2. Disease Control
The term ‘disease control’ describes operations aimed at
reducing:
I. The incidence of disease
II. The duration of disease, and consequently the risk of
transmission
III. The effects of infection, including both the physical and
psychosocial complications; and
IV. The financial burden to the family and community
4. Diseasecontrolincludes. . .
Control
Elimination
Eradication
Extinction
public policy intervention that restricts the circulation of an
infectious agent beyond the level that would result from
spontaneous, individual behaviors to protect against infection
Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a
defined geographical area as a result of deliberate efforts
Termination of all transmission of infections
by extermination of infectious agents
The specific infectious
agent no longer exists in
nature or in the laboratory
5. Disease Elimination
This term is used to describe the cessation of
transmission of disease in a single country,
continent, or other limited geographic area,
rather than global eradication (e.g., polio in the
Americas).
It is an intermediate goal between control and
eradication
6. Disease Eradication
• It literally means “tear out by roots”
• Eradication of diseases implies termination of
all transmission of infection by extermination
of the infectious agent.
• It is an absolute process; an “all or none
phenomenon”
• Small pox is the only disease that has been
eradicated (eradicated by 1980)
11. Surveillance
The term “surveillance” is derived from the French
word meaning “to watch over”
In 1968 the 21st World Health Assembly described
surveillance as the “systematic collection and use
of epidemiologic information for the planning,
implementation, and assessment of disease
control”; in this sense, surveillance implies
“information for action”.
12. Surveillance is a continuous process which involvesthree
primary activities:
i. Collection of relevant data for a specified population, time
period and/or geographic area;
ii. Meaningful analysis of data;
iii. Routine dissemination of data with accompanying
interpretation.
surveillance.. .
13. Objectives of Surveillance
I. It is a tool to estimate the health status of
populations by using morbidity, mortality,
nutritional indicators, etc.
II. It is useful both for measuring the need for
interventions and for directly measuring the
effects of interventions
III. Provide feed-back to modify the policy and
system and redefinition of objectives
IV. Timely warning of public health disasters
so that interventions can be mobilized.
14. Dutiesofhealthcareprofessionalsinsurveillance
Identify and describe each individual having an infectionas
quickly as possible after exposure.
Determine the source ofinfection.
Identify exposed individuals to whom the infection may have been
transmitted.
Specify the frequency of occurrence of infection in
population groups at risk by person, place and time.
Identify populations that are experiencing, or might
experience, an increased frequency ofinfection.
Prepare and distribute surveillance reports to health care professionals
participating in disease prevention and control activities.
15. Typesofsurveillance
Passive surveillance: receipt of reports of
infections/disease from physicians, laboratories and
other health care professionals required to submitsuch
reports as defined by public health legislation
Active surveillance: Active disease surveillance is also
based on public health legislation and refers to daily,
weekly or monthly contacting of physicians, hospitals,
laboratories, schools or others to “actively” search for
cases
Usually seasonal or done during disease outbreaks
16. Monitoring
•It is the performance and analysis of routine measurements
aimed at detecting changes in the environment or health status
of population.
•Monitoring is a part and parcel of surveillance
•It keeps track of goal achievement, resource utilization and
availability
17. Evaluation
•It is used to assess how well a programme is performing
•Actual results are compared with the intended objectives
•Evaluation may be crucial in identifying the health benefits derived (impact
on morbidity, mortality, patient satisfaction, etc.)
