detail about non ferrous

2. What is copper? Copper, "the red metal", is one
of the most electrically conductive of all the
metal elements.
While its electrical properties, in combination
with its ductility and malleability, have helped
copper to become an integral component of the
world's telecommunications.
Physical Properties of copper.
•Colour: Copper has a characteristic reddish brown colour.
•Ductility: Copper is very ductile and also very malleable. The electrical and jewelry
industries benefit from the ductility of copper.
•Conductivity: Second only to silver, copper is not only an excellent conductor of
electricity,
but also of heat. As a result, copper serves well in applications
such as
cookware, where it quickly draws heat to the food inside.
•Toughness: Copper may not be strong, but it is not easy to break due to its high
toughness.

3. Interesting fact
The Statue of Liberty is clad in over 62,000
pounds of copper! Her characteristic green
color is called a patina, the result of exposure
to air in her first 25 years.
Copper based alloy
Copper alloys are metal alloys that have copper as
their principal component. They have high resistance
against corrosion. The best known traditional types
are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and
brass, using zinc instead.
•Brass:- Brass is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc the
proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of
brasses with varying properties.
Uses:- • Brass is used for decoration for its bright gold-like
appearance.
• for applications where low friction is required such as locks, gears,
bearings, doorknobs, ammunition casings and valves.
• for plumbing and electrical applications.

4. Properties
• Brass has higher malleability than bronze or zinc.
• The relatively low melting point of brass (900 to 940 °C)
• The metal has both good heat and electrical conductivity.
• It can be produced in a range of colors, from deep red to
golden yellow.
Applications:
• Nuts, bolts, threaded parts
• Terminals
• Jets
• Taps
• Injectors
• Valve bodies
• Balance weights
• Pipe/water fittings

5. Bronze:-Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about
12% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such
as aluminium, manganese, nickel or zinc) and sometimes non-metals
or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus or silicon.
Bronze bell with a visible crystallite structure.
Properties of bronze
•Bronzes are typically very ductile alloys.
•By way of comparison, most bronzes are considerably
less brittle than cast iron.
•Bronze is usually nonmagnetic, but certain alloys
containing iron or nickel may have magnetic properties.
Typical uses:
• Door and window frames
• Door and window hardware
• Mail boxes and chutes
• Trim or rails
• Furniture hardware

7.  A coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an
object, usually referred to as the substrate.
 The coating itself may be an all-over coating, completely
covering the substrate, or it may only cover parts of the
substrate
 Functional coatings may be applied to change the surface
properties of the substrate, such as adhesion,
wettability, corrosion resistance, or wear resistance.
 A major consideration for most coating processes is that the
coating is to be applied at a controlled thickness.
 A number of different processes are in use to achieve this
control, ranging from a simple brush for painting a wall, to
some very expensive machinery applying coatings in the
electronics industry.

8.  Metal coating is used to form a layer, which
changes the surface properties of the workpiece to
those of the metal being applied.
 The coatings provides a durable, corrosion resistant
layer, and the core material furnishes the load
bearing capability.
 The deposition of metal coatings, such as nickel,
chromium, cadmium, and copper, is generally
achieved by wet chemical processes.
• Depending on the level of
sophistication and
modernization of the
facility and the
requirement, the
processes can be manual
or highly automated.

9.  The process involves depositing a thin layer of metal onto the surface of a work piece, which is
referred to as the substrate. An electric current is used to cause the desired reaction.

10.  Let’s suppose that a layer of gold is to be electrodeposited onto metal
jewelry to improve the appearance of the piece.
 The plating metal (gold) is connected to the anode (positively charged
electrode) of the electrical circuit, while the jewelry piece is placed at
the cathode (negatively charged electrode).
 Both are immersed in a specially developed electrolytic solution (bath).
 At this point, a DC current is supplied to the anode, which oxidizes the
metal atoms in the gold and dissolves them into the bath.
 The dissolved gold ions are reduced at the cathode and deposited
(plated) onto the jewelry piece.

11.  Building the thickness of a metal surface
 Increasing wear resistance
 Improving electrical conductivity — such as when plating a copper layer onto
an electrical component
 Preparing surfaces for enhanced adhesion prior to painting
 Reducing friction
 Protecting against surface abrasions
 Improving surface uniformity

12.  Anodizing is an electrochemical process that converts the metal
surface into a decorative, durable, corrosion-resistant, anodic oxide
finish.
 Aluminum is ideally suited to anodizing, although other nonferrous
metals, such as magnesium and titanium, also can be anodized.
 The process is called anodizing because the part to be treated forms
the anode electrode of an electrical circuit.
 Anodizing changes the microscopic texture of the surface and
the crystal structure of the metal near the surface.
 Thick coatings are normally porous, so a sealing process is often
needed to achieve corrosion resistance.

13.  The anodized aluminium layer is grown by passing a direct
current through an electrolytic solution, with the aluminium object
serving as the anode (the positive electrode).
 The current releases hydrogen at the cathode (the negative electrode)
and oxygen at the surface of the aluminium anode, creating a build-up
of aluminium oxide.
 Alternating current and pulsed current is also possible but rarely used.
 The voltage required by various solutions may range from 1 to 300 V
DC, although most fall in the range of 15 to 21 V.
 Higher voltages are typically required for thicker coatings formed in
sulfuric and organic acid.