1. The Roman Empire split into western and eastern halves in 284 AD under Diocletian to more effectively administer its vast territory. 2. Constantine established Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire in 330 AD, strengthening its dominance in the east. 3. The Western Roman Empire continued to weaken due to invasions and was sacked by barbarians in 410 AD, while the Eastern Empire lasted another 1000 years under Byzantine rule from Constantinople.

1. 1. Who was Percy’s father?
2. Who is Clarisse father?
3. What type of species is Grover?
4. What was Dionysus curse?
5. Who is the mother of Annabeth?
6. What is Percy’s half brother?
7. Who guards the fleece?
8. What is the power of the fleece?
9. What did Annabeth called to use as a taxi to get to Florida with her friends?
10. What attacked Camp Half Blood?
11. What did Poseidon sent to help Tyson and Percy to catch Luke?
12. What do they need to save the barrier that protects the camp?
13. Who was Luke’s father? What is he a god of?
14. What trapped Clarisse and Percy in the bottom of the ocean?
15. Who was the father of Zeus?
16. Where is the fleece located?
17. What weapon slayed the Titan?
18. The prophecy said” Percy will either ______________ or _______ Olympus

3. Etruscan
• Native to Northern Italy
• Metalworkers
• Influenced Roman
civilization writing
• Romans overthrew them
and took control

4. A Latin princess called Rhea was held captive by her wicked uncle
so that she could never have children.
Rhea eventually left her uncle
and married Mars, the God of
War and gave birth to twin
boys, Romulus and Remus.

5. The wicked uncle was so jealous of them that he killed Rhea and
Mars and sent his servant to kill Romulus and Remus.

6. The servant could not kill the twin babies and sent them down the
river Tiber in a basket.
A long way down the river the babies were found by a she-wolf
whose babies had just died.

7. Romulus and Remus fed off the she wolf’s
milk until a shepherd rescued them.

8. The shepherd and his wife raised the boys as their own. Romulus
and Remus soon grew into strong men.
They left home some years
later to create a city by the
River Tiber.

9. Both men wanted to name the city
after its ruler but they could not
decide which of them would make
the best ruler. They fought a great
battle and Romulus killed Remus.

10. Romulus named the city Rome after himself and became the first
ruler of the city.

11. Geography
• Built on seven rolling hills
• Tiber river
• Italian Peninsula
• Chose the spot for its
strategic location and fertile
soil

12. Forum • Public center (politics, economic, religious)

13. • Established a republic
• Power rests with citizens (free
born male)
Patricians
Wealthy landowners
Plebeians
Common people
Tribunes
Assembly (plebeians that
are elected representative
to protect rights of the
common people)

14. The Laws of the Twelve tables
• Tablets of written laws
• Became the basis for
Roman law
• Established idea of all free
citizens and right to
protection of the law
• Concept of “innocent until
proven guilty” originated
here

15. Government
Consul
(commands the army – head of government )
Senate
(Legislative body)
Dictator
(leader with absolute power)= only
in time of crisis (6 months)
Praetors
Judges (courts to oversee criminal/civil cases)

17. Roman Army • All landowners required to serve
Legions (large unit)
Infantry (Foot soldiers)
Cavalry (soldiers on
horseback)

18. Punic Wars
• Rome v Carthage
• A series of three wars
Hannibal
Mastermind of Carthage
Army of 50,000 infantry
9,000 cavalry
60 elephants
Scipio
Rome general
Defeated Carthage
Burned city
50,000 sold to slavery
Victories gave Rome dominance over western
Mediterranean- will eventually conquer eastern half

20. Question / answer
• Page 156 Main Ideas
• Page 157 Skillbuilder
• Page 158 Main Ideas
• Page 159 skillbuilder
• Page 159 Main Ideas
• Section 1 Assessment: Main Ideas #3 and #4

22. • Expanding boundaries brought problems
• Discontent among lower classes
• Breakdown in military order

23. • Rome grew more
unstable
• generals seized power
for themselves
• recruited soldiers
from low class
promising land
• fought for pay and
owed allegiance only
to their commander.

24. Julius Caesar (60 BC)
• military leader
• joined forces with Crassus, a
wealthy Roman,
• Pompey, a popular general.
• Established first triumvirate, a
group of three rulers
• Caesar served only one year as
consul.
• led successful campaign to
conquer all of Gaul.
• he won his men’s loyalty and
devotion.
• made him very popular with the
people of Rome
• ordered Caesar to disband his
legions and return home.
• he marched his army toward
Rome, and Pompey fled.
• the senate appointed him dictator.

26. • Conducted many reforms
• nobles and senators fear Caesar’s growing power, success, and popularity.
• plotted his assassination.
• On March 15, 44 B.C., they stabbed him to death in the senate chamber

27. SECOND TRIUMVIRATE
• After Caesar’s death,
• civil war broke
• Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus.
• took control of Rome and ruled for ten
years
• Octavian forced Lepidus to retire.
• Octavian and Mark Antony then became
rivals.
• Mark Antony met Queen Cleopatra of
Egypt. He fell in love with her and followed
her to Egypt.
• Octavian accused Antony of plotting to
rule Rome from Egypt, and another civil
war erupted.
• Octavian defeated forces of Antony and
Cleopatra at the naval battle of Actium
in 31 B.C.
• Later, Antony and Cleopatra committed
suicide.
Sorry Lepidus, I
want the throne
for myself.
So…you’re fired!!
You traitor, you
are planning to
rule with
Cleopatra!!!

28. Octavian Becomes Augustus
• The Senate gave him the name
“Augustus,” meaning “exalted one”
• 27 BCE – Octavian, now referred to as
Augustus, was made consul for life by
the Senate
• Also made “Princeps,” meaning “first
citizen”
• Origin of the word “prince”
• Also made “Imperator,” meaning
“successful general”
• Origin of the word “emperor”
• Also made “Pontifex Maximus,” or “chief
religious leader
• Origin of the word “pontiff” (used to
describe the pope today)
• He had the power to call the Senate, veto
the Senate’s laws, and make laws himself

29. the Pax Romana
• peace reigned throughout
the empire (200 years)
• He stabilized the frontier
• glorified Rome with splendid
public buildings
• and created a system of
government

31. The Colosseum
• a huge arena that could hold
50,000,
• To distract and control the
masses of Romans,
• provided free games, races,
mock battles, and gladiator
contests.
• animal shows, wild creatures
brought from distant lands,
such as tigers, lions, and bears,
fought to the death..

33. Pompeii
• Mt. Vesuvius
eruption buried the
city
• Preserved bodies
and artifacts

36. The Pax Romana (Ch 6 sec 2) 4-5 information
• 2. Government• 1. Economy • 3. Slaves
• 4. Religion • 5. Entertainment • 6. Society /Culture
Agriculture, vast
trading network,
common coinage
Headed by emperor,
civil service to carry out
day to day functions
Slaves were numerous ad
important; slaves are
conquered peple
Honored powerful gods ad
goddess through rituals;
emperor worship part of
official religion
Rich gives lavish banquet;
large differences in
wealth and status
separated social classes
Masses attend free
games, races, and
gladiator contest

37. Greece v Rome
• Geography
• Description/ map
• Government
• Form/leader (image/chart)3 leaders
(what they did)
• Culture
• 5 things/info (3 images
• Architecture
• 3 structure (images
• Religion
• 3 gods (images

41. Religion in the Roman Empire
Religion in Rome was polytheistic and Roman gods
were based on the Greek gods

42. THE ROMAN EMPIRE AT ITS HEIGHT
The Romans conquered an enormous amount of
territory; with that territory came many different
people and their own cultures and religions

43. In 63 BCE, the Romans conquered
the Hebrew kingdom of Judea
But the Hebrews were
monotheistic and many refused
to pay respect to the Roman gods

44. Many Hebrews began to resist Roman
rule; they believed that God would
send the Messiah (savior) to restore
the kingdom to the Jews

45. Some time
between 6 BCE
and 4 BCE, a
Jew named
Jesus was born
in Bethlehem;
many
considered
Jesus to be the
Messiah who
would restore
control of Judea
to the Jews

46. •At the age of 30, Jesus
began his public ministry.
•performed miracles.
•His teachings :
•monotheism,
•the Ten Commandments.
•God’s personal
relationship to each
human being.
•people’s love for God,
their neighbors, their
enemies,
•an eternal kingdom after
death

47. Jesus’ message of eternal life in Heaven appealed to many people, Because Jesus
ignored wealth and status, his message had special appeal to the poor. “Blessed are
the meek, for they shall inherit the earth,” he said. His words, as related in the
Gospels (teaching of Christ), were simple and directed specially the poor
Jesus’ followers were
known as
disciples/apostles

48. Some of
these leading
Jews accused
Jesus of the
crime of
blasphemy
(contempt for
God)

49. • The Roman governor
Pontius Pilate
accused Jesus of
defying the authority
of Rome.
• Jesus sentenced to be
crucified, or nailed to
a large wooden cross
to die.
• three days later Jesus
was resurrected
• then he ascended into
heaven.

51. • The apostles were
more convinced than
ever that Jesus was
the Messiah.
• Jesus came to be
referred to as Jesus
Christ.
• Christos is a Greek
word meaning
“messiah” or “savior.”
• The name Christianity
was derived from
“Christ.”

52. After Jesus’ death, the religion of Christianity
was formed and began to spread

53. Christianity spread quickly due to roads, trade routes, and common
language in the Roman empire; the peaceful time of Pax Romana
made travel safe for those spreading Jesus’ teachings

54. Paul
• Paul was a Jew who
had never met Jesus
and at first was an
enemy of Christianity.
• While traveling to
Damascus in Syria, he
reportedly had a vision
of Jesus.
• spread and
interpret Jesus’
teachings.

55. The Apostles (disciples of
Jesus who became
teachers themselves),
especially Paul, molded
Jesus’ teachings into a new
religion called Christianity
Christianity was based
upon the idea that Jesus
was God’s son and that
he died as way to atone
for humanity’s sins

56. • As the Pax Romana began to crumble, persecution of the Christians intensified.
• Thousands were crucified, burned, or killed by wild animals in the circus arenas.

57. Christians who
were executed
were honored
as martyrs,
those who
sacrifice their
lives for their
beliefs
This only
helped spread
Christianity

58. In the year 312 CE,
Emperor
Constantine
converted to
Christianity

59. Constantine issued the
Edict of Milan, a ruling
that gave freedoms and
equality to Christians
within the Roman Empire
In the year 395 CE,
Emperor Theodosius
made Christianity the
official religion of the
Roman Empire

60. ORGANIZATION OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH
The early Christians
organized a hierarchy
of leadership
overall head of the
Church was the Pope
A bishop, supervised
several local churches.

61. ORGANIZATION OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Teachings of Jesus were collected into one
official text called the Bible

62. Similarity
Similarity Difference
Difference
Differences
Similarities

63. Hostile tribes outside the boundaries of the
empire and pirates on the Mediterranean
Sea disrupted trade.

64. the Roman Empire economy suffered
from inflation, a drastic drop in the value
of money coupled with a rise in prices

65. years of war had destroyed much
farmland.
serious food shortages and disease
spread, and the population declined

66. What was at once the Roman empire’s greatest
achievement, but also it’s greatest problem?
The Size of it’s Territory!

67. So, along comes Roman emperor DIOCLETIAN.
What does he DO?
IN 284 AD HE SPLIT THE EMPIRE IN HALF!
Which half do YOU think he took? THE EAST!!!

68. From NOW ON the Roman Empire would be split into two halves!
• divided the empire into the Greek
speaking East (Greece, Anatolia, Syria,
and Egypt)
• and the Latin-speaking West (Italy,
Gaul, Britain, and Spain).

69. What is the lasting impact of splitting the
Roman empire in two?
In 410 AD Rome was finally sacked by barbarians.
The Western Roman empire fell into chaos and poverty,
while the Eastern Roman empire carried on for another
1000 years!

70. Emperor Constantine
(274 AD-337AD)
Constantine established the capitol of
the Eastern Roman empire in a
town called “Byzantium”.
Because of ill health, Diocletian retired in A.D. 305. However,
his plans for orderly succession failed. Civil war broke out
immediately. By 311, four rivals were competing for power.

72. Byzantium was renamed Constantinople
It became the wealthiest and most beautiful city
Because of its strategic location between Asia and Europe!
Today this city is known as….
ISTANBUL

74. A.D. 370, a fierce group of Mongol nomads
from central Asia, the Huns, began destroying
all Rome regions

75. In 410, hordes of Germans overran
Rome itself and plundered it for
days

76. • the Huns, united for
the first time under a
powerful chieftain
named Attila
• With his 100,000 soldiers,
Attila terrorized both
halves of the empire.
• In the East, his armies
attacked and
plundered 70 cities.
(They failed, however,
to scale the high walls
of Constantinople.)

77. • Roman writers promoted their own
themes and ideas.
• poet Virgil
• Latin literature, the Aeneid
the epic of the legendary
Aeneas, Trojan who became
ancestors of the Romans
• speaks of government as
being Rome’s most
important contribution to
civilization:

78. • Tacitus
• Roman historian,
• notable presenting the facts
accurately.
• concerned about the
Romans’ lack of morality.
• In his Annals and Histories,
he wrote about the good
and bad of imperial Rome.
• Here, Tacitus shows his disgust
with the actions of the Emperor
Nero, who many consider to be
one of Rome’s cruelest rulers.

79. • Master Builders Visitors from all over the
empire marveled at the architecture of
Rome.
• The arch, the dome, and concrete were
combined to build spectacular
structures, such as the Colosseum.
• Aqueducts were designed by
Roman engineers to bring
water into cities and towns.
• When the water channel
spanned a river or ravine, the
aqueduct was lifted high up
on arches.

82. The Latin Language Latin, the language of the Romans,
remained the language of learning in the West long after the
fall of Rome. It was the official language of the Roman Catholic
Church into the 20th century. Latin was adopted by different
peoples and developed into French, Spanish, Portuguese,
Italian, and Romanian. These languages are called Romance
languages because of their common Roman heritage. Latin also
influenced other languages. For example, more than half the
words in English have a basis in Latin

83. Closure Activity
What are the similarities and differences between Christianity
and other religions of the Ancient World?
• Review your notes from Units 1 and 2
• Complete the graphic organizer on the back of your notes

85. • Despite persecution of its followers, Christianity became a powerful
force. By the late third century A.D., there were millions of Christians
in the Roman Empire and beyond. The widespread appeal of
Christianity was due to a variety of reasons. Christianity grew because
it • embraced all people—men and women, enslaved persons, the
poor, and nobles; • gave hope to the powerless; • appealed to those
who were repelled by the extravagances of imperial Rome; • offered a
personal relationship with a loving God; • promised eternal life after
death

87. What was at once the Roman empire’s greatest
achievement, but also it’s greatest problem?
The Size of it’s Territory!

89. Te first triumi

91. Gaul
conquered