3. Bit = binary digit : 0/1 Program(S/W) A sequence of instruction S/W = Program + Data » The data that are manipulated by the program constitute the data base Application S/W = DB, word processor, Spread Sheet System S/W = OS, Firmware, Compiler, Device Driver
24. Adjacent Square Number of square = 2n (2, 4, 8, ….) The squares at the extreme ends of the same horizontal row are to be considered adjacent The same applies to the top and bottom squares of a column The four corner squares of a map must be considered to be adjacent Groups of combined adjacent squares may share one or more squares with one or more group
25.
26. Half Adder Logic Diagram Truth Table A half adder adds two one-bit binary numbers A and B . It has two outputs, S and C . The simplest half-adder design, pictured on the right, incorporates an XOR gate for S and an AND gate for C . Half adders cannot be used compositely, given their incapacity for a carry-in bit.
27. Full Adder A full adder adds binary numbers and accounts for values carried in as well as out. A one-bit full adder adds three one-bit numbers, often written as A , B , and C in ; A and B are the operands, and C in is a bit carried in. A full adder can be constructed from two half adders by connecting A and B to the input of one half adder, connecting the sum from that to an input to the second adder, connecting C in to the other input and OR the two carry outputs Logic Diagram Truth Table
28. SR Flip-Flop Graphic Symbol Truth Table A SR flip-flop has three inputs, S (for set ), R (for reset ) and C (for clock ). It has an output Q. The undefined condition makes the SR flip-flop difficult to manage and therefore it is seldom used in practice.
29. D Flip-Flop Graphic Symbol Truth Table The D flip-flop is a slight modification of the SR flip-flop by inserting an inverter between S and R and assigning the symbol D to the single input. If D=1, the output goes to the state 1, and if D=0, the output of the flip flop goes to the 0 state.
30. JK Flip-Flop Graphic Symbol Truth Table Inputs J and K behave like inputs S and R. When inputs J and K are both equal to 1, a clock transition switches the output of the flip-flop to their complement state.
31. T Flip-Flop Truth Table Graphic Symbol The T flip-flop is obtained from a JK flip-flop when inputs J and K are connected to provide a single input designated by T. The flip-flop thus has only two conditions.
32. Excitation Tables During the design of circuits, we need a table that lists the required input combinations for a given change of state. Such table is called a flip flop excitation table.