This document discusses semantics and sentence meaning. It outlines the objectives of analyzing different dimensions of sentence semantics, including propositions, entailment, and predicate logic. It notes that defining word meaning alone is problematic, and that the basic unit of meaning may be the sentence rather than individual words. Sentence meaning can be defined using propositions - statements that can be evaluated as true or false. Propositions treat sentences as assigning truth values. Different sentences may express the same proposition. Sentence meaning is then formalized and analyzed using the machinery of propositional logic.
Lecture 1st-Introduction to Discourse Analysis._023928.pptxGoogle
Introduction to discourse analysis
What is discourse?
What is discourse Analysis?
Paradigms in linguistics
Cohesion and Coherense
Types of written discourse
Types of spoken discourse
Text and discourse
Scope of discourse analysis
The presentation explains topics on study of language, applications on natural language processing, levels of language analysis, representation and understanding, linguistic background and elements of a simple noun phrase
Lecture 1st-Introduction to Discourse Analysis._023928.pptxGoogle
Introduction to discourse analysis
What is discourse?
What is discourse Analysis?
Paradigms in linguistics
Cohesion and Coherense
Types of written discourse
Types of spoken discourse
Text and discourse
Scope of discourse analysis
The presentation explains topics on study of language, applications on natural language processing, levels of language analysis, representation and understanding, linguistic background and elements of a simple noun phrase
I t is based on my understanding about pragmatics. You can add new information in order to achieve benefits from each other. According to many scholars, during communications people need to make a link between both linguistic knowledge and shared knowledge.
I t is based on my understanding about pragmatics. You can add new information in order to achieve benefits from each other. According to many scholars, during communications people need to make a link between both linguistic knowledge and shared knowledge.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Discussion agenda
• Objectives of class
• Problem with word meaning
• Sentence semantics
• proposition
• Entailment
• Predicate Logic
3. Class objectives
• To be able to define and understand the concept of proposition,
entailment and predicate logic
• To be able to do analysis of different dimensions of sentence semantic
• To identify and analyze proposition, entailment and predicate logic
within given text.
4. Problem with word meaning
• the definition of meaning on the basis of words alone is problematic
• whether the basic unit of meaning is not just the word as the
sentence
5. Main Approaches Toward Sentence Meaning
• How the meaning of a sentence can be defined in terms of simple or complex
propositions and
• How propositions can be related by means of so-called Entailment relationships
• How the machinery of predicate logic can be used to describe the internal
structure of propositions
6. • first of all however let's define the central problems that arise with word
meaning over and above the non semantic problems of word definition
• there are many difficulties in defining word meaning for example the problem
of handling function words how can we specify the meaning of items such as
and or
• however or we face cross linguistic problems where across languages the same
concept may involve different degrees of transparency such as thimble in
English and finger hood literally meaning finger hat in German furthermore
there are numerous sentences whose meaning cannot be defined on the basis
of the meaning of their words
•
7. • in metaphors such as time is money for example the words involved
do not reflect the overall meaning the same applies to idiomatic
expressions such as
• it is raining cats and dogs
• and often paralinguistic features such as gestures facial expressions
etc accompany the uttering of linguistic constructions and influence
their meaning for this reason semantics is not confined to word
meaning but should incorporate the meaning of sentences as well
8. • a central approach to what sentence meaning assigns truth values to
sentences
• this approach is referred to as propositional logic and it treats
sentences as propositions
• in logic the meaning of sentences is defined in terms of statements or
propositions and not just in terms of the sentence itself
• One argument in favor of this treatment is that different sentences
may be converted into identical propositions
9. • let's illustrate that here are John and Mary obviously John is pointing
a gun at Mary so one sentence that could be derived from this
situation is that John is killing Mary another one could be that Mary is
being killed by John a further sentence could be John is doing
something to Mary and so on and so forth
10. • however in looking at these sentences in terms of their meaning they
essentially mean the same thing and
• this meaning is defined in terms of so-called propositions
• let us see how we can formalize sentence meaning in terms of
propositions and how the machinery of propositional logic works a
proposition can be defined as the basic semantic content of a
sentence
• or in more philosophical terms what a sentence says about the world
propositions are labeled with small letters from P which stands for
the initial letter of proposition upwards
11. REFERENCES
• (Edward Finegan, Language: Its Structure and Use, 6th ed. Wadsworth, 2012
• (Hans Henrich Hock and Brian D. Joseph, Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship. Walter
de Gruyter, 1996)
• (Andy Kirkpatrick, World English. Cambridge University Press, 2007)
• (Lyle Campbell, Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. MIT Press, 2004)
• (Bas Aarts, Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2011)
• Prof jurgen Handke 2013 sentences of semantics