1. The document discusses geopolitics, geostrategy, and geoeconomics perspectives on the global energy transition towards net zero emissions. It outlines Indonesia's commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and develop renewable energy power plants. 2. It analyzes global dynamics and patterns of CO2 emissions, with fossil fuels currently dominating the world's electricity production. Large industrialized countries like China and the US are the main producers but emit much higher CO2 per capita than developing countries like Indonesia. 3. The transition to cleaner energy sources faces challenges in infrastructure development, technology advancement, market forces, and ensuring equal access. Just transition will be a long struggle that requires protecting national interests on the international stage.

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Geopolitics, Geostrategy and Geoeconomy
Perspectives
Energy Transition Towards Net Zero Emission
Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral
Jakarta, 12 December 2022 – Universitas Pertahanan RI
Sampe L. Purba
Staf Ahli Menteri ESDM Bidang Ekonomi Sumber
Daya Alam
Expert Practitioner Sharing Knowledge

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Contents
1. Energy : Geopolitics – Geostrategy –
Geoeconomy
2. Commitments and Roadmap towards Cleaner
Energy
3. Global Footprints and Patterns on CO2 Issues
4. Challenge Ahead
5. Concluding Remarks

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Geopolitics – Geostrategy – Geoeconomy : Energy
• Geopolitics: Application of the influence of political and economy
geography international relations [economy, politics, foreign policy, power,
etc]
• Geostrategy : A decisive points with spatial consideration, by taking into
account the driving forces of demography, culture, technology, resources
and its mobility to meet national objectives
• Geoeconomics : Capitalizing Economy to pursue geopolitical objectives
 Territory, Resources or Influence
Instruments : Trade policy, investment policy, Financial and monetary,
energy and commodities, aid/ assistance and cyber
Energy Policy Ecosystem: Energy Source Management, Transformation,
Supporting Value Chain, Distribution and Allocation
3
@Sampe, 2022
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4. 4
Global Interrelation Dynamics
Natural and Statical
Inheritage
 TRIGATRA
Geographic Position
NATURAL HERITAGE
Demography [quantity and quality]
Dynamics Modality

PANCAGATRA
Ideology
Politics
Economy
Social
Defense and Security
Competitiveness
Globalization
Technology
Legal

5. 5
Our Commitment towards Cleaner Energy
Required a
just and fair
collaborative
global actions
and
cooperation
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6. 6
Indonesia Commitment to reduce GHG
 Indonesia commits to reduce GHG
 NRE Power Plants Development Plan to
power the future through massive
Utilization of NRE.
 It requires massive efforts in the level of
corporation, Government, People and
Global Community

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8. 8
Power Sector Towards NZE
• Assumption and
Expectation
 Growth
 Price
 Financing
 Technology
 Market
 Accessibility and
equality of
Infrastructures

9. 9
Energy Conservation
Management Energy comprises of Supply Side – Demand Side

10. 10
FOOTPRINT OF BIG INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES IN CO2 EMISSION
10
https://ourworldindata.or
g/grapher/annual-share-
of-co2-emissions?time
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11. 11
World Electricity Production by Source
11
https://ourworldindata.org/gr
apher/electricity-prod-
source-stacked
FOSSIL is dominant
as SOURCE OF
ENERGY

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Electricity, GDP per Capita and CO2 Emission per Capita, 2020
The data from Selected
Countries suggest that :
 Indonesia as one of the
LOWEST CO2 emissions Per
CAPITA in the WORLD
 China and USA are the main
producers of Electricity
 Apparently Countries with high
GDP per Capita tends to emit
more CO2 compares with
those of the Developing
Countries
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Challenge Ahead
 Sumatera, Kalimantan and Nusa Tenggara possesses potential huge solar power sources
 Infrastructure is a pre requirement transmitting to potential markets
 Integrated connectivity of Indo Pacific, potentially can enhance or weaken competitiveness of
Indonesian RE potentials
@PLN, 2022 @IEA, Energy Sector NZE Indonesia, 2022
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Transitional Energy : Fossil based to Mineral
HOW The Major Actors Responding to this imbalance

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A long and steep struggle to get justice
e.g. NICKEL DISPUTE in
WTO [DS 592] :
Downstreaming Policy
Prohibiting Ni ore export - as
per Law 4/2009 is
considered by WTO as not
consistent with GATT 1994

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Any Natural Resources Policy should be on the Perspective of National Interest
Macro
Economy
Business
People
Welfare
Geostrategy
and
Geoeconomy
International Dimension
National Context
Regional Consideration
Local Approach
Policy Application
Natural
Resources :
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Coals
Plantation
Forests
Fisheries
Others
Driven Factors
 Global Power
Competition
 International
Institution
 Stakeholder
Interests
Dec-22
Concluding Remarks: Struggle for Just Energy Transition is a journey to
Protect and Promote NATIONAL INTEREST
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Terima Kasih – Thank You
Sampe L. Purba
Scholar : Universitas Pertahanan RI
LEMHANNAS RI
Background Knowledges
ECONOMY, LAW, GEOSTRATEGY ENERGY
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Terima Kasih
&
Follow Kami

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