nios Std X Social Science Ch 11biodiversity

2. • Bio-Diversity is a term we use to describe the variety of life on Earth. This
includes living forms that vary from plants, animal life and micro-organisms.
It is the total number of genes, species and ecosystems of a region.

3. There are three levels at which biodiversity can be classified.
Ecosystem biodiversity:
Any part of a landscape
that includes biotic (living) and
abiotic (non-living components is
known as ecosystem.
Species biodiversity:
A group or class of animals and
plants having certain common and
permanent characteristics that
clearly distinguish it from other
groups or species.
Genetic biodiversity:
The basic biological unit of
hereditary.
Genes of an individual belonging to
the same species are similar.

4. Marine Biodiversity
Genes : In the Fish species the star fishes share some same genes, their
characters may be similar
Species : Various Fish species, Plant species,
Ecosystem : Marine ecosystem
Coral reefs are
colonies of tiny
animals found
in marine
waters
They provide a
home for 25%
of all marine
species.

6. Biodiversity hotspot
• A biodiversity hotspot is a region with a high level of endemic species
(species that are found in a certain limited area).

7. The Two Biodiversity hotspots in India.

8. Mega biodiversity
• A unique combination of different plants and animal species which is not
available anywhere else is called a Mega biodiversity.

9. The interrelationship between natural vegetation, wildlife and micro-
organisms.
• 1. Biodiversity is fundamental
for the existence of life on
earth.
• 2. There are a variety of living
things that exist in a given
physical environment.
• 3. These are interdependent
and interrelated.
• 4. When the vegetation is
altered, animal life also
changes and this in turn
affects mankind.

10. The interrelationship between natural vegetation, wildlife and micro-
organisms.
• 5. Loss of any component
in the system affects the
other components too.
• 6. The ecosystem provides
food, water, fibre, fuel
etc., and also regulates
the climates, which in turn
affects our vegetation and
also our economy.
• 7.We are part of an
ecosystem, by cutting the
trees and killing animals
we are disturbing the
ecological balance.

11. International year of Biodiversityproclaimedby the united Nations
2010

12. The causes of Loss of biodiversity
• 1. Increasing population.
• 2. Changing of lifestyles
and development.
• 3. Public policies
• 4. Commercial
exploitation of land and
forests.
• 5. Pollution.
• 6. Over harvesting.

13. Naturalvegetationand Wildlife.

14. Natural vegetation and Wildlife.
• Natural vegetation of a place is determined by the climate, physiographic and soil
factors.
• India has a diverse vegetation pattern.

15. Natural vegetation of India be divided into the following
groups
• 1. Tropical Evergreen Forests
• 2. Tropical Deciduous Forests
• 3. Thorn Forests
• 4. Tidal Forests
• 5. Himalayan Forests

16. Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Western Ghats
Eastern Ghats
Tropical Evergreen Forests

17. Tropical Evergreen Forests
• Climate warm and wet throughout the year
• Rainfall 200cm with a short dry weather
• Height of trees 60metres or more.
• Vegetation Dense and mixed vegetation
• Type of trees Rosewood, ebony, mahogany, rubber,
jack wood and bamboo
• In India Regions of Western Ghats,
Upper parts of Assam and
Islands of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshdweep.
• Uses Hardwood from these forests are used for
furniture and handicrafts.
• Benefits They prevent landslides and soil erosion.
• The number of species of trees is very large in a small area.

18. Tropical evergreen forests
The leaves of the
trees do not fall in any
particular season.
Trees in the
Evergreen forests
remain green all
the year round
As the climate of the
region is warm and
wet throughout the
year.
Hence they are evergreen.

19. Tropical evergreen Forest
Vegetation Dense and mixed vegetation
Trees: Rosewood, ebony, mahogany,
rubber, jack wood and bamboo
Uses Hardwood from these forests
are used for furniture and handicrafts.

20. Tropical Deciduous Forests
• Vegetation shed their leaves once in a year.
• Most widespread forests in India.
• Rainfall between 75cm to 200cms.
• Found in the entire country except the Deccan plateau,
• North- Eastern regions, Western Ghats and eastern coasts.
• These forests have been cleared by humans for cultivation.
• On the basis of rainfall these are further divided into
a. Moist deciduous forests
and
b. Dry Deciduous forests.

21. Tropical moist deciduous forest
Rainfall between
100 to 200cm.
Mainly
distributed
in the
eastern
parts of the
country.
Trees : Teak, Bamboo, Sal,
Sandalwood, Khair, Kusum,
Arjun, Mahua, Jamun and Mulberrry.
Jharkhand,
Odisha and
Chhattisgarh
and Eastern
slopes of the
Western
Ghats.

22. Tropical moist deciduous forests

23. Tropical dry deciduous forest
Rainfall = 75cm to 100cm
Temperature = 35°C to 40°C
Trees:
Teak, Sal, Peepal and Neem.
They are found in the interior parts of the
Peninsular plateau and the plains of
Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar.

24. Thorn Forests

25. Thorn Forests
• Rainfall less than 75cm rainfall.
• Climate dry with occasional wet period.
• Places North-Western region, interior parts of the Peninsular India including semi-arid
areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.
• Vegetation small trees and bushes with deep roots. The stems conserve water. Leaves
are mostly thick and small to minimize evaporation.
• Trees: Acacia, euphorbias, babul, cacti, khair, date and palms are common variety of
trees in this type of vegetation.

26. Tropical thorn
forest HIRADA
KHAIR
BOR
BABUL
ALOEVERA
CACTUS

27. Tidal Forests:
These forests are found in tidal
creeks and swamps influenced
by the tides and wetland
topography.
These areas have mud, silt and
water on the surface.
Roots and branches of the trees
are submerged under water for
a specific period of time.
They are also called Mangrove
forests.
Mangroves are evergreen with
thick leaves.

28. They are found in the deltas of Sunder bans,
Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, Kaveri
and the Andaman and Nicobar islands.
Sundari
Mangrove or Sundari are the
common tree in Sunder bans
while Palm, coconut, keora and
agar are other important
species of tidal forest.
They are located along the coasts. They
provide protection against cyclones.

29. MANGROVE
FORESTS
Mangrove forests are found
in coastal regions.

30. Himalayan Forests: up to 1000 metres
• Areas with low altitude up to 1000metres.
• Warm climate and good amount of rainfall
are characterized by dense forests.
• These look like tropical forest.
• Sal and Bamboo are main species in these
areas.

31. Himalayan Forests 1000-2000meters
• Areas between 1000 to 2000 metres
• evergreen broad leaf Oak and Chestnut
are the common species.
• In Eastern Himalayas the same
elevation is occupied by sub-tropical
Pine Forests. Chir is common species
found here.

32. Himalayan Forest 1500 -3500metres
• Areas between 1500 to 3500metres which
receives annual rainfall in the range of 100 to
250cm.
• Oak, Laurel, Chestnut, Cedar, Silver Fir, Spruce
and deodar are the main species.
• They have been exploited for timber.
• Areas between 3000 to 3800 metres it’s called
the Alpine vegetation which has large and
extensive highland grassland and sparsely
distributed pine, birch, sliver, fir and
rhododendron trees.
Oak
Chestnut
Spruce
Fir

33. Wildlife in India.
• 1. Wild life in India is a great natural heritage.
• 2. 80% of all known plants and animal species on earth are known to be
found in India.
• 3. Many plants and their products are found to be useful for the good
health of man and animals.
• 4. People had started clearing forests and destroying it.
• 5. This is why in 1935 the system of National Parks, Wildlife sanctuaries
and protected areas was established.
• 6. The Wildlife Protection act 1972 provides protection to wildlife.

34. Wildlife in India.
• Various efforts are made to
protect and preserve
biological diversity of our
country.
Special projects like the Project
tiger 1973
and
Project Elephant 1992 have
been launched.
All these steps are important to
save species from extinction.

35. WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES: (551 in India)
The main objective is
to maintain the population
and the desired habitat of wildlife.
The wildlife sanctuaries are home to
more than
different species of
birds,
mammals,
insects an
varieties of plants

36. Endangered species
• They are home to endangered species of
animals and birds like:
Asiatic Elephant
TheRoyalBengalTiger
The snow leopard Siberiancrane

37. • Kaziranga in
Assam is known for the
Indian Rhino.
• Periyar in
Kerala is known for its
elephants.
• India is also home to migratory
animals land birds like
Olive Ridley Sea Turtles,
Siberian Cranes and
the Flamingos.
WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES: (551 in India)

39. National Parks
• 1. The purpose of establishing national parks is to conserve the natural
habitat of the wildlife.
• 2. India passed the Wildlife Protection Act in 1972 to safeguard the
habitats and conserve the species.
• 3. The two main objectives of the act are:
• i. To provide protection to the endangered species.
• ii. to provide legal support to the conservation area of the country
classified as national Park.

40. Wetlands
A wetland is an area whose soil is filled with moisture
either permanently or seasonally.
They may be covered partially or completely by pools of
water.

41. Wetlands
• They include swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs.
• The water found can be fresh water, salt water or
brackish.
• They serve as a natural wastewater purification
system.
swamps
marshes
mangroves

42. Wetlands
• Plant life found in wetlands include mangroves,
water lilies, cattails, sedges, tamarack, black
spruce, cypress, gum and many others.

43. Wetlands
The Convention on wetlands of
International Importance or
RamsarConvention
Is an international treaty
designed to address global concerns
regarding
wetlands loss and degradation.

44. Wetlands
• The primary purpose is to list wetlands of
international importance and promote the goal
of preserving them.
• i. By restricting access to the majority portion
of wetlands.
• ii. By educating the public to not think
wetlands to be wastelands.

45. Wetlands
• They perform two important functions in relation to
climate change
• they have mitigation effects through their ability to
sink carbon and
• adaption effects through their ability to store and
regulate water.

46. List of Wetlands In India.
• No. Name State
• 1 Astamudi Kerala
• 2 Bhitarkanika Mangroves Orissa
• 3 Chilika Lake Orissa
• 4 East Calcutta wetlands West Bengal
• 5 Kolleru Lake Andhra Pradesh
• 6 Loktak Lake Manipur
• 7 Point Calimere Tamil Nadu
• 8 Pong Dam Lake Himachal Pradesh
• 9 Sambhar Lake Rajasthan
• 10 Tsomoriri Jammu and Kashmir
• 11 Upper Ganga Canal Uttar Pradesh
• 12 Vembanad- Kol wetlands Kerala
• 13 Wular Lake Jammu and Kashmir
• 14 Harike Lake Punjab
• 15 Bhoj Wetland Madhya Pradesh
Wetlands

47. Wetlands

48. Biospherereserves:
They are multiple protected areas to preserve the
genetic diversity in the ecosystem.

49. Biosphere reserves:
The Indian government has established 15
Biosphere reserves which protect larger areas of
natural habitat (National park or wildlife
sanctuary).

50. Biosphere reserves:
• They often include one or more National Parks
or preserves along buffer zones that are open to
economic uses.

51. Biosphere reserves:
• Protection is given not only to the flora and
fauna but also the human communities who
inhabit these regions.

52. Biosphere reserves:
Name State
1 Nilgiri Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala
2 Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala
3 Sundarbans West Bengal
4 Nanda Devi Uttarkhand
5 Dihang-Dibang Arunachal Pradesh
6 Pachmarhi Madhya Pradesh
7 Simlipal Orissa
8 Achanakmar Amarkantak Madhya Pradesh
and Chahattigarh

54. Justify the need for conservation of natural vegetation, wildlife and
micro-organisms with suitable reasons.
• 1. Vegetation is an important part of biodiversity. Without this animals and micro-
organisms will die because vegetation gives them food, shelter and oxygen.
• 2. The roots of the plants helps prevent soil erosion.
• 3. Vegetation plays an important role in the water cycle. It absorbs water from the
ground and releases it as water vapour from its leaves.
• 4. Vegetation is a natural barrier and slows down the flow of water from the
surface.
• 5.Through photosynthesis vegetation removes carbon dioxide from the air and
replaces it with oxygen.
• 6. Vegetation acts as a stabilising effect for greenhouse effect.
• 7. Wildlife plays an important role in maintaining the balance of food in the
ecology.
• 8. The invisible micro-organisms paly an important part by improving the fertility of
the soil.
• Now that we understand how important this is we must take proper actions to
conserve our ecology.

55. Why we should learn about Biodiversity
• 1. We see a variety of plants, animals, insects, landscapes
around us.
• 2. We depend on them for our living.
• 3. They are the product of over four billion years of evolution.
• 4. But today because of human activities most of them are
being lost.
• 5. It is important for us to know them and conserve them.

56. The status of biodiversity in India
• 1. Biodiversity increases as we move from the poles towards the
equator.
• 2. India is in a unique position therefore is rich in biodiversity.
• 3. India occupies only 2.4% of the world’s land surface but its contributes
to world biodiversity is 8% of the total number of species.
• 4. Two of the twelve biodiversity hotspots in the world are in India.

57. CONSERVATION OF FORESTS
 HOW CAN WE CONSERVE OUR FORESTS?
 Conservation means to protect or keep safe. Conservation of forests is
the process of keeping our forests safe from destruction.
 1. stop cutting trees.
 2. Plant more trees. (afforestation)
 3. Protect animals.
 4. Stop throwing garbage and polluting the environment.
 5. Do not waste paper, reuse paper.
 By conserving our forests, we protect our wildlife, prevent global
warming, prevent soil erosion, get cleaner air, receive regular rainfall
etc.