1. GRAMMAR BOOK
Sarah Autry

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1) Nationalities 9) Reflexives
2) Stem-changers 10) Affirmative Tú
3) Para Commands + Irregulars
+ Pronoun Placement
4) IOP
11) Negative Tú Commands
5) Pronoun Placement
+ Irregulars + Pronoun
6) Gustar Placement
7) Affirmatives and 12) Sequencing Events
Negatives
8) Superlatives

4. STEM-CHANGERS
Dormir (o > ue) Preferir (e > ie)
Yo duermo Nosotros Yo prefiero Nosotros
dormimos preferimos
Tú duermes Tú prefieres
El/Ella/Ud. Ellos/Ellas/Uds. El/Ella/Ud. Ellos/Ellas/Uds.
duerme duermen prefiere prefieren
Jugar (u > ue) Pedir (e > i)
Yo juego Nosotros jugamos Yo pido Nosotros
pedimos
Tú juegas Tú pides
El/Ella/Ud. juega Ellos/Ellas/Uds. El/Ella/Ud. pide Ellos/Ellas/Uds.
juegan piden

5. PARA
Use para to indicate:
- Recipient of items: Compro un regalo
para mi mama.
- Purpose: Vamos al café para comer.
- Implied purpose: Tengo dinero para
(comprar) algo.

6. INDIRECT OBJECT PLACEMENT
• Indirect object pronouns are
given to represent who the
action is to. Me Nos
- I gave flowers to her.
• Indirect object pronouns are
different for who is receiving
the action.
Te
• Indirect objects pronouns are
placed before the verb.
- Le doy los flores.
Le Les

7. OBJECT PRONOUN PLACEMENT
1) Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
2) Attach the pronoun to a progressive
3) Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command
4) Place the pronoun before a
conjugated verb

8. GUSTAR
Gustar is used to mean to like. However, instead of
conjugating gustar as you would any other verb, it is in
opposite proportion. For example:
• Me gusta el alce.
- This would translate to A moose is Me Nos
pleasing to me. Hence me.
• Le gustan los alces. Te
- This would translate to Multiple
moose are pleasing to him. Le Les
- Notice how gustar alternated
endings based on object’s amount.

9. AFFIRMATIVES AND NEGATIVES
Algo Something Nada Nothing
Alguien Someone Nadie No one
None, not
Alguno/a Some Ninguno/a
any
Either,
También Also Tampoco
Neither
•When using the word nada, the verb must also be negative. This creates a double negative.
- No quiero nada. This would mean I do not want nothing. This is grammatically correct.

10. SUPERLATIVES
• Added to adjectives and adverbs • Adjectives and adverbs ending in
- Equivalent to extremely or very –n or –r form be adding –císimo
~ Malo > malísimo - Jovén > jovencísimo
~ Muchas > muchísimas - Trabajador > trabajadorcísimo
~Dificíl > dificilísimo
• Adjectives and adverbs ending in
c, g, or z change to qu, gu, and c
- Rico > riquísimo
- Larga > larguísima
- Feliz > felicísimo

11. REFLEXIVES
• Reflexive pronouns are used with
reflexive verbs to indicate that the ME NOS
subject of the sentence receives
the action of the verb TO ME TO US
• Many verbs can be used with or
without reflexive pronouns. TE
Without a reflexive pronoun, the
person doing the action does not TO YOU
receive the action.
• When you use the infinitive form
of a reflexive verb after a
LE LES
conjugated verb, be sure to use TO HIM TO THEM
the correct reflexive pronoun
- Quiero levantarme temprano.
TO HER
- Me quiero levantar temprano.

12. AFFIRMATIVE TÚ COMMANDS +
IRREGULARS+ PRONOUN PLACEMENT
• Give instructions or Irregular • Remember that when you
commands to someone by Affirmative Tú use a pronoun with an
using the Affirmative Tú Commands affirmative command, the
Commands of regular verbs pronoun attaches to the
Di
• It will be in the tú form. command
However, the ―s‖ will drop Haz - ¡Ponte otra camisa! (to
• This makes it look like it is Ve you)
in the 3rd person form • When using an object
Pon pronoun, attach the pronoun
• There are eight irregular
Sal to the end of the command
affirmative tú commands
- ¡Hazla! (la tarea)
Sé
Ten
Ven

13. NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS +
IRREGULARS + PRONOUN PLACEMENT
Irregular Negative Tú • When you tell someone what not to do, use
Commands a negative command
• Negative tú commands are formed by:
Tener—no tengas
- Take the YO form of the present tense
Vener—no vengas - Drop the –o
Dar/decir—no des/digas - Change to the opposite value
Ir—no vayas ~ Replace –ar verbs with –es
~ Replace –er and –ir verbs with –as
Ser—no seas
• There are eight irregular negative tú
Hacer—no hagas commands
Estar—no estés • Object pronouns precede the verbs in
negative commands, just as with other
Saber/salir—no sepas/salgas conjugated verbs.
- ¡No lo uses!

14. SEQUENCING EVENTS
PRIMERO First
ENTONCES Then
LUEGO Later
DESPUÉS After
POR FIN Finally
ANTES DE Before
DESPUÉS DE After
POR LA MAÑANA/ In/during the…
TARDE /NOCHE (no specific time given)
LOS LUNES, ETC. On Mondays, etc.
*These words are commonly placed before the sentence begins in order to represent in which
sequence it is done. These words are usually used for a schedule or routine.