1. Cardiac Catheterization -is one of the
invasive procedures used to visualize the
heart’s chambers, valves and great vessels in
order to diagnose and treat disease related
to abnormalities of the coronary arteries.
The procedure involves inserting a
long,flexible, radiopaquecatheter into a
peripheral vein peripheral artery and
guiding it under fluoroscopy (x-ray
observation) or angiography.

2. Chamber pressure
Oxygen Saturation
Ventricular Function
ValvularInsufficiencies and stenosis
Septaldefects
Congenital abnormalities
Myocardial Function

3. To determine best therapeutic option
(percutaneoustransluminalcoronary
angioplasty, stents, coronary artery bypass
graft, valvulotomyversus valve replacement)
To evaluate effects of medical or invasive
treatment on cardiovascular
function, percutaneoustransluminalcoronary
angioplasty, or coronary artery bypass graft
patency.

4. Coagulopathy, impaired renal function, and
debilitation usually contraindicate
catheterization of both sides of the heart.
Unless a temporary pacemaker is inserted to
counteract induced ventricular asystole, left
bundle-branch block contraindicates
catheterization of the right side of the heart.
Digitalis toxicity, anemia and electrolyte
disturbance