to provide a sense of the shape and interweaving structure of that part of the Internet infrastructure.

19. 11) TeleGeography’stelecommunicationsflowmaps (1999) 19 Aim: To map the volume of telecommunication traffic between countries.

20. 1994 1991 12) Visualizations of traffic flows over NSFNET 20 Aim: To visualize the growth in traffic flows on the NSFNET backbone network in the United States in the early 1990s.

21. 13) Geographic visualization of traffic on the NCSA website (Aug. 1995) 21 Aim: To show geographic origin of traffic, in real-time, of a popular website.

22. Let‘s zoom in - Microscalemapping Paul C. Adams (University of Texas, Austin) Adams has sought to model people’s connections through time and space during the course of an ordinary day using 3D time–spacemodels. Adams, Paul. "Application of a CAD-Based Accessibility Model." In Information, Place, and Cyberspace, ed. Janelle, Donald and David Hodge. Heidelberg : Springer Verlag, 2000.217-239. 22

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27. 15) The Tube mapas a metaphoricalsitemap (1997) Aim: To provide an attractive overview map on the Yell Guide website (British Telecommunications plc.) showing major content areas on a single screen. 27

28. The images here show sculptured, structured tendrils of text representing, in an abstract manner, the content of a website. 28 16) Tendril: topographicsculpturesfrom Web content (2000) Aim: Toconstructsculpturesfrom Web content.

29. Andyoucan also do ittheotherwayaround: creatingmapswiththehelpoftheinternet Google mapsimage (2009) 29

30. Summary: So why do we map cyberspace now? To be able to follow the development of an ever changing technology (history). To show the rapid growth of flows and usage of ICTs around the world. To attract potential customers in what is a highly competitive and lucrative global business (companies). To show the available cyberspace infrastructure to help customers pick a provider. For the people maintaining and installing the infrastructure to help them locate it. To improve an existing infrastructure and to locate holes in cyberspace. Tohelpdiscover links between physical and virtual worlds. To visualize the character of networks. To identify patterns in cyberspace. To show complex information. To reveal correlations. … 30

31. Copyright: Susann Meyer, 2009 Sources: Dodge, Martin, and Rob Kitchin. Atlas of Cyberspace. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2002. Lanius, Cynthia. WhatareMaps? 2003. Rice University Houston, TX. 17 November 2009 <http://math.rice.edu/~lanius/pres/map/ mapdef.html>. All maps and images are taken from the Atlas of Cyberspace You can download the book here: http://www.kitchin.org/atlas/index.html Thispresentationistobeusedforeducationaland private usesonly! 31