The document discusses various types of developmental, cognitive, and behavioral disorders in children including learning disabilities, ADHD, anxiety disorders, behavioral disorders, and autism spectrum disorder. It covers the characteristics, potential causes, and treatment approaches for each disorder. The disorders can be caused by genetic, biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors and often require customized therapeutic and educational interventions.
2. Physical
Development
Cognitive
Development
Environmental and
Social Development
• Changes in body
size, proportion
and appearance
• Functioning of
body system
• Brain
development
• Perception
• Motor capacity
• Physical health
• This refers to
wide variety of
thought
processes and
intellectual
abilities
• With age the
intellectual
abilities also
increases
• It is the development
of emotional
communication, self
understanding, ability
to manage one’s
feelings etc.
• If the conflicts or
problems at any of
the stages are not
solved, the individual
may develop all kinds
of complexes
3. If the childhood
problems are not
solved, then there are
chances of unbalanced
personality in
adulthood
4. It is a kind of disorder in which inadequate
development may be manifested in language,
speech, math or in motor skill area.
This may or may not be due to physiological or
neurological defect
Dyslexia
Dyscalculia
Dysgraphia
Language Processing Disorder
Non verbal LD
Auditory Processing Disorder
• The apparent disparity between the
expected academic achievement level and
their actual academic performance indicate
the LD in children
• These children have an average IQ and do
not have emotional problems nor do they
seem to be lacking in motivation or
cooperation
5. • These disorders are a result of some sort of disability,
immaturity or deficiency limited to certain brain
functions
• Some researchers have indicated that LD also develop
due to genetic transmission
• LD may be due to some psychological processes within
the individual
• It may also due to extrinsic factors like sensory
impairment, emotional disturbances, cultural differences,
• lack of educational opportunities etc.
6. The problems and disorder are usually manifested by significant difficulties in
the acquisition and use of languages, reasoning of social skills etc
They may show symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity and anxiety
LD in children is not apparent in the physical appearance
LD can occur with normal intelligence
LD children show significant educational discrepancy
7. Behaviour Modification
Approach
Psycho Analytic Approach
Individualised
Instructional Approach
Multisensory Approach
Technological Approach
Self instructional
Approach
By reconstructing and reorganising the environmental conditions,
providing opportunities for modification and change of behaviour
Attempts are made to analyse the behaviour of the disabled child
after establishing very good rapport with the child and find out
the root cause of LD
This uses small groups or even individuals for helping to rectify
their LD. Peer tutoring has proved to be a successful technique for
providing individual assistance
The children can be made to realise the concept of self-learning
and self improvement measures. For this programmed learning
and CAL can be used
Children can be encouraged to use their multiple senses
depending on the nature of subject materials eg. to provide
wholesome language experiences, VAKT has been devised
Audio tape recorder
Computer Assisted Instruction
8. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Hyperactivity is characterized by difficulties that
interfere with effective task oriented behaviour in the
child particularly impulsivity, excessive motor activity
and difficulties in sustaining attention
11. Use of drugs that stimulate central nervous system
Along with medication, psychosocial approaches and behaviour modifications
of counseling can be used
Correct information about the disorder should be given to parents
Parents should be trained to learn the importance of avoiding stressful
situation known to cause difficulty and excessive fatigue
Family therapy is an umbrella where whole family is the unit by which ADHD
children in the family can be treated
Social modeling and imitation, social management, social support, self
instructions, self praise and behaviour contract can be included
12.
13. Most children are
vulnerable to fear
and uncertainty as
normal part of
growing up
Children with
anxiety disorder
are more extreme
in behaviour than
those
experiencing
normal anxiety
Shyness, timidity,
unrealistic fears,
phobia for school,
over dependency
on others, sleep
disturbances,
hypersensitivity
etc
14. It is a disorder in children which is
most common in children as the
prevalence rate is very high.
• Lack of confidence
• Apprehensive in new situation
• Tend to be immature for their
age
• Over sensitive
• Nervous
• Easily and frequently moved
to tears
• Overly dependent
• This is a kind of anxiety
disorder where the child is
unable to speak in a social
situation.
• These children are unable to
understand and adjust with
their class or society
• These disorder can only be
diagnosed if the child has the
ability to speak
16. Easily upset by even small disappointments
Manifesting unusual constitutional sensitivity
The learning factors which have negative influence on the
minds of the children
Accidents, experiences such as hospitalization
Modeling effect of an over anxious and protective parent can
also develop anxiety in children
Repeated experiences of failure
Indifferent or detached parents also foster anxiety in children
Early childhood experiences also play an important role in
causing anxiety disorder
17. Need to assess the kind of anxiety the child is possessing
Self management tools teach a child how to recognize anxiety triggers so that
the child completes prevention or control without any outside assistance
If left untreated, the anxiety may worsen and eventually spill over into
adulthood resulting in a life with problems
Practising Relaxation Techniques
Cognitive behaviour therapy focuses on educating the child regarding the
inappropriateness of their behaviour
Psychotherapy provides opportunity for the successful conquering of anxiety
18. Sleep walk
• Somnambulism
• Onset of sleep walk is usually
between 6-12 years
• While walking during sleep may
fully open their eyes during walk
or partially open their eyes
• Sleep walk is related to some
anxiety arousing situations that
has occurred or expected to
occur in the near future
Techniques for helping
• Behavioural Therapy
• Assessment data of
neurological and medical
reports
• Tell parents to wash the face
with cold water and make sure
that the child is fully awakened
• Find out if the child is having
dream/nightmare
19. Tics
• Tic is a muscular twist or a
spasm related to muscle
• It can be blinking of eyes,
licking the lip, twisting the
neck, blowing the nose,
clearing the throat, twisting
mouth etc.
• It occurs generally between
2-14 years of age
• It is more common in boys
than girls
• Behaviour
intervention
• Relaxation
techniques
• Awareness
technique
• Cognitive
technique
20. Functional Enuresis/ Encopresis
• It is the involuntary habitual discharge of
urine at night even after the age of 5
years
• It is also called bed wetting
• It may be because of various organic
conditions such as
disturbed cerebral control of bladder, side
effects due to medicines or neurological
dysfunction
• The causes can be personal immaturity,
emotional problems, faulty learning,
disturbed family interaction, hostility
• Medical
treatment and
counseling is
needed
• While
counseling,
conditioning
procedures are
more effective
• For functional
encopresis, the
same procedure
can be used
21. Autism is a Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)
Structural differences in the brain
Autism is a developmental disorder
Defect in language, perception, motor development not related to reality and
social situations
Sometimes intellectual ability is also hindered as there is impairment on
memory as well
22. Both genetics and environment play a role in ASD
Irregularities in several regions of the brain
Abnormal levels of serotonin or other neurotransmitters in
the brain
Disruption of normal brain development early in the fetal
development
23. Parental acceptance and warmth which appear to influence the degree
to which the children internalize the standard and expectations of their
parents
Parental strictness and parental standards: The absence of control is
associated with maladjustment and high level of aggression
The punishment should be swift and consistent if the child is punished
he/she should be explained the reason for punishment
The best strategy is to punish an undesirable response and reward the
positive alternative behaviour
