1. t"{
O6MAT41
USN
Fourth Semester B.E. Degree Examination, Dec.2013/Jan.2ol4
Engineering Mathematies - lV
Max. Marks:100
Time: 3 hrs.
Note: Answer FIVEfull questions, selecting
at least TWO questionsfrom euch part.
PART _ A
d
o
!
9.
degree term.
o
!
o
b.
oX
bo-
1.
Given {=*+v2-v(0):1.
(06 Marks)
O,
Find y at x: 0.2 using Runge Kutta fourth order method. Given
ioo
.= a.t
x
0
0.2
0.1
[
a=
tction f(z)
ootr
i9
o''
b.
a-dV
c.
aOl
o
c.
Evaluate l r"ot1., dz where 'c' is lz - 1l :
! (r-Y,)'
Solve
y
=0
With usual notation prove that
Express xo
E
5 a.
1
using Cauchy's residue
using the method ofsolution in series
- 3x' + x
P,
(") =
1 d'.)
(x'
fr#
-
1)n
in terms of Legendre's polynomials.
o
o
w:2,i,-2.
(07 Marks)
r
14* r9+
dx' dx
Z
F
i, -1 intothepoint
lzl
VL
lr<
(07 Marks)
2-
z:1,
lz-r)(z-2)
12
b.
;n,l#;r
(06 Marks)
.
(06 Marks)
tr>
=o
0
t
":11:* au*ly's theorem under complex values tunctiol tl.:rl",t"r.
:,". f1z; =
< 1, (ii) I <lzl<2.10t Marks)
Expand
in Laurent's series valid tbr (i)
5.v
>'1-
4a.
*
Findthebilineartransformationwhichmapsthepoints
Also find the invariant points of the transformation.
qO
boio0
o=
o-B
:2
6"' *l )' ffrl l' = 4lf'@)l'
Ay'
:u * iv where , =
oO
3a.
+ y). with
# = ,,,
(07 Marks)
/ ;)
b.
dv
t.5049
2a. If(z) in a regular tunction of 'z' show that I +
L.
1 and
0.3
! I I .1 169 1.2733
(Use comector formula twice.)
:r bO
Y(]
at
-o
EE
o>
!o
oe
{y - y-*, y(0) :
dx y+x
(07 Marks)
Use Milne's predictor corrector formulae to find y(0.4). Given
-ld)
3o
by considering the series up to fourlh
step size 0.2.
d9
*-
x:0.1
Applying Taylor's series method, find'y'at
o
Fit a curve in the form y
: at
.
{
theorem.
(07 Marks)
ffi
frx.-/9
Marks)
Marks)
Marks)
tN;e NAg82/
_B
PART
U* T .7Uy-tn method of least squares for the data given
below:
x
1
1.5
2
2.5
J
3.5
4
v
1.1
1.3
t.6
2
2.7
3.4
4.1
(06 Marks)

2. O6MAT41
5 b.
Obtain the two lilnes o
2
1
x
v
2
5
ssions for the data given below:
a
J
4
5
a
8
7
J
(07 Marks)
between x and y'
and hence
The contents of the three wns are as given below:
Urn 1: 1 white ball,2 red balls, 3 greenballs'
lJrn2:2 white, 1 red and 1 greenball'
Urn 3: 4 white, 5 red and 3 green
--are found to the one white and one
Two balls are drawn from randomly chosen urn and
(07 Marks)
p."u"unirv that the bails so drawn came from the third
findffirrelation
c.
balls'
i
.1 urn'
;;r. ;;;i;rr.
FindthemeanandvarianceofPoissondistribution(06Marks)
distributed with mean 5 minutes'
In a certairr town the duration of a shower is exponentially
(ii) less than
pr"u"il1iry that ashower will last for (i) 10 minutes or more'
#"; ilil
minutes?
10
(07 Marks)
and 12
with mean 70
a normal distribution
The marks of 1000 students in an examination foilows
number.of, students, whose marks will be:
and standard deviation of 5. Find the expected
iil) between 65 and75
ii) more than z5
i) less than 65
(07 Marks)
ffi;;,'iiid;i;#10
c.
iCiu",
7a.
b.
c.
8 a.
Test the hypothesis that the coin
A coin is tossed 1000 times and head turned up 540 times.
(06 Marks)
is an unbiased one.
r 1 L- 1. 40000 kms
is found to be
A sample of 200 tyres is taken from 11o1. The mean life of tyres mean life of tltes in the
the
with standard a.riuiio,.or izoo kms. Is it reasonable to assume
limits with in which the mean life of tyres
lot as 41000 kms? irro .uuurish 9-5% confidence
(07 Marks)
in the lot is expected to lie.
. andr the , . 1 L- are t. to the in
,i heights -. found
Ten individuals are chosen at random from a population
light of this data discuss the
inches 63,63,66",;,";;,*ei, io,70,7l i"d lt lg-tfre
is 66 inches' If the population mean is
suggestion that the *"u, height in the population
(07 Marks)
mean.
unknown, obtain q-0%-co"fiae"nce limits foithis
The
given below:
distribution for two random variables x arid y is
joint
(@
distributions of x and
Y,
(ii) covariance of x and
Y.
(06 Marks)
regular stochastic matrix
Find the unique fixed probability vector of the
[o
%
Y^1
- "-.---'
107Marks)
y y, o I|
[o I o-l work place every day by motor bike or by car' he never goes
- =lI
P
c.
..
A(z:1):0.34i31'.
Find the
b.
. ..
A software .ngin.e, goes to his
goes by car on a day then he is equally likely to
by bike on two .orrrJ*ir. days, but if he
transition matrix for the chain of the mode of
go by car or by bik;;;the next day. Find t[e
is used, (ii)
a week find the probability that (i) bike
transport. If car is used on the first day of
(07 Marks)
;;;'";, o, ,r,. 5,n ;;.
{<r,<***
.

3. I
10ES42
USN
Fourth Semester B.E. Degree Examination, Dec.2013 /Jan.201.4
Microcontrollers
Time: 3 hrs.
Max. Marks:100
Not e :
()
o
::;::; ;ir; {::: l :x ;::; :"::;'#f,
PART _ A
k
I
(.)
o
3e
a.
Define rrdcrocontroller. Differentiate between microprocessor and microiontroller.
b.
c.
With the ,"ai diugrum, explain the 8051 architecture.
Briefly explain the dual functions of port-3 pins of 8051.
2 a.
-y.
d9
bo
loo
.=N
b.
6
otr
dO
?.rr
?a
c.
a=
oO
bos
>6
6Ecd
3a.
A q:
!o
b.
6.e
>. (F
^^o
coO
o=
gU
tr>
o-
c.
(r<
4a.
-N
o
'7
(n
L
(05 Marks)
What is addressin!";o0., Put the number OFAH in registers R:,
addressing modes.
&
and R5 in four different
(06 Marks)
Explain the following in brief,
i) The pin that connects external memory.
ii) The port that has open-drain output.
iii) The register that sequences the program execution.
iv) PSW.
(08 Marks)
Showthe stack contents, sp contentsandContents of anyregister affected after each step of
the following sequences of operation:
MOV SP. #7OH
MOV R5. #3OH
MOV A. #44H
Add A. R5
MOV R4. A
PUSH4 .,,,'"'
PUSH 5 '
POP4
^X
o:
(05 Marks)
(10 Marks)
":$ltx
-?()
5 .t3
o-i
,, '
' "'.",,
(06 Marks)
'
Explain the different types of conditional and unconditional jump instructions of 8051.
Specify the different ranges associated with jump instructions.
(08 Marks)
Find the address of first two internal RAM locations between 20H and 40H, which contains
consecutive numbers. If so, set the carry flag to one, else clear the carry flag.
(06 Marks)
Write an 8051 assembly time delay subroutine to generate a time delay of 100 prsec when
called. Assume crystal liequency as 12 MHz. Show delay calculations. Do not use timers.
*"uod
Give bit size and data range details for the widely used seven
'C'
datat.ypes
of 80r::u
(04 Marks)
b.
C^
Write an 8051 ALP to convert packed BCD number 48 to ASCII and display the result on
port-2 and port-3.
(06 Marks)
Write an ALP 8051 program to find the checksum byte of data stream 30H, 4AH, 65H and
10H. Convert the binary value of checksum into decimal and display the value of the BCD
digits on ports Po, Pr and Pz.
(10 Marks)
I of2

4. 10ES42
PART
5 a.
-
B
With regard to timers of 8051:
i) Explain briefly the difference between the timer and counter operation.
ii Indicate how io starVstop the timer if GATE control is also used.
(06 lv!'fir':K$r)
uo ltfffi,,liit"
::: E-,-r^:- mode-2 nnerqfinn
iil) Explain ^^Ao-) operation.
with a duty cycle of66"A
*ii . an ALp to generate a square wave continuously of 2 kHz
,,rl
,,"1"'t*'.
"":4= - u.
..,'
create
A switch is connected to the pin Pl.2. Write a 'C' program to monitor the swi$ch d
,x
ff,6r;
following frequencies on pin P1.7:
: 0; 500H2
*,.Wh.n SW
ii),"lrWhen SW = l;750H2
U-r"i@ir"U mode 1 for both of them.
i,-.q..'l
n.=,hhs
q"'i$:
't'
:,.
,,,',
,
,:1,*,_
(08 Marks)
RS232 in
6 a. what i, ;6id; communication? How serial communication id carried out with (06 Marks)
u'''#
so51?
::
"
'
(06 Marks)
b. Explain the bit p&;h of SCON register'
, "
-'%,',
-,.=
=
i)
ii)
ALP to transfer'se;ia$y letter 'A' continuously' ,,.
8-bits and
C program to recelve,pty-tes of data and p,g;!thdfriin Pl. Use 9600 baud rate,
1, mode-2. (08 Marks)
one st-op bit, for both t$ailsmission and qe'et$gtion. Use timer
"'f'
7 a.
b.
8
,.'::=':iu =t io
ftecture.
"'':F'r'*
(10 Marks)
Explain briefly the MSP430 RISC+Q'ru,arc
Give details of register of MSP430.
Write short notes
..q=[,;.*&_., -"
on:
.;-'
A, RTC
,,E-;
fl
b. DMA
c. DAS
d: RF interfaces.
(10 Marks)
65'=
'.h
$
d".;
"
(20 Marks)
_
._*...]
2
of2
"{
.::!.

5. 06ES43
USN
Fourth Semester B.E. Degree Examination, Dec. 20l3lJan.2014
Gontrol Systems
Max. Marks:100
Time: 3 hrs.
Note: 1. Answer FIVEfull questions, selecting
atleast TWO questions from each part.
2. Missing data, tf any, muy be suitable assumed.
o
o
o
.
()
o
!
?a
oociv
-o0
I
trca
d$
I a.
b.
PART
-A
Define a control system. Explain with examples, open loop and clssed loop control systems.
(10 Marks)
List the merits and demerits of open loop and closed loop control systems.
For the mechanieal system shown in Fig. Ql(b),
D Draw the medhanical network
ii) Write the differential equations describing the system
iii) Draw the F - V analogous electrical circuit ater writing the corresponding electrical
(l0 Marks)
equations.
1
H(J
og:
eO
()=
ai
UO
o0-c
>!
Fig. Q1(b)
-6
,o
oE
:9
()i.
orw
2 a. For the circuit shown in Fig. Q2(a). Draw the
1rr.1ior,
-S($
Y (s)
block diagram and determine the transfer
, using block diagram rules.
(10 Marks)
aLE
!o
o.i
>,t
co"
troo
.-r c
so
tr>
o-
Fig. Q2(a)
lr<
iat
For the system represented by the following equations, find the transfer function
(.)
o
Z
!
a
E
x(s)
U(S)
by
signal flow graph, technique
Xt t Cr:U
X:
i, =-0,x,+xr+crrU
Xz =-pzXr +cr,U.
(10 Marks)

6. 06ES43
3a.
Explain the following time domain specifications of a second order systems, with neat
sketch i) Peak time ii) Delay time iii) Rise time iv) maximum over shoot v) Settling time.
(06 Marks)
b.
c.
* * lgv + 25y(t)= 50x(t) ,
dt' dt
Evaluate the response and maximum output for a step of 2.5 units.
In the block shown in Fig. Q3(c) G(s) : A/S2 and H(S) : (ms +n). For A:
A system described uv
'
values of m and n for a step input with a time constant
of30%o.
4a.
b.
0.l
(08 Marks)
10, determine the
sec ; which give a peak over shoot
(06 Marks)
What are the.difficulties encountered while assessing Routh - Hurwitz criteria and how do
you eliminate these difficulties, explain with examples.
(06 Marks)
,,, ,r'
The open loop transfer function of a feedback control system is given by
G(S)H(S) =
------K-S(s+4Xs'+2s+2)
i) Using R- H cretarian determine the range of "K'' for which the system will be stable
ii) If a zero at S : -4 is added to the forward transfer function, how is the stability affected?
(08 Marks)
Using R
H cretarian, find the stability of a unity feedback system having closed loop
-
lransfer function G(S)
-qr
-
e
=S(s + 2)
(06 Marks)
5 a. State the different rules for ttretoriiru.,,:lH;l,o"rr.
b.
A feedback control system has open loop transfer {hnction
G(S)H(S) =
*
b.
't"''
S(s + 4)(s2"+ 4s + 20)
Plot the root locus.fot
6a.
K:0
to
co
indicate all points on
(12 Marks)
,,
(06 Marks)
The opeh loop transfer function of unity feedback control system is given by
.,::',.'
,'''
K
s(l+0.001s)(1+0.25s)(l+0.1s)
Determine the value of K, so that the system
the gain margin. Use code plot.
b.
it.
Explain co-rel{tion between time domain and frequency domai4 for second order systems.
n/QLl/c
ta.
(08 Marks)
:
will have a phase margin of 40o, what will
State and explain Nyquist stability cretarian.
Using Nyquist stability cretarian. find the range of K for closed
K>0.
G(s)H(s)= . K
S(s'+2s+2)
,,,,,
be
(t4 Marks)
(06 Marks)
- loop stability
, t.
(14
.
Marks)'
li
.ri
Explain properties and significance of state transition matrix.
(10 Marks)
A linear time invariant system is characterizedby the homogeneous state equation :
ft
li l=[, 0l [.1
] [t r-]
Lo,
L*,.1
Compute the solution of homogeneous equation assume the initial state
***'k*
vector.
(10 Marks)

7. t0EC44
USN
Fourth Semester B.E. Degree Examination, Dec.2013 lJan.2ol4
Signals and Systems
Max. Marks:100
,],
Time: 3 hrs.
d)
o
Note: Answer FIVEfull questions, selecting
at least TWO questions from esch port.
PART _ A
Sketch the even and odd part of the signal shown in Fig.Ql(a).
Ia.
. '!'':;",,
""'
,:',
(06 Marks)
o
d
L
a
a
()
o
L
oX
50x>
6e
**l
=h
troo
Fig.Ql(a)
'..'.,., signals is periodic or not'and if periodic find its fundamental
b. Check whether the following
period.
.-I
.= 6l
d?!
ol:
FO
c.
(i) x(n):
(ii) x(t) = [cos(2nt)]2
cos(2Onn) + sin(50nn)
Let x(t) and y(t) as shown in Fig.Ql(c). Sketch (i) x(t)y(t 1)
(ii) x(t)y(-t -1)
-
(06 Marks)
(08 Marks)
Y(r)
6:
oO
t
b0i
2G
-o
5!r
Fig.Q1(c)
Determine the convolution sum of the given sequences
and h(n) = {-2,2,-2
x(n) = {1; -2,3, -3}
'
2a.
oX
o
.-i
Performthe convolution of the following sequences:
b.
xl(t):e-at ; 0<t<T
5:
to
a tr=
,,,:::::::
Gi
!o
^.=
-^o
cOO
:..::
G.
,q.n
"
:,," xz(t):1 ; 0<t<27
LTl
system
is
characterized
by an impulse
input x(n;
(r<
3a.
o
=
h1n;=l- l ,(n). Find the
|')
=
/
[1]'r,rr.
t4t
,./
(06 Marks)
Determine the following LT1 systems characterued by impulse reponse is memory, causal
and stable.
(ii) h(n) : (0.99)'u(n + 6).
h(n) : 2u(n) - 2u(n-2)
Find the natural response of the system described by a differential equation
(i)
Z
o
response,
I
response of the system for the
=o
oVL
c.i
(10 Marks)
/rn
L
6=
oB
tr>
J
(04 Marks)
,l,l
rl
ll
b.
d2y(t) dy(t) + 2y(t)
*.
dr,
"
d,
=2x(t).
with y(0)
1
:
of2
l. and
#1,=,
=o
(06 Marks)
(06 Marks)

8. t0EC44
c.
Find the difference equation description for the system shown in
Fig.Q3(c).
Y
d.
(04 Marks)
("1
Fie.Q3(c)
By converting the differential equation to integral equation draw the direct form-I and direct
form-Il implementation for the system as
d2x(t)
d'y(t) * 1 dy(t)
(04 Marks)
v
.*a
= x(t) *I u
-t
-nt/
qJ$*
d,
dt2
dt'
prove the following properties of DTFS: (i) Modulation (ir) Parseval's,ni,%riil;u.,
dtr
4a.
b.
State and
Find theFourier series coefficients of the signal x(t) shown in Fig.Q4(b) and also draw its
(10 Marks)
spectra.
-Tr
Fig.QaG)
a.
b.
c.
fl
Fie.Qs(b)
"...., PART_B
.
Find the DTFT of the following signals:
x(n) :2'u(-n)
Determine the signal x(n) if its DTFT is as shown in Fig.Q5(b).
Compute the Fourier transform of the signal
(i) x(n):unl' lal<1
(iil
(08 Marks)
(06 Marks)
fl+cosnt : lti<l
x(t) = 1
|. 0
a.
b.
c.
(06 Marks)
: ltl>l
Find the frequency respanse of the system described by the impulse response
2t
h(t) : a(r) - 2e i(t)
and also draw its magnitude and phase spectra.
Obtain the Fourier translorm representation for the periodic signal
x(t) : sin wot
and draw the magnitude and phase.
A signal'x(t): cos(20nt) + % cos(30nt) is sampled with sampling period
Nyqaisf rate.
a. ffiat
(08 Marks)
(07 Marks)
tr. Find the
(05 Marks)
is region of convergence (ROC)? Mention its properties.
(06 Marks)
b: ' Determine the z-transform and ROC of the sequence x(n) = riu(n) + riu(-n).
C.
Determine the inverse z-transform of the function, x(z) =
l+z-'
l-z-t +0.52-2
'
, (07 Marks)
using partial
fraction expanslon.
8 a.
b.
c.
(07 Marks)
An LT1 system is described by the equation
y(n): x(n) + 0.8 x(n- 1) + 0.8x(n -2) -0.49y(n-2)
Determine the transfer function H(z) of the system and also sketch the poles and zeros.
(06 Marks)
Determine whether the system described by the equation
y(n):x(n) + by(n- 1) is causal and stablewhere lb l< 1.
Find the unilateral z-transform for the sequence y(n) : x(n - 2), where x(n)
-r-:;-
: o'.
(08Marks)
(06 Marks)

9. 06EC45
USN
Fourth Semester B.E. Degree Examination, Dec.2013 lJan.2ol4
Fundamentals of HDL
Time: 3 hrs.
Max. Marks:100
Note: Answer FIVE full questions, selecting
at least TWO questions from each poit.
o
o
PART _ A
o
L
a
la.
b.
Cornpare VHDL and Verilog.
What are values that std-logic
c.
With proper example explain the logical operators of verilog.
(.)
o
3e
2a.
b.
N9
c.
7r)
oDr
traa
.= o.l
rB+
Ho
(VHDL) and nets (verilog)
(06 Marks)
(06 Marks)
can take?
(08 Marks)
What are the facts of data flow description?
(02 Marks)
Starting from the basics draw the logic symbol of D'latch exoitation table, K map circuit for
D latch and write VI{DL and verilog program for the sr}me.
(10 Marks)
Write a data flow description (in both VHDL and verilog) of a full adder with enable. If the
enable is low (0). the sum and carry are zero; otherwise the sum and carry are usual outputs
of the adder. Use a 5 ns delay for any gate inoluding xor. Draw the truth table of this adder
and derive the Boolean function after minimization.
(08 Marks)
FO
E=
o>
3*
3a.
b.
With syntax explain different types of loops in VHDL and verilog.
(10 Marks)
Write a program in VHDL and verilog for JK flip flop using if & else if statements.
(10 Marks)
a:
oO
=
ad
4 a.
b.
E(g
,(.)
What is binding? Explain the binding between entity and components in VHDL and between
two modules in verilog.
(10
(t0 Marks)
Write VHDL behavioral description of a tristate buffer. Use this as
nent for
structural of 2 to 4 decoder with tristate output.
Marks)
or=
o;
oj
o:
atE
!o
6 .:i
5a.
b.
6 a.
b.
ooo
Eil)
o=
*O
tr>
->r
:^
(J
o
z
L
E
Write VHDL procedure and verilog task for N-bit ripple caffy
With suita-ble example write VHDL code for writing integers to a
(#
f/.
)
arks)
Give an example of a VHDL package.
Marks)
write the block diagram and function table of a SRAM of 16x8 and writd verilog code for
the same.
(12 Mark$
,
7 a.
o
lr<
PART _ B
b.
8 a.
b.
How to invoke a verilog module from a VHDL module? Giving an example of a full adder
' --'--^D
using two half adders.
(10 Marks)
Discuss the facts and limitations of mixed language description.
(10 Marks)
Draw the flow chart and explain the steps involved in synthesis.
(10 Marks)
Write a program in VHDL and obtain the gate level synthesis for BP and ADH. BP is the
input and ADH is the output. BP varies from 0 to 7 and ADH varies from 0 to 16. Assume
that if BP is more than 5 the ADH is 0. For BP > 2 and less than 5 the ADH is given by
ADH:_5*BP+25
(10 Marks)
{<***{<

10. I
068C46
USN
Fourth Semester B.E. Degree Examination, Dec.2013 lJan.2014
Linear lGs and APPlications
Max. Marks:100
Time: 3 hrs.
Note: Answer FIVE full questions, selecting
at least TlyO questions from each part.
o
(l
PART - A
f ftrr -'r'
()
a
I
a.
()
()
EP,
b.
sr
c0
.=r
.= c!
d+
b?p
ogl
-o
2a.
o>
b.
oO
ooi
-o
>!
3a.
a6
!cd
J?(J
'-^
Define the following opamp parameters and mention their typical values for IC 7
i) Input voltage range
ii) CMRR
iii) Input offset voltage
iv) Slew rate
(10 Marks)
v) Input impedanee.
With a neat circuit diagram, explain direct coupled inverting amplifier. Also, design an
inverting amplifier using a,741 opamp. The voltage gain is to be 75 and the output voltage
(10 Marks)
amplitude is to be 3V. Is1,nu*;: 500nA.
Explain a high input impedance capacitof ;oupled voltage follower, with necessary circuit
diagram.
(10 Nlarks)
Oesign a capacitor-coupled inverting amplifier to operate with a +20V supply. The
minimum input signal level is, 50mV, the voltage gain is to be 68, the load resistance is
(10 Marks)
500Q, and the lower cutoff frequency is to be 2,00 Hz. Use a74l opamp.
What are the effects of slew rate on
i) Bandwidth
ii) Output amplitude and
(06 Marks)
'
iii) Output pulse rise time.
With a neat eircuit diagram, explain Zin Mod technique of frequency compensu,totb.
Marks)
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o
c.
What precautions should be observed for opamp circuit stability? Draw the necessary
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4a.
h.
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po
(08 Marks)
With a neat circuit diagram, explain instrumentation amplifier.
Explain the operatio, of high lnput impedance full-wave precision rectifier with necessary
diagram. Draw the voltage waveforms at various points in the circuit and write the
(12 Marks)
appropriate equations to show that full-wave rectification is performed.
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a
PART _ B
5a.
b.
With a neat circuit diagram and waveforms, explain operation of a triangular/rectangular
waveform generator with frequency and duty cycle controls.
Explain and design an RC phase - shift oscillator with following specifications:
supply voltage : +15V. IC 741is to be used.
l
of 2
(10 Marks)
fo:5
kHz,
(10 Marks).

11. I
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06F,.C46
6 a.
b.
Explain the operation of an inverting Schmitt trigger circuit with different UTP and LTP
levels. Discuss the design procedure and also indicate the input/output characteristics for the
same.
(10 Marks)
Design a second-order high-pass active filter to have a cutoff frequency of 10 kHz. Use a
l.5prA.
(l0Marks)
"''lll
7 "'"" a,. Explain the terms line regulation, load regulation and ripple rejection for a, dc voltage
' i '(06 Marks)
:. iegulator.
(08Marks)
b. W,,tthaneat schematic, explainthe salient features of 723 regulator.
(06 Marks)
c. Expffilhe principle of operation of a switching regulator.
IBrmar):
'
.
8
a.
b.
c.
d.
.....
Write short notes on the following:
555 timer as mono.stable. multivibrator.
Voltage-controlled oscillator.
R-2R ladder Oae-,,,,,,..
Servo tracking ADC.
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(20 Marks)
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