The document provides information about GTA Sports Ltd., a knitwear factory in Bangladesh. It includes an organogram of the company's management structure and sections. The knitting section is described in detail, outlining the knitting process, types of knitting machines and their parts. It also discusses methods to increase production quantity. The dyeing and finishing sections are briefly introduced, including raw materials, machinery and quality control processes.

1. Presentation
On the basis of
Welcome To

4. Organogram of Manpower
Senior General Manager
General Manager
Deputy General Manager
Senior Manager
Manager
Deputy Manager
Assistant Manager
Senior Executive
Executive
Junior Executive
Supervisor
Helper
Operator

5. Company Profile
At a Glance… … …
 Name of the factory: GTA SPORTS LTD.
 Type : 100 % Export Oriented Composite knitwear Industry
 Year of Establishment : 2008
 Status ( Legal Structure ) : Private Limited Company
 Production capacity per Day : 8 ton of knit fabric ( Open & tubular form )
 Total Manpower: Male- 338 Female-312
 Product mix:
 - 100 % cotton
 - CVC (Chief Value of Cotton) (60/40)
 - Grey melange
 * 5 % Viscose & 95% Cotton
 * 10 % Viscose & 90% Cotton
 * 15 % Viscose & 85 % Cotton
 - Ecro melange (2%)
 - Camel melange (1%, 2%)
 - PC (52/48)

6. Different Sections of GTA Sports Ltd.
• Knitting
• Batch Preparation
• Laboratory
• Dyeing
• Finishing
• Printing
• Garments Merchandising
• ETP & WTP
• Maintenance

7. GTA SPORTS LTD
A sister concern of NIAGARA TEXTILE LTD).
Knitting Section

8. Organogram of Knitting Section

9. 4.1 KNITTING:
Knitting is defined as the construction of fabric by interlocking loops of a single
yarn with the help of hooked needles. Knitting is the method of creating fabric by
transforming continuous strands of yarn into a series of interlocking loops, each raw of
such loops hanging from the one immediately preceding it.
4.2 TYPES OF KNITTING:
There are two types
1. Warp Knitting.
2. Weft Knitting.
Warp Knitting: In a warp knitted structure, each loop in the horizontal direction is made
from a different thread and the number of threads are used to produce such a fabric is at
least equal to the no of loops in a horizontal row.
Fig: Warp Knitting
Fig: Weft Knitting
Weft Knitting: In a weft knitted structure, a horizontal row f loop can be made using one
thread and the threads run in the horizontal direction.

10. Classification of Knitting
Knitting
Warp Knitting Weft Knitting
Circular Knitting Flat Knitting
Single Jersey Double Jersey

11. Process Flow chart of Knitting (Circular):
Sample Fabric
Design analysis
Machine Selection
Machine Setting for the Required Design
Knitting
Conform Required Quality
Withdraw the Rolled Fabric and Weighting
Inspection
Delivery

12. Production Flowchart…………..

13. Double Jersey M/C
Fig: Flat knitting machine Fig: inspection machine
Single Jersey M/C

14. KnittingM/Cparts
A. Needle
B. Sinker
C. Cam
D.Cylinder
E. VDQ pulley
F. Cam box
G. Sinker box
H.Creel & creel stand
I. Yarn guide
J. Accumulator
K. Toothed belt
L. Thread signal light
M.Central signal lamp
N. Yarn feeder
O. Cleaning fan
P. Air gun
Q. Oil box
R. Needle detector
S. Fabric spreader
T. Take up roller

15. Needle
Needle is the 1st basic Element of knitting.
There are following types of needles.
 Latch needle
 Bearded needle
 Compound needle
 Carbine needle
 Among them latch
needle is most widely used. Carbine
needle is used in warp knitting.
Latch
Hook
Butt

16. Cam
Cam is the 3nd basic element
of
knitting .Cams are arranged in
Cam box. A cam box contain
four track. This track
determine
The path of different butt’s
Needle.There are following
Types of cam.
 A.Knitting cam
Knit cam
Tuck cam
Miss cam
Tuck cam
Miss cam
Knit cam
Cam box
 B.Engineering cam

17. Sinker
• Sinker is the 2nd knitting
element.
• It is a thin metal plate.
• During knitting sinker
perform the following
three tasks.
Functions :
• Loop formation
• Holding down
• Knocking over

18. VDQ pulley
• Variable dia for quality(VDQ) pulley is used to control the yarn
feeding speed.
• If yarn is fed more than stitch length will be increased.
• One VDQ pulley contain two slot. Each slot for different types
yarn.
• Some times more than one slot used for the same yarn.
• Dia of VDQ pulley determines the yarn feeding speed.
• When dia is more, then toothed belt runs faster & drives
accumulator with more speed as a result yarn is fed more.

19. Toothed belt
 Toothed belt indirectly involved in controlling stitch
length.
 If toothed belt not connected with VDQ pulley then
accumulator can not move accurately & produced
fabric will be faulty.

20. Yarn signal light
• Thread signal light indicate each yarn tension.
• If tension is not accurate then lights on.
• Mainly when yarn breaks this lights on.
• If this light not off then m/c will not run.
• This light helps to find out the faults present on which
yarn.

21. Needle detector
• Needle detector used to detect weather any
needle is broken or not.
• It is positioned along needle latch.
Needle detector

22. • Single Jersey:
– Single Jersey Plain
– Single Jersey Half feeded
Lycra
– Single Jersey Full feeded
Lycra
– Fleece
– Slab
– Pique (S/D)
– Single Lacoste
– Double Lacoste
– Micro polar fleece
• Double Jersey :
• Rib
• 1*1 Rib
• 2*1 Rib
• 2*2 Rib
• Lycra Rib
• Interlock
• Jacquard

23. STITCH NOTATION, CAM ARRANGEMENT & NEEDLE REPEAT
OF SOME KNITTED FABRIC:
FABRIC NAME: SINGLE LACOST
1. Stitch Notation:
   
   
   
   
   
Fig. Looping diagram
2. Cam arrangement & Needle arrangement:
i) Using two truck cams:
ii) Using three truck cams:
FABRIC NAME: DOUBLE LACOST
1. Stitch Notation:
   
   
   
   
   
   
Fig. Looping diagram
▲ ▲ ▲ T ▲
▲ T ▲ ▲ ▲
▲ ▲ ▲ T ▲
▲ T ▲ ▲ ▲
▲ ▲ ▲ T ▲
 = Knit stitch
 = Tuck stitch
K = Knit cam
T = Tuck cam
1 = 1 Butt Needle
2 = 2 Butt Needle
3 = 3 Butt Needle
1
2
1
2
3
 = Knit stitch
 = Tuck stitch
K = Knit cam
T = Tuck cam
1 = 1 Butt Needle
2 = 2 Butt Needle
3 = 3 Butt Needle

24. 2. Cam arrangement & Needle arrangement:
i) Using two track cams:
ii) Using three truck cams:
Fig.- Cam arrangement Fig.- Needle arrangement
FABRIC NAME: SINGLE JERSEY
1. Stitch Notation:
   
   
   
   
   
Fig. Looping diagram
2. Cam arrangement & Needle arrangement:
i) Using two track cams:
Fig.- Cam arrangement
▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ T T
▲ T T ▲ ▲ ▲
▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ T T
▲ T T ▲ ▲ ▲
▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ T T
▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲
▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
 = Knit stitch
K = Knit cam
1 = 1 Butt Needle
2 = 2 Butt Needle
3 = 3 Butt Needle

26. Raw Materials For knitting:

27. 1. Clean the machine & adjacent area.
2. Put required count of yarn in the creel.
3. Make knot with old yarn.
4. Check air pressure, m/c condition & adjust the PC controller.
5. Keep the door closed.
6. Switch on power.
7. Run the machine by hand drive for a while.
8. If the machine is not running smoothly adjust the machine(as required).
9. Run the machine with very low speed for 3-5 min.
10. Adjust all parameters.
11. Run the machine with full speed.
12. Check the yarn tension for at least 5 feeders.
13. Re-check the parameters(correct it if required).
14. Check the fabric quality during operation.
15. After competition of the adjusted revolution, m/c will automatically stop.
16. Open the door.
17. Take out the knitted roll.
18. Close the door again.
19. Clean the machine.
20. Press oil flash up to 3 revolution
Following the steps for knitting operation :

28. PROCESS OF INCREASING PRODUCTION
QUANTITY
1. By increasing m/c speed:
Higher the m/c speed faster the movement of needle and ultimately production will be increased.
2. By increasing the number of feeder:
If the number of feeder is increased in the circumference of cylinder, then the number of courses will be increased in
one revolution at a time.
3. By using machine of higher gauge:
The more the machine gauge, the more the production is. So by using machine of higher gauge production can be
increased.
4. By imposing automation in the m/c:
a) Quick starting & stopping for efficient driving system.
b) Automatic m/c lubrication system for smoother operation.
c) Photo electric fabric fault detector
5. By imposing other developments:
a) Using creel-feeding system.
b) Applying yarn supply through plastic tube that eliminates the possibilities of yarn damage.
c) Using yarn feed control device.
d) Using auto lint removal.

29. Calculation

30. Various Faults in Knitting
1. Hole
2. Oil stain
3. Missing yarn
4. Oil Line
5. Thick & Thin Yarn
6. Slubs
7. Sinker Mark
8. Mixed yarn
9. Yarn Contamination
10. Barre Mark/ Patta
11. Needle Mark
12. Star Mark

31. PRE-DYEING, DYEING &
FINISHING

32. Batching is the process to get ready the fabrics that should be dyed and
processed for a Particular lot of a Particular order.
Batch Management :
Primarily Batching is done by dyeing manager taking the above criteria
under consideration..
Batch process follow-up :
1.Grey fabric inspection
2.Batching
3.Fabric Turning
4.Storing for dyeing
Criteria of proper batching :
1.To use maximum capacity of existing dyeing m/c.
2.To minimize the washing time or preparation time & m/c stoppage
time.
3.To keep the no. of batch as less as possible for same shade.
Batching :

33.  Lab dip is a process by which buyers supplied swatch is matched with the varying dyes
percentage in the laboratory with or without help of “DATA COLOR”
 Lab dip plays an important role in shade matching & and detaching the characteristics
of the dyes and chemicals are to be used in the large scale of production so this is an
important task before bulk production.
There are two section in dyeing Lab
1.Laboratory
2.Lab-Dip Procedure

34. Development of Lab Dip
Drying
Cold wash
Hot wash
Acid wash
Normal wash
Unload
Pot dyeing
Manual dispersion (pipatting)
Start up recipe given
Recipe start up software
Spectrophotometer reading
Receiving standard swatch

35. Quality Assurance System
Quality Assurance System Can be divided as:
 On Line QC-
1. Raw Material Control 2. Color Match 3. Process Control
 Off Line QC-
1.GSM 2. Shrinkage 3. Width or dia 4. Light Fastness 5. Wash
Fastness 6. Rubbing Fastness 7. Pilling Test 8. Perspiration Test
9. Spirality

36. DYEING SECTION
Production Capacity per Day: 8 Ton
Total No of Machines: 10 pcs.
Available Machine : Winch Dyeing M/C &SampleDyeingM/C
Machine Capacity(kg): 1200, 900, 800, 600, 450, 50, 10
Machine Temperature: 135 C, 98 C
Brand Name of Machines: Dillmenler & Suntex.
Country Of Origin: All are Turkey.

37. Dyeing Section

38. RAW MATERIALS FOR DYEING:
Raw materials used in the dyeing section are:
• 1. Grey Fabrics
• 2. Dyes
• 3. Chemicals
Grey Fabrics:
Following types of grey fabrics are dyed:
•  Single jersey
•  Single jersey with Lycra
•  Single Lacoste
•  Fleece
•  Interlock
•  Rib
•  Rib with Lycra
•  1*1 Rib
•  2*2 Rib
•  Different types of collar & cuff

39. Name of Dyes
•  Reactive Black B
•  Reactive Red – 3BS
•  Reactive Yellow – 3RS
•  Reactive orange – 2RX
•  Kiractive N Blue ME 2GL
•  Reactive Red ME 6BL
•  Reactive Navy Blue GG
•  Kiractive Red KHW
•  Kiractive Yellow KHW
•  Dychhefix Black GR
•  Dychhefix Yellow 3R – XF
•  Dychufix Red 3BXF
•  Arcazol Yellow 4GL
•  Beazactive Red S2B
•  Remazol Blue RSPL
•  Remazol T Blue G

40. Chemical Used
• Detergent
• Leveling Agent
• Sequestering Agent
• Anti creasing agent
• Stabilizer
• Anti-Foam
• Per-Oxide killer
• Enzyme
• Softener
• Salt
• Fixing Agent
• Alkali
• Bleaching Agent
• Brightener

41. Pabna Textile Engineering College
Flowchart of Dyeing
Grey Fabric
Scouring
Bleaching
Neutralization
Enzyme
Washing
Dyeing
Neutralization
Softening

42. Dyeing Parameter
PH Check during Wet Processing:
•
• Bleaching Bath PH : 10.5-11
• Neutralization / After bleaching : 5.5-6.5
• Initial Dye Bath PH : 5.5-6.5
• After Salt addition PH : 6.5-7.5
• After Alkali addition PH : 10.5-11.2
After Dyeing ph : 5.0-6.0
• Fixation Bath PH : 4.0-5.0(For color)
• Softener Bath PH : 5.5-6.0 (For white)
Fixation Time:
•
• For light Shade : 30-40min.
• For Medium Shade : 45-50min.
• For Deep Shade : 50-60min.
M : L Ratio : 1:6 - 1:9

43. Various Faults in Dyeing
• Uneven Dyeing
• Patchy Dyeing
• Specky Dyeing
• Dye spot
• Shade variation
• Pilling
• Crease marks

44. Finishing Section

45. Finishing : Finishing is a chemical or mechanical
process applied on textile goods after dyeing and
printing process just to give it some quality development
according to the demand of user or customer or buyer.
Objective of Finishing:
• Improving the appearance – Luster, whiteness, etc.
• Improving the feel, this depends on the handle of the
material and its softness, suppleness, fullness, etc.
• Wearing qualities, non – soiling, ant crease, ant
shrink, comfort, etc.
• Special properties required for particular uses–water–
proofing, flame proofing, etc.
• Covering of the faults in the original cloth.
• Increasing the weight of the cloth.

46. Flowchart of Finishing
Finishing
Open Line
Make Open by Slitting m/c
Stentering m/c
Open Compactor m/c
Final Inspection m/c
Rolling m/c or Packaging
De-Watering m/c
Dryer
Tubular Compactor m/c
Final Inspection m/c
Rolling m/c or Packaging
Tube Line

47. Name Of Finishing M/C
• Dewatering & Slitting m/c
• Dryer
• Compactor (Tube-Tex.) m/c
• Hydro-Extractor m/c
• Stenter m/c

48. Stock Solution:
• 0.100 gm dyes and 100 cc water = 0.1 % Stock
• 0.500 gm dyes and 100 cc water = 0.5 % Stock
• 1 gm dyes and 100 cc water = 1 % Stock
• 2 gm dyes and 100 cc water = 2 % Stock
• 1 gm dyes and 50 cc water = 2 % Stock
• 20 gm dyes and 100 cc water = 20 % Stock

49. Calculation for Dyeing Agent
Recipe% * Sample Weight (gm)
• Dyeing Solution = ──────────────────── ml
Stock Solution %
gm/l * Sample Weight (gm)
• Salt = ────────────── ml
100
gm/l * Total Liquor
• Soda Solution = ────────────── ml
Stock Solution %* 1000
1*50
• Leveling = ────────────── ml
Stock Solution %* 1000

50. Final Inspection….
Inspection refers to an investigation process of accepting or
rejecting the final finished fabric from the bulk. It is an observation
process of finding out each & every visible fault in the fabric.
• Equipment used
Nazar inspection m/c, Pakistan
Inspection table
Vervide Day Light box
Following faults are detected & identified in final inspection for body
• Penalty points legend:
H = Hole WX = White speaks
CS = Chemical stain. R= Rub mark
W = Water spots. DS = Dye Stain
Fy = Fly yarn. D= Dirt Stain
YM = Yarn contamination. RS=Rust Stain etc.

51. • Faulty appearance:
US = Uneven shade N= Needle line
N= Neps BR= Barre mark
CR= Crease mark CM= Crumple mark
HR= Hairy DC= Dead cotton
MS= Machine stoppage BW= Bowing
Besides, roll to roll and meter to meter variation is checked.
 Acceptance calculation:
Total point per 100 square yards
Actual points counted 36 = x x 100
Actual Roll length Actual width= Points/100 square yards.
 Classification of Inspection Fabric:
< 40 points = A
41-60 points = B
61-80 points = C
80 above = Reject

52. Effluent Treatment Plant (E.T.P)
GTA Sports Ltd has an ETP for treating the
waste water from different processing section
like dyeing. ETP has different sectors like
Equalization tank, Bio-reactor etc.
Objects of E.T.P:
-To control the P.H
-To remove the coloring matter from the water.
-To maintain the proper value of BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)
and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand).

53. Water Treatment Plant (W.T.P)
GTA Sports Ltd use water from land which is
pumped by deep tube well. There is a standard
quality water treatment plant (WTP) in MFL
where the hardness of water is being treated
continuously and being soft which is required for
the dyeing purposes. Besides this they are using
water to produce steam by heating. It is done
by boiler.

56. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
DIRECTOR (OPERATION)
↓
MERCHANDISING MANAGER
↓
MERCHANDISER
↓
TRAINEE MERCHANDISER
Main functions of a merchandiser to execute the export
order perfectly on time.
– Fabric consumption calculation.
– Accessories consumption calculation (e.g. thread, button, interlining,
label, poly bag, Carton etc.)
– Sourcing of fabrics.
– Sourcing of accessories.
– Possible date of arrival of fabrics & accessories in the garments factory.
– Costing.
– Garments production planning.
– Pre-shipment inspection schedule.
– Shipping document.

57. Objects specifically for merchandising purposes:
• 1. Sell by showing and promoting.
• 2. Create an emotional connect between the viewer and the
display.
• 3. Encourage the shopper to enter the store.
• 4. Get the customer to pause and “shop” the selling floor.
• 5. Establish, promote, and enhance the store’s image.
• 6. Entertain customers and enhance their shopping experience.
• 7. Introduce and explain new products.
GARMENTS MERCHANDISING

58. Merchandising helps in:
• educating the customers about the product/service in an effective
and creative way.
• establishing a creative medium to present merchandise in 3D
environment, thereby enabling long lasting impact and recall
value.
• setting the company apart in an exclusive position.
• establishing linkage between fashion, product design and
marketing by keeping the product in prime focus.
• combining the creative, technical and operational aspects of a
product and the business.
• drawing the attention of the customer to enable him to take purchase
decision within shortest possible time, and thus augmenting the selling
process.

59. The main procedures of merchandisers
are as followed:
• ►Understanding Sample Order
• ►Managing order route card and production time
table
• ►Using route card to reschedule activities
• ►Submitting pre-production samples
• ►Solving shortage problem

60. Merchandiser must be known as:
• Thread details
• Printing details
• Washing
• Dyeing
• Knitting (Based on fabrication)
• Consumption (Based on fabrication,
correspondence & communication)
• Price (Yarn + Knitting + Dyeing + Finishing +
Process loss)
• Wastage

61. Project Work
on
KNITTING FAULTS AND
THEIR REMADIES
 TECHNICAL TEXTILE

62. Faults in Knitting
• Introduction:
Faults in circular knitting production can
be caused in various ways and quite a few of them can not be related to
just one cause. The following explanations are expected to be helpful in
trying to locate the causes of these faults easier.
• Sources of faults could be-
1. Faults in yarn and the yarn package
2. Yarn feeding and feed regulator.
3. Machine setting and pattern defects.
4. Machine maintenance.
5. Climate conditions in the knitting defects

63. Knitting fabric faults with causes & remedies
Name of the faults:
 Hole mark
 Needle mark.
 Sinker Mark.
 Star mark.
 Drop stitches
 Oil stain
 Rust stain.
 Pin hole.
 Lycra katta.
 Yarn contamination
 Crease mark.
 Lycra out.
 Loop.
 Tana loop.
 Dia mark.

64. Thick & Thin Color spot
Oil sport Lycra spot
Heat set problem Star mark
Softener mark
Pin hole
Needle drop Color mark

65. Causes & remedies
1. Name : Hole mark
Cause : a. Due to yarn breakage.
b. Faulty yarn count.
c. Faulty feeder setting.
d. Badly knot or splicing.
remedies: a.Improper feeder setting
2. Name: Needle mark.
Cause: a. Due to needle breaks during the knitting cycle.
b . If a needle or needle hook is slightly bends
then needle mark comes on the fabric.
remedies: a. Cleaning the needle group
b.Change the needle
3. Name: Sinker Mark.
Cause: a. when sinker corrodes due to abrasion then
sometimes cannot hold a new loop as a result
sinker marks comes.
b. If sinker head bend then sinker mark comes.
remedies: a. cleaning the sinker group
b. Change the sinker
4. Name: Star mark.
Causes: a. Yarn tension vari ation due to production.
b. Buckling of the needle latch.
c. Low G.S.M fabric production.
remedies: a. proper yarn tension
b. change the needle
5. Name: Drop stitches
Causes: a. Defective needle.
b. Take down mechanism too loose.
c . Insufficient yarn tension.

66. d. Improper setting of feeder.
remedies: a. Reset the needle
6. Name: Oil stain
Causes: a. when oi l lick through the needle
trick then it pass on the fabric & make a line.
b. Excess oil pressure in the oil line.
remedies: Proper lubrication and clean machine
7. Name: Rust stain.
Causes: If any rust on the machine parts.
remedies: clean the m/c
8. Name: Pin hole.
Causes: Due to break down or bend of latch,
pin hole may come in the fabric.
remedies: a. Concentrate on needle and latch
9. Name: Lycra katta.
Causes: a. Improper tension.
b. Dust deposit in the pulley.
remedies: clean the feeder & lycra
10. Name: Yarn contamination
Causes: a. If yarn contains foreign fibre then it remains in the fabric even
after finishing.
b. If lot, count mixing occur.
remedies: same count of yarn has to used

67. • The textile materials that are used in different sphere to meet the demand
and to solve the various technical problems and to improve the quality in
need is called technical textiles.
Fiber used in Technical Textiles
The following fibers are used in technical textile product manufacturing.
1. Conventional fibers.
2. High strength and high modulus organic fibers.
3. High chemical- and combustion-resistant organic fibers.
4. High performance inorganic fibers.
5. Ultra-fine and novelty fibers.
6. Civil and agricultural engineering fibers.
7. Automotive and aeronautics fibers.
8. Medical and hygiene applications fibers.
9. Protection and defense fibers.
Technical Textiles:

68. Yarn used in technical textiles
Technical yarns are produced for the manufacture of technical textiles.
They have to meet the specific functional requirements of the intended
end-use. This may be achieved through special yarn production techniques
or through the selection of special fibre blends or a combination of both.
This chapter describes the yarn production technologies that are applicable
to technical yarns and discusses the structures and properties of the yarns
that may be produced using these technologies.
Staple fibre yarns
1. Ring spinning
2. Rotor spinning
3. Friction spinning
4. Wrap spinning
5. Air-jet spinning
6. Twistless spinning

69. • Normally in technical fabrics production woven, knitted and non woven
structure are used.
• Woven Fabrics: Plain, sateen, twill, etc are used.
• knitted Fabrics: Weft & warp knitted designs and their derivatives are
used.
• Non- Woven Fabrics:
• 1. Air laying .
• 2. Wet laying .
• 3. Dry laying wood pulp .
• 4. Spun laying .
• 5. Flash spinning .
• 6. Melt blown .
• 7. Chemical bonding .
• 8. Thermal bonding .
• 9. Solvent bonding .
• 10. Needle felting .
• 11. Stitch bonding .
• 12. Hydro-entanglement.
• Etc are used.
Structure of Fabrics used

70. Categories Of Technical Textiles
Technical textiles can be classified into many categories, depending on their
end use. The classification developed by Techtextil, Messe Frankfurt
Exhibition GmbH is widely used in Europe, North America and Asia.
reporting solutions
The classifications are :
 Agrotech (Agro-textiles)
 Mobiltech (Automotive and aerospace textiles)
 Buildtech (Construction Textiles)
 Clothtech (Clothing Textiles)
 Geotech (Geo-textiles)
 Hometech (Domestic Textiles)
 Indutech (Industrial Textiles)
 Medtech (Medical textiles)
 Mobiltech (Textiles used in transport)
 Oekotech or Ecotech (Environmentally-friendly textiles)
 Packtech (Packaging textiles)
 Protech (Protective textiles)
 Sporttech (Sports textiles)

71. Geo-textile
Definition:
Textiles used in the ground are termed “Geo – textiles”. Any permeable
textile materials used for filtration, drainage, separation, reinforcement and
stabilization purposes as an integral part of civil engineering structures of
earth,
rock or other construction materials.
Materials and structures:
Natural & synthetic materials can be used. Jute, Absorbent cotton,
substitute, polypropylene, acrylic, rayon, monofilament, spun yarn and
thermoplastic yarn can be used. Woven, non-woven and knitted fabrics can be
used as Geo textile material.
Classification of Geo textile:
Geo textiles should include constituent polymers or fibres elements, the
form or method of construction, weight and thickness, engineering function,
end
use and engineering properties.
1. According to polymers or fibrous elements:
a. PP
b. PE
c. PES
d. Nylon
2. According to form or method:
a. Melt bonded Fabric
b. Woven
c. Non woven
d. Needle punched
e. Resin bonded
f. Combined non woven technique.
3. Knitted fabric
a. Warp knitted fabric

72. b. Weft knitted fabric
Warp knitted weft insertion geo textiles offer the following
advantages when compared to woven geo textile:
1. Strength: For strength they are lighter than woven geo textiles using the
same yarn. This makes for easier handling & laying on site, thus transport
& labour costs are less in real terms.
2. Knitted geo textile has exceptional tear strength. Additional strength can
be designed & built in to the weft insertion.
3. Knitted geo textiles can be incorporate as additional fabric to form a true
composite geo textile, the fabric being simply knitted in.
4. The individual yarns in the warp knitted weft insertion geo textiles are
straight when incorporated. So, they are able to take up the strain
immediately on loading.
What functions are performed by Geo textiles?
The functions are:
 � Filtration
 � Separation
 � Drainage
 � Protective shield against erosion
 � Reinforcement
 � Land stabilization/support
 � Earth filling
 � Moisturizer
Discuss the potential areas of application of Geo textile:
Applications are:
1. Road construction: Construction of road over soft land (Link road)
2. Rail road: To prevent upward pushing of mud.
3. Road surface: For the reinforcement of asphall in road surface.
4. Area stabilization: Swam plants.
5. Foundation for industrial development
6. Waste disposal: Cover and seal in waste.
7. Ground drainage
8. Canal and river lining
9. Marine erosion control

73. 10. Construction of new land area
Geo Jute
Introduction:
It is a biodegradable soil stabilizing blanket to control erosion on
disturbed earth surface while encouraging the growth of protective
negotiation
.
Give the typical specification of Geo Jute:
Raw materials: Cuttings, Caddis & lowest part of long jute.
Warp/10 cm: 6.5
Weft/10cm: 4.5
Width: 122 cm
Weight: 600 gm/linear meter
1000 gm/linear meter
What are the prime functions of Geo Jute?
The functions are:
1. Control erosion of base soil allows the formation of vegetation to give long
term protection.
2. On initial rainfall jute will absorb up to 2.5 lift of water per square of geo
jute, so reduces over land flow.
3. Helps to reduce loss of grass seeds
4. Mesh structure of jute forms micro tarraus which controls rates of flows.
5. Prevents dehydration of soil.
End use:
 � Road & railway slopes, bridge alentments, medium strips.
 � Drainage, ditches, culvert and table drain out let
 � Lake, canal & river banks.
 � Farm & forestry.
 � Green ward development in sports ground, airports, housing estates
� Sand dune, stabilization.

74. Buildtech (Construction Textiles)
Textiles used in the building of the concrete reinforcement and before the
foundation is, fittings, insulating materials, fitting, air conditioning, noise
prevention, eye protection, sun protection, building safety . In the cold
isolation of the country in the walls and ceiling, but the mass communication
is one of the most significant criteria of advanced constructions and
architectural constructions. build-tech is valuable in providing protection
against the external environment and internal documents such as bars and
cement.
Application:
Textiles and complex materials applied in building of constructions,
dams,bridges, tunnels and roads fall into this class. Illustrations of
productions are compounds built architectural technology, sun blinds,
canopies, objective reinforcement, lamp, table linen, blankets, roof, the
network structure of scaffolding, signaling, waxing and textile structures are
taken and rolled products.
Interesting and enjoyable to use aesthetic is the function of textile membranes
for the construction of housing. This region is also known textile architecture.
PSE covered tenacity, PVC, Teflon woven fiberglass or silicone PSA covered for
their losses by pulling function. A example of the construction steps are in
football, airports and hotels.

75. Medical Textiles:
Due to astounding technological developments, techincal textiles are
extensively used in the healthcare industry today. In the field of medical
application, technical textiles are not just used in contact with the skin, but
also fulfill important functions within the body (intra-corporal applications
like implants). Technical textiles offer medical and hygiene industry with
unparalleled protection, comfort and cost saving.
These highly specialized and bio- compatible technical textiles, used for
medical and hygiene applications are called “MEDTECH.” The characteristics
required of MEDTECH vary depending on the task for which they are to be
used. Some applications demand a protective function, others a high
absorptive capacity and some other others impermeability. Special
antimicrobial finishes are an important characteristic of these textiles
Depending on the nature of application, most of the medical products are
disposable in nature and are made of nonwoven fabrics. In global markets
disposables are fast replacing non-disposable health care textiles.
Application:
 Healthcare/ hygiene products- Include bedding, clothing, surgical
clothes, products for feminine hygiene like sanitary napkins, baby and
adult diapers etc.
 Non-implantable materials- For wound care that includes absorbent pad
(wound contact layer, base material viscose, plastic film) and bandages
(simple inelastic/elastic, orthopaedic, plasters, gauzes, lint, padding)
 Textiles in Extracorporeal devices- Like artificial kidney, liver and lungs.
 Implantable materials- Like sutures (biodegradable and non-
biodegradable), soft tissue implants, artificial tendon (meshes), artificial
ligament, artificial cartilage, orthopedic implants artificial joint,
cardiovascular implants vascular grafts, heart valves.
 Healthcare/hygiene products- Include bedding, clothing, surgical gown
clothes, filters, bandages, support and protective material, surgical
sutures etc

76. Sports Textile
Sports textile is one of the branch of technical textile. Now a days
sophisticated technology are used in technical textile to produce sports wear.
Textile has done it successfully . Hi-tech textiles in sport are nothing new. In
recent years we have seen the design of fabrics that can take moisture away
from the body, patches on all black jerseys so players can dry their hands for
better grip, fabrics that can sense high impact stresses on players joints, and
fabrics that can sense heart rate, temperature and other physiological data .
Properties of Sports Textile:
Sports textile must have comport ability, easy to wear, easy handling.
Sports textiles fabrics have a very high electrical conductivity, so they can
permit the effectual dissipation of electrical charge.
It should be light as best as possible.
Filaments fabrics are made highly effecting in moisture management & thus
they can wick the moisture as known as sweat away from the body & keeps
body dry.
Sports textile should have good perspiration fastness.
As this sports fabric has a special property well known as heat conductivity
make possible to feel the user cooler in summer & warmer in winter.
Garments manufactured from sports textiles fabrics, keeps the normal
stability of body comfort, because these fabrics are ultra-breathable, fast
drying and possess outstanding moisture managing properties, which rapidly
wick moisture away from the body.
These garments are also very less in weight & feature elasticity properties,
which provides immense comfort and independence of movement.
Keeping a normal level of bacteria on the skin offers a high level of comfort
and personal hygiene, especially during athletic activities.
Sports textiles fabrics remove UVA and UVB rays that are dangerous to the
skin, and guarantees an improved level of defense compared to the majority
general natural and man-made fibres.

77. It also provides superior strength and durability.
The athletics & the leisure activities for their better performance in the sports.
Application:
Sports textile has versatile use. Some uses of Sports Textile are given below:
Shoes, sports equipment, flying and sailing sports, climbing, angling, cycling,
winter and summer sports, indoor sports wear. Some of the sports where
these textiles are being used are Golf, Tennis, Mountaineering, Skiing, Cricket
and Paralympic Sports.
A few areas where these textiles are being increasingly used are:
Swimming costume
Artificial turfs, sleeping bags, ballooning and parachute fabrics
Material technology and design,of equipment
Biomechanics and the engineering aspects of sports machinery
Surface treatment of equipment
Sports footwear

78. WATER PROOF TEXTILES
• Waterproof breathable fabrics
Waterproof breathable fabrics are designed for use in garments that provide protection from the
weather, that is from wind, rain and loss of body heat.Waterproof fabric completely prevents the
penetrati and absorption of liquid water, in contrast to water-repellent (or, shower-resistant)
fabric. Traditionally,fabric was made waterproof by coating it with a continuous layer of impervious
flexible material. The first coating materials used were animal fat, wax and hardened vegetable
oils. Nowadays synthetic polymers such as polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polyurethane are used.
Coated fabrics are considered to be more uncomfortable to wear than water-repellent fabric, as
they are relatively stiff and do not allow the escape of perspiration vapour. During physical activity
the body provides cooling partly by producing insensible perspiration. If the water vapour cannot
escape to the surrounding atmosphere the relative humidity inside the clothing increases causing a
corresponding increased thermal conductivity of the insulating air, and the clothing becomes
uncomfortable. In extreme cases hypothermia can result if the body loses heat more rapidly than it
is able to produce it. If perspiration cannot evaporate and liquid sweat (sensible perspiration) is
produced, the body is prevented from cooling at the same rate as heat is produced. The ability of
fabric to allow water vapour to penetrate is commonly known as breathability.This property should
more scientifically be referred to as water vapour permeability.Although perspiration rates and
water vapour permeability are usually quoted in units of grams per day and grams per square
metre per day, respectively, the maximum work rate can only be endured for a very short time. It
has also been shown that the maximum performance of a subject wearing clothing with a vapour
barrier is some 60% less than that of a subject wearing the same clothing but without a vapour
barrier.
• Types of waterproof breathable fabric
There are several methods which can be used to obtain fabrics which are both breathable and
waterproof. These can be divided into three groups:
• • densely woven fabrics
• • membranes
• • coatings.

79. DEFENCE TEXTILES:
 Introduction
Defence forces on land, sea, or air throughout the world are heavily reliant on
technical textiles of all types – whether woven, knitted, nonwoven, coated,
laminated or other composite forms.Technical textiles offer invaluable
properties for military land forces in particular, who are required to move, live,
survive and fight in hostile environments. They have to carry or wear all the
necessities for comfort and survival and thus need the most lightweight,
compact, durable, and high performance personal clothing and equipment. The
life-critical requirements for protecting individuals from both environmental and
battlefield threats have ensured that the major nations of the world expend
significant resources in developing and providing the most advanced technical
textiles for military use.
 Textiles for environmental protection
Military forces have to be prepared to operate in all parts of the globe from
arctic,through temperate, to jungle and desert areas. As such they experience
the widest range of climatic conditions possible encountering rain, snow, fog,
wind, lightning, sunlight,dust, attendant heat, cold, wetness,UV light, windchill &
other discomforts on land, sea, and in the air. The environment is considered
the highest priority where protection of the individual is considered .Whether
forces are operating at headquarters, during training, on internal security, or
peace-keeping duties, or involved in full scale war, the environment is ever
present.The battlefield threats – whilst probably much more life threatening.

80.  Cause of ballistic casualties in general war
Cause of casualty
Percentage
Fragments
59
Bullets
19
Other
22
inflict several wounds, ranging in severity, depending on the
source and distance of the blast.There may also be casualties
from the secondary effects of bombs, including collapsing
buildings, exploding aircraft, sinking ships, and flying debris.
 1. Levels of protection
Total fatalities –no armour
If helmets are worn –19% reduction
If armour is worn –40% reduction
Armour & helment –65% reduction
Estimated reduction in casualties resulting from wearing body
armour .The ultimate clothing system for whole body and head
protection is the EOD suit.

82. • Because of secrecy act, the data on costing and
marketing activities has not been supplied in details.
• In spite of our limited time, we could not study in detail.
• Some of the points in different chapter are not
described as these were not available.
• It is not possible to hold the whole thing of a textile
industry in such a small frame as this report, hence our
effort spent on summarizing them.
LIMITATIONS OF THE REPORT: