2. Introduction:
Spectroscopy
• It is the study of the interaction between matter and
radiated energy.
• Historically, spectroscopy originated through the study of
visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, e.g., by a
prism.
• Later the concept was expanded greatly to comprise any
interaction with radiative energy as a function of its
wavelength or frequency.
• Spectroscopic data is often represented by a spectrum, a plot
of the response of interest as a function of wavelength or
frequency.

3. 1.Chemical Application of Spectroscopic method in
Bioinorganic Chemistry : Blue to Green to Red

4.  .This presentation will summarize the contributions of a
range of spectroscopic methods combined with calculations
in elucidating the electronic structure of an active site using
the blue copper site as an example.
 The contribution of electronic structure to electron-transfer
reactivity will be considered in terms of anisotropic
covalency, electron-transfer pathways, reorganization energy,
and protein contributions to the geometric and electronic
structures of blue-copper-related active sites.

5. 2. Chromatographic and spectroscopic
methods for the determination of solvent
properties of room temperature ionic
liquids.
 Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods afford
suitable tools for the study of solvation properties under
conditions that approximate infinite dilution.
 Gas–liquid chromatography is suitable for the
determination of gas–liquid partition coefficients and
activity coefficients as well as thermodynamic constants .
 The solvation parameter model can be used to define
the contribution from individual intermolecular
interactions to the gas–liquid partition coefficient.

6.  Application of chemometric procedures to a large
database of system constants for ionic liquids indicates
their unique solvent properties:
 low cohesion for ionic liquids with weakly associated
ions compared with non-ionic liquids of similar
polarity.
 greater hydrogen-bond basicity than typical polar
non-ionic solvents.
 a range of dipolarity/polarizability that encompasses
the same range as occupied by the most polar non-
ionic liquids.

7.  3 Application of laser spectroscopic
methods for in vivo dignostic in dermatology
 The importance of dermatologic non-invasive imaging
techniques has increased over the last decades.
 Technich provide a preservation of the tissue's physical
structure while being studied in its native state.
 Different modalities are currently being used to
investigate the skin tissue.
 Many of these scanning instruments are still undergoing
research for the diagnostic in dermatology

8.  Some imaging techniques:
1.High-resolution ultrasonography,
2.optical coherence tomography
3.Magnetic resonance imaging
4.Spectroscopic methods, find a role in
dermatologic diagnosis and disease
monitoring.

9. • 4.Application of Spectroscopic Methods for Structural
analysis of chitin & chitosan.
Chitin, the second most important natural polymer in the
world, and its N-deacetylated derivative chitosan, have been
identified as versatile biopolymers for a broad range of
applications in medicine, agriculture and the food industry.
• Two of the main reasons for this wide range application :
• 1.The unique chemical, physicochemical and biological
properties of chitin and chitosan,
• 2.unlimited supply of raw materials for their production.

10. • These polymers exhibit widely differing
physicochemical properties depending on the chitin
source and the conditions of chitosan production.
• The presence of reactive functional groups as well as
the polysaccharide nature of these biopolymers
enables them to undergo diverse chemical
modifications.

11. X-ray spectroscopy for structural analysis of chitin
• X-ray spectroscopy is unarguably the most versatile and
widely used means of characterizing materials of all forms .
• There are two general types of structural information that
can be studied by X-ray spectroscopy:
1.Electronic structure (focused on valence and core
electrons, which control the chemical and physical
properties, among others)
2.Geometric structure (which gives information about the
locations of all or a set of atoms in a molecule at an atomic
resolution).

12. Infrared spectroscopy for analysis of chitin &
chitosan.
• Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is one of the most important and
widely used analytical techniques available to scientists working
on chitin and chitosan.
• It is based on the vibrations of the atoms of a molecule.
• The infrared spectrum is commonly obtained by passing infrared
electromagnetic radiation through a sample that possesses a
permanent or induced dipole moment and determining what
fraction of the incident radiation is absorbed at a particular
energy.
• The energy of each peak in an absorption spectrum corresponds
to the frequency of the vibration of a molecule part, thus allowing
qualitative identification of certain bond types in the sample.

13. 5.Spectroscopic Methods in Industrial Chemistry
1) The use of spectroscopic techniques for the
bulk-characterization of heterogeneous catalysts:
a) X-ray diffraction (powder method and single-crystal
method), for the identification of crystalline phases.
Methods for the qualitative and quantitative
determination of phases in complex matrixes.
Characterization of metal, oxides, salts. In-situ techniques
for the study of structural modifications occurring during
reaction: thermal cells, environment cells.
b) Raman spectroscopy, and its use for the
identification of vibrations characteristic of specific
catalysts and compounds. In-situ evolution under
conditions simulating those of catalytic application.

14.  c) Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission
Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force
Microscopy, Tunnelling Microscopy and related
techniques for the identification of active surface
nature, and of components. Use of electronic probes
for the quantitative determination of elements.
 d) EXAFS, NEXAS, and related high-energy
techniques, for the study of the short-range
environment of components.
 e) Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and
other techniques of investigation.

15.  2) The use of spectroscopic techniques for the surface-
characterization of heterogeneous catalysts.
 a) UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy, for the
identification of surface active sites, their coordination
environment, and their valence state. In-situ techniques for
the identification of the nature of active sites under reactive
conditions.
 b) FT-IR spectroscopy for the identification of the nature
of reactive intermediates, and of the interaction between
reactants and catalyst surface. Surface characterization of
active sites. In-situ cells for the study of catalytic surfaces
under conditions simulating the reaction.
 c) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, for the identification
of the relative amount and nature of surface active sites.

16. • 6.surface analysis tech. by spectroscopic
methods.
In analytical chemistry, the study of that part of a solid that is
in contact with a gas or a vacuum.
• When two phases of matter are in contact, they form an
interface.
• The term surface is usually reserved for thin interface
between a solid and a gas or between a solid and a vacuum;
the surface is considered to be that part of the solid that
interacts with its environment.
• Other interfaces—those between two solids, two liquids, a
solid and a liquid, or a liquid and a gas—are studied
separately.

17. spectroscopic tech for structural analysis
Spectroscopic techniques function through a “beam in, beam out”
mechanism.
•
A beam of photons, electrons, or ions impinges on a material and
penetrates to a depth that is dependent on the beam
characteristics.
• A second beam, resulting from the interaction of the first beam
with the solid, exits from the surface and is analyzed by a
spectrometer.
• The exiting beam carries with it information regarding the
composition of the material with which the beam interacted. By
varying both the type of particle and the energy of the entering
beam, one can generate a large number of surface analytical
techniques.

18.  For a surface analytical technique, the information
obtained by the spectrometer from the exiting beam
should be characteristic of that region of the solid that
is defined as the surface. Either the penetration depth
of the incident beam, the escape depth of the exiting
beam, or both therefore must be limited to the
thickness of the surface.

19. 7.Recent Progress in Application of Spectroscopic
Methods for Assigning Absolute Configuration of
Optically Active Sulfoxides
• In the recent years, in addition to the more traditional
methods based on X-ray diffraction and mechanistic
considerations, the problem of the configurational
assignment of optically active sulfoxides has been
approached with spectroscopic methods.
• In this review the methods based on the use of NMR
spectroscopy and electronic circular dichroism are
described, as well as the emerging approaches based on
the analysis of vibrational CD spectra, on the ab initio
calculation of the optical rotation and on the cholesteric
induction in nematic solvents.

20. THANK YOU