Cardio vascular system Anatomy and physiology

1. DR SHAFICI ALMIZ
Anatomy and Physiology of the
Heart

2. The Cardiovascular System
• A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
 The heart pumps blood
 Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of
the body
• The function of the cardiovascular system is:
 To deliver oxygen and nutrients
 To remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
 Regulate body temperature

3. The Heart
 Location
 In the thorax between the lungs
 Pointed apex directed toward left hip
 About the size of your fist

4. The Heart: Coverings
 Pericardium – a double serous
membrane
 Visceral pericardium
Next to heart
 Parietal pericardium
Outside layer
 Serous fluid fills the space between the
layers of pericardium supports the heart
and contains some fluid for lubrication

5. LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL
Three layers
Epicardium
 Outside layer
 Connective tissue layer
 Myocardium
 Middle layer
 Mostly cardiac muscle
Endocardium
 Inner layer
 Endothelium
covers the heart valves

6. External Heart Anatomy
Figure 11.2a

7. The Heart: Chambers
Right and left side act as separate pumps
Four chambers
Atria
Receiving chambers for blood
returning from
the body and lungs
 Right atrium
 Left atrium
Ventricles
Discharging chambers
 Right ventricle

8. • Left and right sides are separated by the
septum

9. Heart Valves

10. The Heart: Valves
Allow blood to flow in only one direction
Opens to allow blood to go from one
chamber to another chamber.
 Four valves
Atrioventricular valves – between atria
and ventricles
 Bicuspid valve (left)
 Tricuspid valve (right)

11.  Semilunar valves between ventricle and
artery
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve

12. The Heart: Valves
Valves open as blood is pumped through
Held in place by chordae tendineae (“heart strings”)
Tensioned by the papillary muscles
Close to prevent backflow

13. Operation of Heart Valves

14. Operation of Heart Valves

15. Parts of the Circulatory
System
The total circulatory system is divided into two main parts:
 Pulmonary circulation, and
 Systemic circulation.

16. Pulmonary Circulation System
Red portion of heart and red blood vessels carry oxygen-rich blood.
Blue portion of heart and blue blood vessels carry oxygen-poor blood.

17. Blood Circulation
2 systems
Pulmonary
Systemic

18. 1. PULMONARY CIRCULATION
• Takes the blood from the heart to the
lungs, where it is oxygenated, and it
returns it to the heart.
2. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
• The flow of oxygenated blood from the
heart to the cells in all parts of the body,
and return of unoxygenated blood back to
the heart.

19. The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
1. Aorta
Leaves left ventricle
2. Pulmonary arteries
Leave right ventricle
3. Vena cava
Enters right atrium
4. Pulmonary veins
Enter left atrium

20. Veins & Arteries
• Upper/Lower Vena
Cava: brings blood to
the heart
• Pulmonary Vein:
brings blood from the
lungs to the heart
• Pulmonary Artery:
blood from heart to
lungs
• Aorta: blood from heart
to the body
– Largest vessel in our
body

21. Coronary Circulation
 Blood in the heart chambers does not
nourish the myocardium
 The heart has its own nourishing
circulatory system
Coronary arteries
Cardiac veins
Blood empties into the right atrium via
the coronary sinus

22. The Heart: Conduction System
Intrinsic conduction system
(nodal system)
 Heart muscle cells contract, without
nerve impulses, in a regular,
continuous way

23. The Heart: Conduction System
Special tissue sets the pace
Sinoatrial node
 Pacemaker
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

24. The Heart: Conduction System

25. Heart Contractions
 Contraction is initiated by the sinoatrial node
 Sequential stimulation occurs at other
autorhythmic cells