3. TPN is a specialized form of nutritional support in which nutrients are given intravenously
4. TPN is infused into a large-diameter vein, such as the superior vena cava TPN solutions are usually hyperosmolar, and thus you have to administer them into a large-diameter vein to prevent sclerosis of vein tissue
5. Examples of central venous access devices include central venous catheters, peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), and implanted infusion ports
22. Nonfunctional GI Tract • Massive small bowel resection/GI surgery/massive GI bleed • Paralytic ileus • Intestinal obstruction • Short bowel syndrome • Trauma to abdomen, head, or neck • Severe malabsorption • Intolerance to enteral feeding • Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, bone marrow transplantation
23. Extended Bowel Rest • Enterocutaneous fistula • Inflammatory bowel disease exacerbation • Severe diarrhea • Moderate to severe pancreatitis
24. Preoperative TPN • Preoperative bowel rest • Treatment for comorbid severe malnutrition in patients with nonfunctional GI tracts • Severely catabolic patients when GI tract nonusable for more than 4 to 5 days
25. Parenteral nutrition includes mixtures of carbohydrates (10% to 70% dextrose solution), amino acids (protein/nitrogen), fats (fatty acids), electrolytes, vitamins, and trace elements (e.g., zinc, copper, and chromium)
26. The TPN and mixture that is used depends on the clients needs This determination is made by the physician and nutritional support teamA doctors order is required to administer TPN
33. Compare label of TPN bag with medication administration record (MAR) or computer printout; check for correct additives and solution expiration date. Also check patient's name Inspect TPN solution for particulate matter or, if it is a 3:1 solution, inspect emulsion for a cream layer or separation of fat into a layer. If there is a thin layer of aggregated fat droplets about 1 to 2 cm in thickness, invert bag back and forth gently to mix
35. Attach appropriate filter to IV tubing. Prime tubing with TPN solution, making sure no air bubbles remain, and turn off flow with roller clamp. Connect end of tubing to appropriate port of central catheter, and label port. Open roller clamp to rate that maintains patency of line
36. Place IV tubing into IV infusion pump, open roller clamp completely, and regulate flow rate on pump as ordered
37. The port being used for TPN should be dedicated to TPN administration ONLY. Infuse all IV medications or blood through an alternative IV line. Do not obtain blood samples or central venous pressure readings through same lumen or port used for TPN
38. Do not interrupt TPN infusion (e.g., during showers, transport to procedure, blood transfusion), and be sure that rate does not exceed ordered rate
39. Change infusing tubing and filter using strict aseptic technique. Change IV administration sets for TPN every 72 hours, for 3:1 and fat emulsions every 24 hours, and immediately upon suspected contamination
41. Evaluation Monitor flow rate routinely, at least hourly Monitor fluid intake every 8 hours Obtain daily weights or weights as ordered Assess for fluid retention; palpate skin of extremities, auscultate lung sounds
42. Monitor patient's glucose level every 6 hours or as ordered, and monitor other laboratory parameters daily or as ordered Inspect central venous access site Monitor for fever, elevated white blood cell count and malaise
43. Documentation Record condition of central venous access device, rate and type of infusion, catheter lumen used for infusion, intake and output (I&O) every 8 hours, blood glucose levels, vital signs, and weights
