This document discusses various earthquake-resistant features used in building design including: 1) Using beams as ductile weak links rather than columns through strong-column weak-beam design. 2) Improving masonry wall behavior by controlling wall dimensions and heights, ensuring proper construction and bonding, and adding horizontal reinforcement. 3) Using shear walls in reinforced concrete buildings to provide strength and stiffness throughout the building height.

3. 1). Interplate
2). Intraplate
Seismic Waves
1). Body waves
2). Surface waves

5. 1). Size of Buildings
2). Layout of Buildings

6. 1). Earthquake-Resistant Design of Buildings
It is better to make beams to be the ductile weak links than
columns. This method of designing RC buildings is called the
strong-column weak
beam design method.
2). Oscillations of Flexible Buildings
3). Importance of Flexibility
The time taken by the wave to complete one cycle of motion is
period of the earthquake wave.

7. 1). How to
Improve
Behavior of
Masonry Walls?

8. 2). Influence of Openings
However, location and size of
openings in walls
has significance in deciding
the performance of masonry
buildings in earthquakes

9. 3). Staircase in building
4). Role of Horizontal
Bands
The bands are provided to
hold a masonry building
as a single unit by tying all
the walls together.

10. During earthquake shaking, the masonry walls get grouped into
three sub-units, namely spandrel masonry, wall pier masonry and
sill masonry.
1). How Vertical Reinforcement Helps
2). Protection of Openings in Walls
3). Earthquake Resistant Features3). Earthquake Resistant Features
a). Ensure proper wall construction
b). Ensure proper bond in masonry courses
c). Provide horizontal reinforcing elements
d). Control on overall dimensions and heights

11. An open ground storey building, having only columns in the
ground storey.
Partition walls and columns in the upper storey’s, have two
distinct characteristics, namely:
a). It is relatively flexible in the ground storey.a). It is relatively flexible in the ground storey.
b). It is relatively weak in ground storey
1). The Problem
2). Improved design strategies
3). The Short Column Behaviour
4). The Solution

12. Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings often have vertical plate-like
RC walls called Shear Wall in addition to slabs, beams and
columns. These walls generally start at foundation level and are
continuous throughout the building height. Their thickness can be as
low as 150mm, or as high as 400mm in high rise buildings.
1). Advantages of Shear Walls in RC Buildings
2). Architectural Aspects of Shear Walls
3). Ductile Design of Shear Walls
4). Reinforcement Bars in RC Walls

13. 1). Base Isolation
The idea behind base isolation is to detach the building from the
ground in such a way that earthquake motions are not
transmitted up through the building, or at least greatly reduced.
2). Seismic Dampers
This are special devices introduced in the building to absorb theThis are special devices introduced in the building to absorb the
energy provided by the ground motion to the Building.

14. The engineers do not attempt to make earthquake proof
buildings that will not get damaged even during the rare but
strong earthquake; such buildings will be too robust and also
too expensive. Instead, the engineering intention is to make
buildings earthquake resistant; such
buildings resist the effects of ground shaking, although theybuildings resist the effects of ground shaking, although they
may get damaged severely but would not collapse during the
strong earthquake. Thus, safety of people and contents is
assured in earthquake-resistant buildings, and thereby a
disaster is avoided.