2. Voltammetry
It is an Electro- analytical technique.
It gives information about the analyte.
We can even measure the amount of current by varying the
voltage.
The change in current with the varying voltage gives the
plot and is known as uoltammogram
There is a minimum potential required to initiate an
oxidation or reduction reaction at an electrode.
3. Instrumentation
It is a three electrode system.
1. Working electrode ; 2. Reference electrode and
3. Auxiliary electrode.
(1) working electrode;
(2) auxiliary electrode;
(3) reference electrode
5. Other commonly used electrode materials gold, platinum and
glassy carbon.
Glassy carbon Gold electrode
6. Depending on the choice of working electrode, the type of voltammetry is
decided.
Example :
We use Dropping Mercury Electrode (DME) in Polarography technique
We use Platinum electrode in Cyclic Voltammetry
We use Glassy Carbon as electrode in Linear Sweep Voltammetry.
7. Reference Electrode
Usually Standard electrode is used as Reference electrode.
Its potential is constant.
It provides potential to the Working electrode.
Common reference electrode are :
Calomel electrode and Ag/AgCl electrode
8. Auxiliary Electrode
It is usually a thin platinum wire.
It serves merely to carry the current flowing through the cell.
Usually redox reaction occur simultaneously at the
auxiliary electrode.
9. Type of Voltammetry
LINEAR SWEEP VOLTAMMETRY
STAIRCASE VOLTAMMETRY
CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY
SQUAREWAVE VOLTAMMETRY
ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY
CATHODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY
ABSORPTIVE STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY
ALTERNATING CURRENT VOLTAMMETRY
POLAROGRAPHY
ROTATED ELECTRODE VOLTAMMETRY
NORMAL PULSE VOLTAMMETRY
DIFFERENTIAL PULSE VOLTAMMETRY
CHRONOAMPEROMETRY.
10. Linear Sweep Voltammetry
In linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) a fixed potential range.
the voltage is scanned from a lower limit to an upper limit.
11. In LSV measurements the current response is plotted as a function of voltage
rather than time.
The scan begins from the left hand side of the current/voltage plot where no
current flows.
As the voltage is swept further to the right (to more reductive values) a current
begins to flow and eventually reaches a peak before dropping
12. Normal Pulse Voltammetry
Normal polarography has been replaced by
various forms of pulse polarography.
It uses a series of potential pulses.
Here the pulse time (tp) is 50ms.
Each potential has different amplitude
13. Differential Pulse Voltammetry
If potential pulse is applied periodically to the Linear Sweep Voltammetry, then it is
known as Differential Pulse Polarography.
Hence it is denoted as the differential of linear sweep voltammetry.
14. The current is measured twice per cycle.
Here the pulse time (tp) is 17ms.
The difference in the two currents gives rise to the peak-shaped voltammogram.
consistent enhancement of the signal is achieved.
Detection limit is as low as 10-8 M
Each potential step has the same amplitude
15. Polarography
Polarography is the branch of
voltammetry in which a dropping
mercury electrode (DME) is used as the
working electrode.
16. Conventional DC
Wide cathodic potential range and a renewable surface
Hence widely used for the determination of many reducible species
Reduction begins at sufficiently negative potential
voltage applied to the polarisable electrode is increased over the range of 0-2V
It is known as incomplete electrolysis.
17. Jaroslav Heyrovsky
He was the inventor of Polarographic technique.
He received Nobel Prize in 1959
He is known as father of electro analytical
method.
18. Polarography has a special characteristic :
1. Use of polarized electrode.
2. Use of depolarized electrode.
POLARIZED ELECTRODE : DME
DEPOLARIZED ELECTRODE : SCE
19.
20. Dropping Mercury Electrode
It is the working electrode in one of the voltammetry technique known as
polarography
21. Advantages of DME
Clean Surface generated
Rapid constant current achievement
Even metal with high negative standard voltage systems can be studied without
hydrogen.
Amalgam formation more favourable.