Physices

 What are asteroids ?
Comets and asteroids are small planets, ranging in size
from baseball-sized meteors to 1/3 the size of the moon.
They are the rocky and icy bodies left over from the
formation of the solar system. Originally, the population
was much larger. With time, however, most of these bodies
have either collided together to form the major planets,
were ejected from the inner solar system into the Oort
cloud, or were ejected out of the solar system altogether.
The comets and asteroids we see today are the residual
population.

The Night Sky
These occurs in form of huge branch or
cluster .such a group of stars is called a
galaxy.
The sun, the earth and other planet and
all the stars we see in the sky belong to
the galaxy called milk way . It is also
called akash ganga

Star constellation
Star
Heavenly bodies that
gives out light regularly
.we can see at night .
Constellation
The constellation are
group of star
forming some
recognizable shape

Difference between galaxy and
constellation
Galaxy Constellation
It is a collection of billions of
stars.
It is a collection of only a few
stars.
Resembling human beings or
animals.
Stars in the constellation are
arranged in patterns
resembling human beings or
some animals.
There are billions of galaxies in
the Universe.
There are only about 88
constellations.
There are not many galaxies,
which are visible to the naked
eyes.
There are many constellations,
which can be observed with
the help of naked eyes.

Ursa Major Constellation (or Great
Bear Constellation).
The Indian name for the Ursa Major Constellation isSaptsrishi.
This constellation consists of seven bright stars and is visible during the
summer season in the northern part of the sky.
The arrangement of stars in this constellation.

Ursa Minor Constellation or
Little Bear Constellation
The Ursa Minor Constellation also contains seven stars.
The arrangement of stars in this constellation is similar
to that in the Ursa Major, the only difference being the
stars in the Ursa Minor Constellation are closer
together.
The stars in the Ursa Minor are less bright than those
of the Ursa Major Constellation.

ORION CONSTELLATION (OR HUNTER
CONSTELLATION).
The Indian name for Orion Constellation is ‘Vyadha’ or
‘Mirga’.
The arrangement of stars in this constellation resembles a
hunter.
The seven major stars of this constellation supposed to be
forming the body of the hunter are arranged.
The three stars are the belt of the hunter. Some other stars
which from the head and limbs of the hunter have not been
shown in the figure.
This constellation is visible during the winter season in the
north eastern part of the sky.

Scorpio Constellation
This constellation is usually visible in the summer
season. The arrangement of stars in this constellation
closely resembles a scorpion with tail and pincers as
illustrated. The Indian name for the Scorpio
Constellation is ‘Vrishchika’.
Some important constellation are
Cancer,chitra,Leo,Pisces,Ashwani etc.

Phases of moon
New Moon - The Moon's unilluminated
side is facing the Earth. The Moon is not
visible (except during a solar eclipse).

Waning Gibbous - The Moon appears to be
more than one-half but not fully illuminated
by direct sunlight. The fraction of the Moon's
disk that is illuminated is decreasing.
Last Quarter - One-half of the Moon appears
to be illuminated by direct sunlight. The
fraction of the Moon's disk that is illuminated
is decreasing.
Waning Crescent - The Moon appears to be
partly but less than one-half illuminated by
direct sunlight. The fraction of the Moon's
disk that is illuminated is decreasing
New Moon - The Moon's unilluminated side is
facing the Earth. The Moon is not visible
(except during a solar eclipse).
Waxing Crescent - The Moon appears to be
partly but less than one-half illuminated by
direct sunlight. The fraction of the Moon's
disk that is illuminated is increasing.
Full Moon - The Moon's illuminated side
is facing the Earth. The Moon appears to
be completely illuminated by direct
sunlight.
Waxing Gibbous - The Moon appears to be more
than one-half but not fully illuminated by direct
sunlight. The fraction of the Moon's disk that is
illuminated is increasing.
First Quarter - One-half of the Moon appears
to be illuminated by direct sunlight. The
fraction of the Moon's disk that is illuminated
is increasing

Mercury
1.Mercury is the eighth largest planet (or second smallest) in the Solar System.
2. The orbital speed of Mercury is 47.8 km/sec
3. Mercury has no atmosphere and no known satellites, perhaps because of its
proximity to the Sun.
4. The diameter of Planet Mercury is 4,878 km
5. The only visit to Mercury was a flyby made by the Mariner 10spacecraft in
1974.
6. Mercury, often identified with the Greek god, Hermes, is the messenger of the
gods in Roman mythology.
7. Mercury orbits the sun once every 87.97 Earth Days
8. A day, from sunrise to sunrise, on Mercury is equivalent to 176 Earth Days
9. Mercury’s maximum distance from the Sun = 70 million km (43.5 million
miles)
10. Mercury’s minimum distance from Earth = 77 million km (48 million miles)
11. Mercury is known as a terrestrial planet consisting of about 70% metallic and
30% silicate material.
12. Galileo first observed Mercury during the 17th century.
13. If you weigh 100 lbs., your weight on Mercury would be 38 lbs. (Multiply
your actual weight by 0.38)

Mean distance from Sun: 0.3871 AU (57,910,000 km/35,980,000
mi)
Length of Year: 88 days
Rotation period: 58.65 days
Mean orbital velocity: 48 km/s (30 mi/s)
Inclination of axis: 2°
Average temperature: 800° F (427° C) day
-300° F (-183° C) night
Diameter: 4,878 km (3,031 mi)
Number of observed satellites: 0
Comparisons with Earth:
Diameter: 0.38 x Earth's
Mean Distance from Sun: 0.387 x Earth's
Earth's Mass: 0.055 x Earth's
Density: slightly less than Earth's

Venus
1. The diameter of Venus is 12,100 km (7,522 miles)
2. The interior of Venus is composed of a central iron core and a molten rocky mantle, similar to
the composition of Earth.
3. The surface of Venus is very dry with flat plains, highland regions, and depressions.
4. Venus is the sixth largest planet in the Solar System
5. Venus is the second closest planet to the Sun.
6. Planet Venus is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty.
7. The atmosphere of Venus is primarily composed of carbon dioxide (96%) and nitrogen (3%),
with traces of other gases and little to no water vapor.
8. Similar in size, density, and mass, Venus and Earth often referred to as sister planets.
9. The orbital speed of Venus is 35 km per second.
10. Maximum distance of Venus from the Sun is 109 million km (68 million miles)
11. Minimum distance of Venus from the Earth is 40 million km (25 million miles)
12. Venus is the hottest planet in the Solar System.
13. Venus is one of the brightest objects in the sky, next to the Sun and Moon.
14. It takes 243 days for Venus to rotate on its axis.
15. The surface of Venus may have been formed by a lot of volcanic activity. It is said to have 167
volcanoes that measure up to 100 km across.
16. If you weigh 100 lbs, your weight on Venus would be 88 lbs. (multiply your actual weight by
0.88)

Mean distance from the Sun: 0.7233 AU (108,200,000 km/67,230,000 mi)
Length of year: 225 days
Rotation period: 243 days (retrograde)
Mean orbital velocity: 35 km/sec (21.8 mi/sec)
Inclination of axis: 177.3°
Diameter: 12,102 km (7520 mi)
Mean distance from Sun: 0.723 x Earth's
Mass: 0.81 x Earth's
Density: 0.9 x Earth's

Earth
1. The Earth is around 4.6 billion years old.
2. The Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System.
3. The Earth’s atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (.93%),
and carbon dioxide (0.03%).
4. Earth’s atmosphere divided in 5 sections from the surface: Troposphere (0-13 km), Ozone
Layer (13-25 km), Stratosphere (25-50 km), Mesosphere (50-75 km), and Thermosphere (75-
150 km)
5. Earth is the fifth largest planet in the Solar System.
6. The Diameter of the Earth is 12,756 km (7,926 miles)
7. The earth’s orbital speed is 29.8 km per second.
8. Earth has only one satellite, the Moon. The Moon is the second brightest object in the sky
from Earth.
9. Earth has an average surface temperature of 13 degrees C (55.4 degrees F).
10. The greenhouse effect raises Earth’s temperature 35 degrees C (95 degrees F).
11. Earth’s distance from the Sun – Min. 146 million km (91million miles) Max. 152 million km
(94.5 million miles).
12. Earth is composed of: iron (32%), oxygen (30%), silicon (15%), magnesium (14%), sulfur
(3%), nickel (2%), calcium (1.5%), aluminum (1/4%) and the remainder made up of other
elements.
13. Earths main tectonic plates: African plate, Antarctic plate, Indo-Australian Plate, Eurasian
Plate, North American Plate, South American Plate, and the Pacific Plate.
14. Earth has several layers with unique chemical and seismic properties: Crust (0-40 km),
upper mantle (40-400 km), transition region (400-650 km), lower mantle (650-2700 km), D
layer (2700-2890 km), outer core (2890-5150 km), and the inner core (5150-6378 km) from the
surface.

Mean distance from the Sun: 1 AU (149,600,000 km/ 92,960,000 mi)
Length of year: 365.26 days
Rotation period: 23.93 hours
Mean orbital velocity: 29.79 km/sec (18.6 mi/sec)
Average temperature: 59° F (15° C)
Diameter: (equatorial) 12,756 km (7,926 mi)

Mars
1. Known as the Red Planet, Mars is characterized by its red, dusty landscape.
2. The atmosphere on Mars is very thin, composed mainly of carbon dioxide (95%), nitrogen (2.7%),
and argon (1.6%), with traces of oxygen and water.
3. The orbital speed of Mars is 24.2 km per second.
4. Temperatures on Mars vary from a maximum of 0 degrees C (32 degrees F) to minimum -100
degrees C (-148 degrees F).
5. The diameter of the planet Mars is 6,785 km
6. A Mars year is equal to 686.98 Earth Days
7. A day in Mars is equal to 24.6 Earth Hours
8. Mars maximum distance from the Sun = 249 million km (155 million miles)
9. Mars is 35 million miles from Earth
10. Mars is the god of war in Roman mythology (Ares).
11. Mars has two small satellites named Phobos and Deimos.
12. Asaph Hall discovered both of Mars’ moons, Phobos and Deimos, in August 1877.
13. Mariner 4 – first successful flyby mission to Mars. Launched on November 28, 1964 and arrived
at Mars on July 14, 1965.
14. Mariner 9 – first successful orbit of Mars. Launched May 30, 1971 and began orbit November 13,
1971.
15. Viking 1 – Successful orbit and landing on surface of Mars. Launched August 20, 1975 and
arrived at Mars July 20, 1976.
16. If you weigh 100 lbs, your weight on Mars would be 38 lbs. (multiply your actual weight by 0.38)

Mean distance from
Sun:
1.524 AU
(228,000,000
km/141,700,000 mi)
Diameter: 6,792 km (4,220 mi)
Length of year: 687 days
Rotation period: 24 hr 37 min
24.14 km/sec (15
Mean orbital velocity:
mi/sec)
Mean density: 3.95 grams/cm³
Inclination to ecliptic: 1.85°
Number of observed
satellites:
2

Saturn
1. Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest.
2. Saturn was the god of agriculture in Roman mythology. Saturn is also the father of Jupiter, the king
of the Roman gods.
3. Saturn is flattened at the poles, due to a fast rotation on its axis.
4. Saturn has 62 known moons, fifty-three have been named. Most of them are small in size.
5. Names of some of Saturn’s moons: the largest is Titan, discovered in 1655; Tethys, Dionne, Rhea, &
Impetus, discovered from 1671 to 1672; Mimas & Enceladus, discovered in 1789; and Hyperion,
discovered in 1848.
6. A year on Saturn is equal to 29.5 Earth Years
7. Saturn is the only planet in our solar system that is less dense that water.
8. A day on Saturn is equal to 10 hours and 14 minutes in Earth days.
9. Diameter of Saturn is 119,871 km (74,500 miles)
10. Saturn’s maximum distance from the Sun is 1.5 billion km (938 million miles)
11. Saturn’s minimum distance from Earth is 1.2 billion km (746 million miles)
12. Saturn has fourteen subdivisions of its rings, the widest is at 25,500 km, the B ring.
13. Saturn’s rings are made primarily of “water ice” mixed with dust and other chemicals.
14. Saturn’s fame has been observed going back to ancient times, the Babylonians, Romans, Greek,
Hindus, and many more ancient civilizations have taken great interest in studying this ringed planet.
15. If you weigh 100 lbs, your weight on Saturn would be 108 lbs. (multiply your actual weight by 1.08)
16. The temperature on Saturn by the clouds is at -274° F.

Mean Distance from the Sun:
9.539 AU
1, 427,000,000 km /886,700,000 mi
Length of Year: 29.46 Earth years
Rotation Period: 10.66 hours
Mean Orbital Velocity: 9.64 km/s (6 mi/s)
Inclination of Axis: 26.73 degrees
Diameter: 120,536 km (74,901 mi)
Number of Observed Satellites: >25
Comparisons With Earth:
Diameter: 9.4 X Earth's
Average Distance from the Sun: 9.5 X Earth's
Mass: 95 X Earth's
Density: 0.13 X Earth's

1. Jupiter’s equatorial diameter is 142,984 km
2. Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system, is 318 times larger than Earth.
3. The orbital speed of Jupiter is 13.1 km/sec
4. A year on Jupiter is equal to 11.9 Earth Years
5. A day on Jupiter is equal to 9.8 Earth Hours
6. Jupiter, sometimes called Jove, was the King of the gods in Roman mythology and the son of
Saturn.
7. Jupiter’s maximum distance from the Sun = 817 million km (508 million miles)
8. Jupiter’s minimum distance from Earth = 588 million km (365 million miles)
9. Pioneer 10 first spacecraft sent to explore Jupiter in December 1973. Pioneer 10 only did a flyby.
10. Jupiter has sixty three moons or satellites, eight are regular and 55 irregular.
11. Jupiter’s four largest moons are named: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
12. Voyager 1 provided some of the earliest clear and up close photographs of Jupiter in January of
1979.
13. Jupiter has rings, the third planet discovered to have a ring system in our Solar System.
14. Jupiter’s rings are identified as: Halo ring, Main ring, Amalthea gossamer ring, and Thebe
gossamer ring.
15. Jupiter’s rings were discovered by Voyager 1 in 1979.
16. If you weigh 100 lbs, your weight on Jupiter would be 234 lbs. (multiply your actual weight by
2.34)
Jupiter

Mean distance from the Sun: 5.203 AU
(778,400,000 km/483,700,000 mi)
Length of Year: 11.86 years
Rotation Period: 9.92 hours
Mean Orbital Velocity: 13.06 km/s (8.1 mi/s)
Inclination of Axis: 3.12°
Diameter: 142,980 km/88,846 mi
Number of observed satellites: >60

Uranus
1. Uranus is named after the Greek god of the sky. Uranus was the husband of Gaia, the goddess of
the Earth.
2. The orbital speed of Uranus is 6.6 km/sec
3. A year on Uranus is equal to 84.01 Earth Years
4. Uranus is the third largest planet in the Solar System.
5. The atmosphere of Uranus is composed of hydrogen, helium, and methane. The methane in the
atmosphere absorbs red light, giving the planet a blue-green color.
6. Uranus is considered unusual because the planet is tipped on its side. The poles actually point
towards the Sun. This is due to the fact that its magnetic field is tilted 60 degrees from the axis of
rotation.
7. Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited Uranus.
8. Like Venus, Uranus spins from east to west, which is opposite from the spin of Earth.
9. A day on Uranus is equal to a little more than 17 hours on Earth.
10. Uranus maximum distance from the Sun is 3 billion km (1.88) billion miles
11. Uranus minimum distance from the Earth is 2.6 billion km (1.6 billion miles)
12. Diameter of Uranus is 51,488 km (32,000 miles)
13. The 27 moons of Uranus are named after characters created by William Shakespeare and
Alexander Pope.
14. William Herschel identified Titania and Oberon in 1787, these are the first two moons of
Uranus that were discovered.
15. If you weigh 100 lbs, your weight on Uranus would be 89 lbs. (multiply your actual weight by
0.89)

Mean distance from Sun: 19.19 AU (2.871 billion km/1.784 billion
mi)
Length of year: 84.01 Earth years
Mean orbital velocity: 6.81 km/s (4.2 m/s)
Diameter: 51,118 km (31,765 mi)
Number of Observed Satellites: >20
Mean Distance from Sun: 19.2 x Earth's

Neptune
1. Neptune is the fourth largest planet in the Solar System.
2. Neptune is a gaseous planet, composed of hydrogen, helium, methane, with traces of ammonia and
water.
3. Neptune was discovered by Urbain Le Verrier, John Couch Adams, and Johann Galle on September
23, 1846.
4. The only spacecraft ever to visit Neptune was Voyager 2 in 1989.
5. In Roman mythology, Neptune is the god of the sea.
6. Neptune has strong winds which is more than any other planet in the Solar System. Winds on
Neptune can get up to 2,000 km/hour (1,200 miles/hour). “The Scooter” is a cloud that moves around
Neptune about every 16 hours.
7. The blue color of the planet is due to the absorption of red light by methane in the atmosphere.
8. The orbital speed of Neptune is 5.4 km/second.
9. The diameter of Neptune is 49,493 km
10. One Neptune day is equal to 16 hours in Earth time.
11. One Neptune year is equal to 164.83 Earth Years
12. Neptune’s maximum distance from the Sun – 4.5 billion km (2.8 billion miles)
13. Neptune’s minimum distance from Earth – 4.3 billion km (2.7 billion miles)
14. Neptune has 13 moons, the largest of which is named Triton. The other moons are: Naiad, Thalassa,
Despina, Galatea, Larissa, Proteus, Nereid, Halimede, Sao, Laomedeia, Neso, and Psamathe.
15. Neptune has five main rings, they are named after the people who had been doing work on the
planet; the rings are: Halle, Le Verrier, Lassell, Arago, and Adams.
16. If you weigh 100 lbs, your weight on Neptune would be 113 lbs. (multiply your actual weight by
1.18)

Mean Distance from the Sun: 30.06 AU (4.497 billion km/2.794 billion
mi)
Length of year: 165 years
Mean orbital velocity: 5.43 km/s (3.3 mi/s)
Diameter: 49,528 km/30,775 mi
Average distance from Sun: 30.06 x Earth's

Pluto
1. Pluto is the smallest planet in the Solar System, smaller than Earth’s Moon, and half the width of Jupiter’s moon,
Ganymede.
2. Pluto’s journey around the Sun takes 248 Earth years. This means that, since its discovery in 1930, it still has 177
years to go until it has made a complete orbit around the Sun.
3. Pluto’s atmosphere is composed of a thin layer of gas containing carbon monoxide, methane, and nitrogen. Its
atmospheric pressure has been estimated to be 1/700,000 compared with that of earth.
4. Pluto was the only planet to have been discovered in the Twentieth Century.
5. Pluto is the only planet in the Solar System that has not yet been visited by a space probe.
6. Pluto orbits the Sun on a different plane than the other 8 planets, going over them and below them.
7. Pluto has four identified moons, Charon, the largest is not much bigger than Pluto itself. (Pluto is 2,280
kilometers wide, Charon is 1,212 kilometers wide). The other 3 are Nix, Hydra, and newly discovered S/2011 P 1
on July of 2011.
8. A day on Pluto is equivalent to Earth’s 6 days and 9 hours, meaning that it has the second slowest rotation in the
Solar System (after Venus, which takes 243 days to turn on its axis).
9. Pluto’s orbit is elliptical, meaning that it can come closer to the Sun than Neptune, but then go almost two billion
kilometers further away from Neptune’s orbit.
10. Pluto is too faint to be seen with the naked eye. When viewed through a telescope, it looks like a star.
11. Pluto is cold: -233° C (-390° F), just 40° C (72° F) above absolute zero. At this temperature, all elements would be
frozen except for neon, hydrogen, and helium.
12. Pluto maximum distance from the Sun – 7.38 billion km (4.6 billion miles)
13. Pluto’s minimum distance from Earth – 4.28 billion km (2.7 billion miles)
14. In 2006, Pluto was declassified as a planet by the IAU (International Astronomical Union) and has classified
Pluto as a dwarf planet.
15. If you weigh 100 lbs, your weight on Pluto would be 7 lbs. (multiply your actual weight by .05)

Artificial starlight are used for long
distance communication , research,
remote sensing and defense

Aryabhata was India's first satellite, named after the
great Indian astronomer of the same name. It was
launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975
from Kapustin Yar using a Cosmos-3M launch
vehicle. It was built by the Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO) to gain experience in building
and operating a satellite in space.

causes of Earthquakes
Earthquakes are caused when tension is released
from the rocks in the Earth's crust and upper mantle.
This tension is due to friction between what
scientists believe are large 'plates' floating on
magma on the Earth's surface. Sometimes
earthquakes happen when the rocks in the earth's
crust bend and break. This causes shock waves to
travel on the earth's surface, resulting in widespread
destruction.

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