The document discusses TCP/IP protocols and networking concepts. It provides definitions for key terms like network support layers, user support layers, and the purpose of each layer in the OSI model. Transport layer protocols like TCP and UDP are described as well as networking technologies like IP addressing, routing, subnetting, and connecting devices. Standards bodies that develop networking standards are also mentioned.
This document provides summaries of networking concepts and terms. It defines key networking components like links, routers, LANs and WANs. It also describes networking standards and protocols such as the OSI model, TCP/IP, VPNs and NAT. Various other networking topics are covered like topologies, IP addressing, firewalls, cabling and security.
This document discusses network architecture and design. It covers component architectures including addressing/routing, network management, performance, and security architectures. It describes common addressing mechanisms like sub-netting, super-netting, dynamic addressing, private vs public addressing, VLANs, IPv4 vs IPv6, and network address translation. For routing, it discusses strategies like unicast, broadcast, multicast, anycast and geocast as well as routing protocols like BGP, mobile IP, and IGP confederations. The document provides an overview of network architecture concepts.
The document discusses various topics related to network topology and design including hierarchical topologies, roles of different layers, VLANs, routing protocols, VPNs, firewalls, and more. A hierarchical topology divides a network into core, distribution and access layers with the core providing optimal transport, distribution implementing policies, and access connecting users. The SAFE architecture is a modular approach that analyzes functional, logical and physical network components to simplify enterprise design.
The document discusses reference models and the OSI reference model. It provides background on the need for a reference model to standardize network communication and promote interoperability between different network implementations. It then describes the key aspects of the OSI reference model, which divides communication problems into seven layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. The OSI model was created in 1984 and became an international standard to ensure greater network compatibility.
Reference models in Networks: OSI & TCP/IPMukesh Chinta
The document discusses reference models and the OSI reference model. It provides details on:
- The need for a reference model to standardize network components and layer functions to promote interoperability.
- The OSI reference model, approved in 1984, which divides communication problems into seven layers to aid in network interconnection.
- Each of the seven layers of the OSI model, describing their functions and responsibilities for moving data through the network.
The document discusses network protocols and the OSI model. It describes the 7 layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It then discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and its 5 layers. For each layer, it outlines the main responsibilities and protocols that are part of that layer such as IP, ICMP, DHCP, TCP, and others. It also discusses some common routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP. Finally, it covers issues with using TCP over wireless networks and some proposed solutions to improve its performance.
The document is a training report submitted by Sagar Shashank summarizing his CCNA training completed at CETPA INFOTECH PVT. LTD. from June 20 to July 31, 2018. It includes an introduction to networking concepts and protocols like IP, ICMP, routing protocols, switching technologies and OSI model. The report contains detailed explanations of topics covered during the training along with declarations and acknowledgements.
This document provides summaries of networking concepts and terms. It defines key networking components like links, routers, LANs and WANs. It also describes networking standards and protocols such as the OSI model, TCP/IP, VPNs and NAT. Various other networking topics are covered like topologies, IP addressing, firewalls, cabling and security.
This document discusses network architecture and design. It covers component architectures including addressing/routing, network management, performance, and security architectures. It describes common addressing mechanisms like sub-netting, super-netting, dynamic addressing, private vs public addressing, VLANs, IPv4 vs IPv6, and network address translation. For routing, it discusses strategies like unicast, broadcast, multicast, anycast and geocast as well as routing protocols like BGP, mobile IP, and IGP confederations. The document provides an overview of network architecture concepts.
The document discusses various topics related to network topology and design including hierarchical topologies, roles of different layers, VLANs, routing protocols, VPNs, firewalls, and more. A hierarchical topology divides a network into core, distribution and access layers with the core providing optimal transport, distribution implementing policies, and access connecting users. The SAFE architecture is a modular approach that analyzes functional, logical and physical network components to simplify enterprise design.
The document discusses reference models and the OSI reference model. It provides background on the need for a reference model to standardize network communication and promote interoperability between different network implementations. It then describes the key aspects of the OSI reference model, which divides communication problems into seven layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. The OSI model was created in 1984 and became an international standard to ensure greater network compatibility.
Reference models in Networks: OSI & TCP/IPMukesh Chinta
The document discusses reference models and the OSI reference model. It provides details on:
- The need for a reference model to standardize network components and layer functions to promote interoperability.
- The OSI reference model, approved in 1984, which divides communication problems into seven layers to aid in network interconnection.
- Each of the seven layers of the OSI model, describing their functions and responsibilities for moving data through the network.
The document discusses network protocols and the OSI model. It describes the 7 layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It then discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and its 5 layers. For each layer, it outlines the main responsibilities and protocols that are part of that layer such as IP, ICMP, DHCP, TCP, and others. It also discusses some common routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP. Finally, it covers issues with using TCP over wireless networks and some proposed solutions to improve its performance.
The document is a training report submitted by Sagar Shashank summarizing his CCNA training completed at CETPA INFOTECH PVT. LTD. from June 20 to July 31, 2018. It includes an introduction to networking concepts and protocols like IP, ICMP, routing protocols, switching technologies and OSI model. The report contains detailed explanations of topics covered during the training along with declarations and acknowledgements.
This document contains the answers to an assignment on data communication and computer networks. It defines key terms like data communication, computer networks, PAN, LAN, IP address, port, switches, routers, and more. It also explains the differences between data communication and networks, and differences between routers, switches, and hubs. The document provides detailed responses to questions about networking devices and concepts.
The document discusses several topics related to computer network architecture and protocols. It begins by defining network architecture as a framework for designing, building, and managing communication networks. It describes the OSI 7-layer model and each of its layers. It also discusses the TCP/IP network architecture, IP addressing formats and classes, TCP and UDP protocols, and serial communication modes like simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex.
OSI layers describes how the data can be send from one parties to another during data communication. it also gives the detailed information of how the data functionally divided into small pieces and reaches the destination.
The document discusses network reference models and the OSI and TCP/IP models. It provides details on each layer of the OSI model and its functions. The key points are that reference models divide network communication into simpler components, provide standardization, and prevent changes in one layer from affecting others. The OSI model has 7 layers and separates network functions into upper layers for applications and lower layers for data transmission. The TCP/IP model is based on widely used TCP and IP protocols.
The document provides the answers to multiple choice questions about networking concepts such as encapsulation, OSI model layers, network devices, and protocols. It addresses topics like the functions of encapsulation, trailer information in data link layer encapsulation, layers that correspond to the TCP/IP Network Access layer, characteristics of local area networks, networking terms like multiplexing, purpose of layer 4 port assignment, what can be identified by examining the network layer header, and purpose of the TCP/IP Network Access layer. The document also contains questions about protocols, encapsulation process, network types, OSI model layer order, roles of network devices, and types of networks.
This document discusses network architecture and design. It covers component architectures, addressing and routing architectures, network management architecture, performance architecture, and security architecture. Some key points include:
- Component architecture describes how network functions are applied using hardware and software mechanisms.
- Addressing involves applying identifiers to network devices, while routing learns connectivity and forwards packets. Common addressing mechanisms include subnetting, super-netting, dynamic addressing, and private/public addressing.
- Network management architecture provides functions for controlling, planning, and monitoring network resources using mechanisms like monitoring, instrumentation, and configuration.
- Performance architecture allocates network resources to users and applications using mechanisms like quality of service, resource control, service level agreements, and policies.
The document defines various Ethernet LAN types (10Base2, 10Base5, 10BaseT) based on transfer rate, signaling method, and cable characteristics. It also discusses the differences between an unspecified passive open and a fully specified passive open in networking. Finally, it defines a Transmission Control Block (TCB) as a data structure used by TCP to store information about each network connection.
This document provides summaries of key computer network terms:
1. 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT are Ethernet LANs that differ based on maximum transfer rate, cable length, number of segments, and cable type.
2. An unspecified passive open has a server waiting for a connection request, while a fully specified passive open waits for a specific client.
3. A Transmission Control Block (TCB) contains information about each network connection.
The document provides an introduction to networking concepts and Cisco technologies. It defines networking and network topology, discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP, and describes common network devices like switches, routers, and firewalls. It also covers IP addressing, routing protocols, and basic router and switch configuration.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses the key components and layers of networks including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), protocols, addressing, and models like OSI and TCP/IP. It explains how data is encapsulated as it travels from an application down the protocol stack and across physical networks. Key topics covered include network interfaces, protocols, addressing, data encapsulation, the OSI model layers, TCP/IP layers, and protocols like IP, TCP, UDP.
The document provides information about Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
- ISPs provide individuals and organizations access to the Internet for a monthly or yearly fee. They maintain the connection and ensure network security.
- ISPs can be regional, serving a specific geographic area, or national with coverage across a country. They may also offer additional services like web hosting.
- Popular connection methods between end users and ISPs include DSL, cable, fiber, wireless, and satellite. ISPs pay each other to exchange traffic between their networks.
The document discusses networking concepts such as network topologies, devices, and the OSI model. It begins by explaining how businesses realized networking could increase productivity and save costs. It then describes common networking devices like NICs, hubs, switches, and routers. The document also covers standard network topologies and the layers of the OSI model, providing examples of how data is encapsulated as it travels through each layer.
This document discusses layered network models, specifically the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It provides an overview of each layer in both models and their functions. The key points are:
- The OSI model defines 7 layers that break communication into smaller parts to simplify the process and allow different hardware/software to work together.
- The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - application, transport, internet, and network access. It is used widely on the internet.
- Each layer adds header information to data as it moves down the stack. This encapsulation allows communication between layers and across networks.
Network components include computers, cables, network interface cards, switches, and network operating systems. Multicast involves one or more senders and recipients sharing data traffic between unicast and broadcast. An intranet connects PCs within an organization privately, while the internet connects computers globally using TCP/IP. Active hubs boost and relay signals with their own power supply, and passive hubs rely on an active hub for power. Gateways connect different network protocols, and access points provide wireless connectivity to wired networks. Routers route data packets between networks or subnets. Modems convert digital signals to analog for telephone line transmission. Network topology refers to the arrangement of nodes and connections in a network.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1. Serial0 is up but the line protocol is down, indicating a potential issue with the cable or configuration settings not matching on both ends.
2. Static IP addresses are manually assigned while dynamic IP addresses are assigned by a DHCP server from its IP range, and have a lease duration after which the address may change.
3. Protocols establish rules and standards for moving data across a network, such as routing protocols like RIP, IGRP, and EIGRP that determine the best path between networks.
The document provides an overview of the ISO OSI model and its 7 layers, describing the functions of each layer. It then discusses several topics related to computer networks, including the ISO/OSI model (layers and functions), ISDN (architecture and usage), LAN protocols (such as Ethernet), framing in the data link layer and its importance, and the IEEE 802.11 wireless networking standard.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including routing protocols. It begins with an introduction and explanation of common networking terms like routers, switches, servers and IP addressing. The document then focuses on routing protocols, describing different types like static, default, dynamic routing protocols and examples like RIP, EIGRP, OSPF. It provides details on each protocol's functionality and purpose in routing network traffic between devices.
The document discusses the role and functions of the Network layer (OSI Layer 3) in data networks. It examines the Internet Protocol (IP) as the most widely used Network layer protocol. IP provides connectionless and best-effort delivery of data packets across networks. The document also discusses how networks are logically grouped and addressed in a hierarchical manner to allow communication between large numbers of devices across interconnected networks. Key concepts covered include addressing, routing, encapsulation, next hop forwarding, and the use of static and dynamic routing to build routing tables.
💐 College Argumentative Essay. 16 Easy Argumenta.pdfScott Bou
The ballet Giselle explores themes of romanticism through the story of a peasant girl named Giselle who falls in love with a nobleman disguising as a peasant. When Giselle discovers his true identity, she dies of a broken heart and is transformed into a Willi, a supernatural being. The ballet was created during the Romantic Era in 19th century Europe, a period influenced by romanticism. Elements of the ballet, like its costuming and staging innovations, reflected changes of the time and incorporated themes symbolic of the Romantic movement.
Teagan Education Consulting Columbia College ChicagoScott Bou
The document discusses human rights violations throughout history. It provides examples such as ancient China censoring and burning books, denying people access to information. It also discusses apartheid in South Africa, where the National Party passed discriminatory laws that stripped non-whites of rights and forcibly removed 3.5 million black South Africans from their homes based solely on their race. These are clear examples of governments violating basic human rights like access to information, equality, and freedom from discrimination.
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Similaire à 2 Marks Questions And Answers MC1628 TCP IP Protocol Suite
This document contains the answers to an assignment on data communication and computer networks. It defines key terms like data communication, computer networks, PAN, LAN, IP address, port, switches, routers, and more. It also explains the differences between data communication and networks, and differences between routers, switches, and hubs. The document provides detailed responses to questions about networking devices and concepts.
The document discusses several topics related to computer network architecture and protocols. It begins by defining network architecture as a framework for designing, building, and managing communication networks. It describes the OSI 7-layer model and each of its layers. It also discusses the TCP/IP network architecture, IP addressing formats and classes, TCP and UDP protocols, and serial communication modes like simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex.
OSI layers describes how the data can be send from one parties to another during data communication. it also gives the detailed information of how the data functionally divided into small pieces and reaches the destination.
The document discusses network reference models and the OSI and TCP/IP models. It provides details on each layer of the OSI model and its functions. The key points are that reference models divide network communication into simpler components, provide standardization, and prevent changes in one layer from affecting others. The OSI model has 7 layers and separates network functions into upper layers for applications and lower layers for data transmission. The TCP/IP model is based on widely used TCP and IP protocols.
The document provides the answers to multiple choice questions about networking concepts such as encapsulation, OSI model layers, network devices, and protocols. It addresses topics like the functions of encapsulation, trailer information in data link layer encapsulation, layers that correspond to the TCP/IP Network Access layer, characteristics of local area networks, networking terms like multiplexing, purpose of layer 4 port assignment, what can be identified by examining the network layer header, and purpose of the TCP/IP Network Access layer. The document also contains questions about protocols, encapsulation process, network types, OSI model layer order, roles of network devices, and types of networks.
This document discusses network architecture and design. It covers component architectures, addressing and routing architectures, network management architecture, performance architecture, and security architecture. Some key points include:
- Component architecture describes how network functions are applied using hardware and software mechanisms.
- Addressing involves applying identifiers to network devices, while routing learns connectivity and forwards packets. Common addressing mechanisms include subnetting, super-netting, dynamic addressing, and private/public addressing.
- Network management architecture provides functions for controlling, planning, and monitoring network resources using mechanisms like monitoring, instrumentation, and configuration.
- Performance architecture allocates network resources to users and applications using mechanisms like quality of service, resource control, service level agreements, and policies.
The document defines various Ethernet LAN types (10Base2, 10Base5, 10BaseT) based on transfer rate, signaling method, and cable characteristics. It also discusses the differences between an unspecified passive open and a fully specified passive open in networking. Finally, it defines a Transmission Control Block (TCB) as a data structure used by TCP to store information about each network connection.
This document provides summaries of key computer network terms:
1. 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT are Ethernet LANs that differ based on maximum transfer rate, cable length, number of segments, and cable type.
2. An unspecified passive open has a server waiting for a connection request, while a fully specified passive open waits for a specific client.
3. A Transmission Control Block (TCB) contains information about each network connection.
The document provides an introduction to networking concepts and Cisco technologies. It defines networking and network topology, discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP, and describes common network devices like switches, routers, and firewalls. It also covers IP addressing, routing protocols, and basic router and switch configuration.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses the key components and layers of networks including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), protocols, addressing, and models like OSI and TCP/IP. It explains how data is encapsulated as it travels from an application down the protocol stack and across physical networks. Key topics covered include network interfaces, protocols, addressing, data encapsulation, the OSI model layers, TCP/IP layers, and protocols like IP, TCP, UDP.
The document provides information about Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
- ISPs provide individuals and organizations access to the Internet for a monthly or yearly fee. They maintain the connection and ensure network security.
- ISPs can be regional, serving a specific geographic area, or national with coverage across a country. They may also offer additional services like web hosting.
- Popular connection methods between end users and ISPs include DSL, cable, fiber, wireless, and satellite. ISPs pay each other to exchange traffic between their networks.
The document discusses networking concepts such as network topologies, devices, and the OSI model. It begins by explaining how businesses realized networking could increase productivity and save costs. It then describes common networking devices like NICs, hubs, switches, and routers. The document also covers standard network topologies and the layers of the OSI model, providing examples of how data is encapsulated as it travels through each layer.
This document discusses layered network models, specifically the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It provides an overview of each layer in both models and their functions. The key points are:
- The OSI model defines 7 layers that break communication into smaller parts to simplify the process and allow different hardware/software to work together.
- The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - application, transport, internet, and network access. It is used widely on the internet.
- Each layer adds header information to data as it moves down the stack. This encapsulation allows communication between layers and across networks.
Network components include computers, cables, network interface cards, switches, and network operating systems. Multicast involves one or more senders and recipients sharing data traffic between unicast and broadcast. An intranet connects PCs within an organization privately, while the internet connects computers globally using TCP/IP. Active hubs boost and relay signals with their own power supply, and passive hubs rely on an active hub for power. Gateways connect different network protocols, and access points provide wireless connectivity to wired networks. Routers route data packets between networks or subnets. Modems convert digital signals to analog for telephone line transmission. Network topology refers to the arrangement of nodes and connections in a network.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1. Serial0 is up but the line protocol is down, indicating a potential issue with the cable or configuration settings not matching on both ends.
2. Static IP addresses are manually assigned while dynamic IP addresses are assigned by a DHCP server from its IP range, and have a lease duration after which the address may change.
3. Protocols establish rules and standards for moving data across a network, such as routing protocols like RIP, IGRP, and EIGRP that determine the best path between networks.
The document provides an overview of the ISO OSI model and its 7 layers, describing the functions of each layer. It then discusses several topics related to computer networks, including the ISO/OSI model (layers and functions), ISDN (architecture and usage), LAN protocols (such as Ethernet), framing in the data link layer and its importance, and the IEEE 802.11 wireless networking standard.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including routing protocols. It begins with an introduction and explanation of common networking terms like routers, switches, servers and IP addressing. The document then focuses on routing protocols, describing different types like static, default, dynamic routing protocols and examples like RIP, EIGRP, OSPF. It provides details on each protocol's functionality and purpose in routing network traffic between devices.
The document discusses the role and functions of the Network layer (OSI Layer 3) in data networks. It examines the Internet Protocol (IP) as the most widely used Network layer protocol. IP provides connectionless and best-effort delivery of data packets across networks. The document also discusses how networks are logically grouped and addressed in a hierarchical manner to allow communication between large numbers of devices across interconnected networks. Key concepts covered include addressing, routing, encapsulation, next hop forwarding, and the use of static and dynamic routing to build routing tables.
Similaire à 2 Marks Questions And Answers MC1628 TCP IP Protocol Suite (20)
💐 College Argumentative Essay. 16 Easy Argumenta.pdfScott Bou
The ballet Giselle explores themes of romanticism through the story of a peasant girl named Giselle who falls in love with a nobleman disguising as a peasant. When Giselle discovers his true identity, she dies of a broken heart and is transformed into a Willi, a supernatural being. The ballet was created during the Romantic Era in 19th century Europe, a period influenced by romanticism. Elements of the ballet, like its costuming and staging innovations, reflected changes of the time and incorporated themes symbolic of the Romantic movement.
Teagan Education Consulting Columbia College ChicagoScott Bou
The document discusses human rights violations throughout history. It provides examples such as ancient China censoring and burning books, denying people access to information. It also discusses apartheid in South Africa, where the National Party passed discriminatory laws that stripped non-whites of rights and forcibly removed 3.5 million black South Africans from their homes based solely on their race. These are clear examples of governments violating basic human rights like access to information, equality, and freedom from discrimination.
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The document discusses the process of requesting an assignment to be written by the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account with valid email and password. 2) Complete a form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and sample work. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, and the website guarantees original work or a full refund.
This document provides a 5-step process for requesting and obtaining writing assistance from the HelpWriting.net website. The steps include: 1) Creating an account with a password and email; 2) Completing a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline; 3) Reviewing bids from writers and choosing one based on qualifications; 4) Reviewing the completed paper and authorizing payment; 5) Requesting revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers and provide original, high-quality content through revisions.
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The document provides steps for students to get writing help from the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines the 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the work. The document emphasizes that original, high-quality work is guaranteed, with refunds offered for plagiarized content. Students can get their needs fully met through the writing assistance process.
Top Examples Of Personal Essays. Online assignment writing service.Scott Bou
The book Blood Done Sign My Name by Timothy B. Tyson provides a firsthand account of the author's experience growing up as the son of a Methodist minister who supported the civil rights movement in the 1970s in Oxford, North Carolina. Tyson shares his struggle to reconcile his liberal upbringing with the white supremacist society around him, and analyzes how the events surrounding the murder of a young black man in Oxford shaped his understanding of racism in the American South. Through his narrative, Tyson aims to give insight into how people can overcome prejudice and rise above the injustices of a segregated society.
How To Write In Third Person. How To Write In 3Rd PersoScott Bou
The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to have papers written. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account, 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline, 3) Review writer bids and choose one, 4) Review the paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes the original, high-quality work and refund policy if plagiarized.
History Essay Our University Essay. Online assignment writing service.Scott Bou
This document discusses the challenges faced by intersex and transgender females in finding acceptance and belonging in the world of sports. It argues that society's tendency to categorize and label people makes it difficult for minorities to feel included. While the current system works for most, it fails those who don't neatly fit existing constructs of gender. The essay advocates redefining what it means to be human to be more inclusive of those outside traditional definitions. It also examines the biological advantages males may retain even after transition and the effects of male privilege in our male-dominated sports culture.
Elizaveta Shmakova is applying to the M.S. in Biology program and plans to graduate with a B.S. in Biology in May 2018. The professor knew Elizaveta from a Cellular and Molecular Biology course in fall 2018, where she demonstrated strong academic performance, asking insightful questions and contributing valuable insights during class discussions. The professor highly recommends Elizaveta for the M.S. in Biology program based on her academic strengths and potential for success in graduate level biology studies.
This document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests on the HelpWriting.net website. It explains a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions as needed, with the guarantee of original work or a refund.
First Grade Writng Paper Template With Picture JourScott Bou
This document discusses how to be a transformational leader rather than a "water bucket" leader. A water bucket leader creates temporary change but things quickly return to the original state after they leave. The document urges leaders to consider how they can provide vision, motivate their organization, stimulate intellectual growth, and help subordinates develop their full potential. It provides examples of how a leader can do this, such as providing career counseling, leading by example, encouraging education, and practicing mission command. The goal is for the leader to create lasting positive change within the organization.
Layout Of A Research Proposal. Research ProposScott Bou
1. Effective teamwork can increase productivity as team members have closer knowledge of customer needs and business realities which allows them to provide new ideas and quickly solve problems.
2. Being closer to operations, team members understand the business better which helps the organization perform more profitably.
3. Working collectively, teams are able to achieve more and complete large projects that individuals could not, helping drive business success. Effective teamwork is thus advantageous for business profitability.
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The document outlines the steps to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, completing an order form with instructions and deadline, reviewing writer bids and choosing one, and authorizing payment after receiving a paper that meets expectations, with the option for free revisions. The process aims to ensure high-quality, original content through a bidding system and refund policy for plagiarized work.
The document outlines a 5-step process for requesting and receiving writing assistance from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and sample work.
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1. The document discusses the My Lai massacre that occurred on March 16, 1968 in Vietnam, where U.S. troops killed over 500 innocent Vietnamese civilians, including women, children, and babies.
2. Lieutenant William Calley was in charge of the troops and ordered them to burn the village and poison the wells. The troops encountered mostly women and children and proceeded to kill them.
3. An officer named Hugh Thompson intervened and saved some survivors by landing his helicopter to evacuate them. The massacre was later exposed after Ron Ridenhour wrote letters about it and an investigative journalist published an interview on it.
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Tidal energy has some disadvantages as a renewable energy source. It is very costly to install tidal energy projects due to the massive infrastructure required. There are also only limited locations worldwide that are suitable for tidal energy technology. While tidal energy is a carbon-free alternative to fossil fuels, it could never generate enough energy on its own to meaningfully reduce fossil fuel consumption given its high costs and restricted geographic availability.
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1. The Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS) is a coral reef located 100 miles off the Gulf of Mexico coast that is monitored and preserved by NOAA.
2. The reef provides resources like public goods, common pool goods, and externalities. Policies are in place to protect these resources.
3. The existing policies have been successful in protecting the reef, so only minor changes are recommended going forward to further preservation efforts.
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The document provides instructions for using a custom research paper writing service. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account, 2) Complete an order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline, 3) Review writer bids and qualifications and place a deposit to start work, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, and 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction and receive a refund for plagiarized work.
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Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
2 Marks Questions And Answers MC1628 TCP IP Protocol Suite
1. 2 Marks Questions and Answers
MC1628 – TCP/IP Protocol Suite
1. What are called network support layers?
The physical, data link, and network layers are the network support layers.
2. What are called User support layers?
The session, presentation, and application layers are the user support layers.
3. Why we need Transport layer?
The transport layer links the network support layers and the user support layers.
4. What is the purpose of Physical layer?
The physical layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical
medium.
5. What is the use of Data link layer?
The data link layer is responsible for delivering data units from one station to the next without
errors.
6. What is the need for Network layer?
The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet across
multiple network links.
7. What is the purpose of seven layer?
The transport layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of the entire message.
The session layer establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interactions between
communicating devices.
The presentation layer ensures interoperability between communicating devices through
transformation of data into a mutually agreed-upon format.
The application layer enables the users to access the network.
8. What is PPP?
The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) was designed for users who need a reliable
point-to-point connection to the Internet. PPP operates at the physical and data link layers of the OSI
model.
9. What is LANE ?
Local Area Network Emulation (LANE) is a client/server model that allows the use of ATM
technology in LANs.
2. 10. What are the servers included in LANE?
LANE software includes LAN emulation client (LEC), LAN emulation configura tion server
(LECS), LAN emulation server (LES), and broadcast/unknown server (BUS) modules.
11. What is subnetting ?
Subnetting divides one large network into several smaller ones. Subnetting adds an
intermediate level of hierarchy in IP addressing.
12. What is meant by masking ?
Masking is a process that extracts the network address from an IP address. Subnet masking is a
process that extracts the subnetwork address from an IP address. A network or subnet address is
obtained from applying the bit-wise AND operation on the IP address and the mask.
13. What is supernetting?
Supernetting combines several networks into one large one.
14. What is meant by connectionless protocol?
The IP protocol is a connectionless protocol. Every packet is independent and has no
relationship to any other packet.
15. What is direct delivery?
The delivery of a packet is called direct if the deliverer (host or router) and the destination are
on the same network.
16. What is indirect delivery ?
The delivery of a packet is called indirect if the deliverer (host or router) and the destination are
on different networks
17. What is the function of routing table?
Every host or router has a routing table to route IP packets. In next hop routing instead of a
complete list of the stops the packet must make only the address of the next hop is listed in the routing
table. In network specific routing all hosts on a network share one entry in the routing table. In host-
specific routing the full IP address of a host is given in the routing table. In default routing, a router is
assigned to receive all packets with no match in the routing table.
18. What is static and dynamic routing ?
A static routing table’s entries are updated manually by an administrator. A dynamic routing
table’s entries are updated automatically by a routing protocol.
19. What are the fields included in routing table?
The routing table can consist of seven fields: a mask, a destination address, a next-hop address,
flags, a reference count, a use, and an interface. The routing module applies the mask, row by row, to
the received destination address until a match is found. Classless addressing requires hierarchical and
geographical routing to prevent immense routing tables.
20. What is the maximum length of a datagram?
The maximum length of a datagram is 65,535 bytes.
3. 21. What is Maximum Transfer Unit ?
The MTU is the maximum number of bytes that a data link protocol can encapsulate. MTUs
vary from protocol to protocol.
22. What is Fragmentation?
Fragmentation is the division of a datagram into smaller units to accommodate the MTU of a
data link protocol. The fields in the IP header that relate to fragmentation are the identification number,
the fragmentation flags, and the fragmentation offset. The IP datagram header consists of a fixed, 20-
byte section and a variable options section with a maximum of 40 bytes.
23. How the errors are detected in IP?
The error detection method used by IP is the checksum. The checksum uses one’s complement
arithmetic to add equal-size sections of the IP header. The complemented result is stored in the
checksum field. The receiver also uses one’s complement arithmetic to check the header.
24. What are the modules and tables in IP package?
An IP package can consist of the following: a header-adding module, a processing module, a
routing module, a fragmentation module, a reassembly module, a routing table, an MTU table, and a
reassembly table.
25. What is the purpose of OSI Model?
The seven-layer OSI model provides guidelines for the development of universally compatible
networking protocols.
26. Explain the purpose of various layers?
The physical layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical
medium.The data link layer is responsible for delivering data units from one station to the next without
errors. The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet across
multiple network links. The transport layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of the
entire message. The session layer establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interactions between
communicating devices. The presentation layer ensures interoperability between communicating
devices through transformation of data into a mutually agreed-upon format. The application layer
enables the users to access the network.
27. Explain the three types of addresses in TCP/IP?
Three types of addresses are used by systems using the TCP/IP protocol: the physical address,
the internetwork address (IP address), and the port address. The physical address, also known as the
link address, is the address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN. The IP address uniquely defines
a host on the Internet. The port address identifies a process on a host.
28. What is ATM?
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is the cell relay protocol designed to support the
transmission of data, voice, and video through high data rate transmission media such as fiber-optic
cable.
4. 29. Explain connecting devices?
Connecting devices can connect segments of a network together; they can also connect
networks together to create an internet.
30. Explain various types of connecting devices?
There are five types of connecting devices: repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, and switches.
Repeaters regenerate a signal at the physical layer. A hub is a multiport repeater. Bridges have access
to station addresses and can forward or filter a packet in a network. They operate at the physical and
data link layers. Routers determine the path a packet should take. They operate at the physical,
datalink, and network layers. A two-layer switch is a sophisticated bridge; a three-layer switch is a
sophisticated router.
31. What is IP address?
The Internet address (or IP address) is 32 bits (for IPv4) that uniquely and universally defines a
host or router on the Internet. The portion of the IP address that identifies the network is called the
netid. The portion of the IP address that identifies the host or router on the network is called the hostid.
An IP address defines a device’s connection to a network.
32. What is Unicast, Multicast and Broad cast communication?
Unicast communication is one source sending a packet to one destination. Multicast
communication is one source sending a packet to multiple destinations. Hosts with the same multicast
address can either be on the same network or on different networks. Multicast addresses are often used
for information retrieval and conferencing purposes. Broadcast communication is one source sending a
packet to all hosts on its network.
33. What is IETF?
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a forum of working groups responsible for
identifying operational problems and proposing solutions to these problems.
34. What is IRTF?
The Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) is a forum of working groups focusing on long-term
research topics related to Internet protocols, applications, architecture, and technology.
35. What is the purpose of NIC?
The Network Information Center (NIC) is responsible for collecting and distributing
information about TCP/IP protocols.
36. What is the purpose of ISOC?
37. What is Protocol?
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5. 38. What is Standards? What are the organizations involved in standard creation committee?
Standards are necessary to ensure that products from different manufacturers can work together
as expected. The ISO, ITU-T, ANSI, IEEE, and EIA are some of the organizations involved in
standards creation.
39. What is process-to-process communication?
The IP is responsible for communication at the computer level(host-to-host). As a network
layer protocol, IP can deliver the message only to the destination computer. However, this is an
incomplete delivery. The message still needs to be handed to the correct process. This is where a
transport layer protocol such as UDP takes over. UDP is responsible for delivery of the message to the
appropriate process.
40. What is classless addressing?
In classless addressing, there are variable-length blocks that belong to no class. The entire
address space is divided into blocks based on organization needs.
41. What is Encapsulation and De-capsulation ?
To send a message from one application program to another, the TCP/UDP protocol
encapsulates and de-capsulate messages.
42. What is Multiplexing and De-multiplexing?
In the TCP/IP protocol suite, there is one TCP but there are several application programs that
may want to use its services. To handle this situation TCP does multiplexing and de-multiplexing.
43. Explain buffering?
TCP creates sending and receiving buffers for each connection. TCP uses a buffer to store the
stream of data coming from the sending application program. The receiving TCP also buffer data when
they arrive and deliver them to the application program.
44. What is connection establishment?
TCP transmit data in full-duplex mode, when two TCP’s in two machines are connected they
are able to send segments to each other simultaneously. This implies that each party must initialize
communication and get approval from the other party before any data transfer is called connection
establishment.
45. What is connection termination?
Any of the two parties involved in exchanging data can close the connection. When connection
in one direction is terminated, the other party can continue sending data in the other direction.
Therefore both machines are needed to close the connection in both direction.
46. What is Static and Dynamic Routing?
A static routing table’s entries are updated manually by an administrator. A dynamic routing
table’s entries are updated automatically by a routing protocol.
6. 47. What is the purpose of client-server model?
The purpose of a network, or an internetwork is to provide services to end users. A user at a
local site wants to receive a service from a computer at a remote site. To achieve this a computer runs a
program to request a service from another program and also provide service to another computer. This
means that two computer connected by an internet, must each run a program, one to provide a service
and one to request a service.
48. What is concurrency in server?
A concurrent server can process many request at the same time and can share its time between
many request.
49. What is BOOTP?
BOOTSTRAP Protocol is a client/server protocol designed to provide the following four
information for a diskless computer or a computer that is booted for the first time.
IP address, Subnet mask, IP address of a router, IP address of a name server.
50. What is DHCP?
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol has been derived to provide dynamic configuration.
DHCP is also needed when a host moves from network to network or is connected and disconnected
from a network.
51. What is DNS?
Domain name service is the method by which Internet address in mnemonic form such as
sun.it.ac.in are converted into the equivalent numeric IP address such as 134.220.4.1. To the user and
application process this translation is a service provided either by the local host or from the remote
host via the Internet. The DNS server may communicate with other internet DNS server if it cannot
translate the address itself.
52. What is Fully Qualified Domain Name?
If a label is terminated by a null string is called a Fully Qualified Domain Name.
Eg. Excellect.oprt.nit.com.
53. What is Partially Qualified Domain Name?
If a label is not terminated by a null string is called Partially Qualified Domain Name.
Eg. Excellent
54. What is Generic Domains?
Generic domain define registered hosts according to their generic behaviour. Each node in the
tree defines a domain, which is an index to the domain name space database.
Eg. com – Commercial organizations
edu - Educational institutions
gov - Government institutions
7. 55. What is Country Domain?
The country domain section follows the same format as the generic domains but uses two
characters country abbreviations.
Eg. in - India
us - United States
uk - United Kingdom
56. What are the modules and tables are in IP package?
An IP package can consist of the following: a header-adding module, a processing module, a
routing module, a fragmentation module, a reassembly module, a routing table, an MTU table, and a
reassembly table.
57. Why do we need subnetting of a network?
Subnetting divides one large network into several smaller ones
58. What is the format of UDP packet?Explain.
Header and data. Header contains: Source port number, Destination port number, Total length,
Checksum.
59. Describe the various fields in IP Header format.
The fields in the IP header that relate to fragmentation are the identification number, the
fragmentation flags, and the fragmentation offset.
60. Give the importance and working of DHCP.
The DHCP has been devised to provide dynamic configuration. DHCP is an extension to
BOOTP.
61. List the various timers used in TCP.
Retransmission, Persistence, Keep alive and Time-waited.
62. How is a connection established and terminated in TCP?
Three way handshaking and four way handshaking.
63. What is Fully Qualified Domain name?
If a Label is terminated by a null string, it is called a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). An
FQDN is a domain name that contains the full name of a host. It contains all labels, from the most
specific to the most general, that uniquely defines the name of the host.
64. What is Partially Qualified Domain Name?
If a label is not terminated by a null string, it is called a partially qualified domain name
(PQDN). A PQDN starts from a node, but it does not reach the root. It is used when the name to be
resolved belongs to the same site as the client. Here the resolver can supply the missing part, called
suffix, to create an FQDN.
8. 65. What is Zone?
What a server is responsible for or has authority over is called a zone. If a server accepts
responsibility for a domain and does not divide the domain into smaller domains, the “domain” and the
“zone” refer to the same thing.
66. What is root server?
A root server is a server whose zone consists of the whole tree. A root server usually does not
store any information about domains but delegates its authority to other servers, keeping references to
those servers.
67. What is simple mail transfer protocol?
The TCP/IP protocol that supports electronic mail on the internet is called Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTP). It is a system for sending messages to other computer users based on email
addresses.
68. What is User Agent?
A user Agent is defined in SMTP, but the implementation details are not. The UA is normally a
program used to send and receive mail. Popular user agent programs are MH, Berkeley Mail, Elm,
Zmail, and Mush.
69. What is Mail Transfer Agent?
The actual mail transfer is done through mail transfer agents (MTAs). To send mail, a system
must have the client MTA, and to receive mail, a system must have a server MTA.
70. Describe mail address.
The mail address consists of two parts: a local address (user mailbox) and a domain name. The
form is localname@domainname
71. What are steps to transfer a mail message?
The steps in transferring a mail message are
a) Connection establishment
b) Mail transfer
c) Connection termination
72. What is MIME?
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) is an extension of SMTP that allows the transfer
of multimedia messages.
73. What is POP?
Post Office Protocol, version3 (POP3) and Internet Mail Access Protocol version4 (IMAP4) are
protocol used by a mail server in conjunction with SMTP to receive and hold mail for hosts.
74. What is the purpose of using Alias?
An alias allows one user to have multiple email addresses or many users to share the same mail
address.
9. 75. What is SNMP?
The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a frame work for managing devices in
an internet using the TCP/IP protocol suite. It provides a set of fundamental operations for monitoring
and maintaining an internet.
76. What is Structure of Management Information?
The SMI is a component for network management. Its functions are, To name objects, To
define the type of data that can be stored in an object, To show how to encode data for transmission
over the network.
77. What is Management Information Base?
The MIB is the component used for network management. Each agent has its own MIB, which
is a collection of all the objects that the manager can manage. The objects in the MIB are categorized
under ten different groups: system, interface, address translation, ip, icmp, tcp, udp, egp, transmission,
and snmp.
78. What are the services used by SNMP for other protocols?
SMI –Structure of Management Information and MIB – Management Information Base.
79. What is HTTP?
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a protocol used mainly to access data on the world
wide web. The protocol transfers data in the form of plain text, hyper text, audio, video and so on.
80. List the format of Request message?
A request message consists of a request line, a header, and sometimes a body.
81. What is Proxy server?
A proxy server is a computer that keeps copies of responses to recent requests. In the presence
of a proxy server, the HTTP client sends a request to the proxy server. The proxy server checks its
cache. If the response is not stored in the cache, the proxy server sends the request to the corresponding
server.
82. List the features of HTTP?
Persistent Connection and Non persistent Connection.
83. What are the organizations involved in Standard creation committee?
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89. What is ISP?
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91. Why we need Proxy server?
A proxy server is a computer that keeps copies of responses to recent requests. In the presence
of a proxy server, the HTTP client sends a request to the proxy server. The proxy server checks its
cache. If the response is not stored in the cache, the proxy server sends the request to the corresponding
server.
92. How to Transfer a mail from one computer to another?
The steps in transferring a mail message are :Connection establishment, Mail transfer,
Connection termination
93. What is the purpose of User Agent?
A user Agent is defined in SMTP, but the implementation details are not. The UA is normally a
program used to send and receive mail. Popular user agent programs are MH, Berkeley Mail, Elm,
Zmail, and Mush.
94. List the components of IP package?
An IP package can consist of the following: a header-adding module, a processing module, a
routing module, a fragmentation module, a reassembly module, a routing table, an MTU table, and a
reassembly table.
95. What are the difference fields in Routing table?
The routing table can consist of seven fields: a mask, a destination address, a next-hop address,
flags, a reference count, a use, and an interface.
96. What is class less addressing?
Classless addressing requires hierarchical and geographical routing to prevent immense routing
tables.
11. 97. What are the fields Option Header contains?
The options header contains the following information: a code field that identifies the option,
option length, and the specific data.
98. What are the operations carried out in Checksum?
The checksum uses one’s complement arithmetic to add equal-size sections of the IP header.
The complemented result is stored in the checksum field. The receiver also uses one’s complement
arithmetic to check the header
99. What is the size of MTU?
The MTU is the maximum number of bytes that a data link protocol can encapsulate. MTUs
vary from protocol to protocol.
100. Why we need root server?
A root server is a server whose zone consists of the whole tree. A root server usually does not
store any information about domains but delegates its authority to other servers, keeping references to
those servers.
16 Marks Questions
1. Discus briefly the History of Internet.
Network is a grope of Connected, Communicated device such as computers and printer.
An Internet is two or more networks that can communicate with each other .The most notable
Internet is a collaboration of more than hundreds of thousands interconnected networks.
ARPANET, MILNET,CSNET,NSFNET,ANSNET & Internet Today is ISPs,NSPs, RSPs.
2. Discus with the following
Standards Organizations – (i) Standard creation Committees ISO,ITU-T,ANSI,IEEE,EIA
(ii) FORUMS frime realy forum , ATM forum
(iii)Regulatory Agencies Federal Communications (FCC)
Internet Standards (i) maturity levels, Proposal std, draft standard, Internet standard,
Historic, experiomental. Infornational.
Requirement levels, required, recommended, Elective, Limited use.
3. Explain the OSI model (open system interconnection)
Layers in the OSI model: Physical layer, Datalink layer, Network layer, Transport layer,
Session layer, Presentation layer, Application layer.
12. 4. Discuss with TCP/IP Protocol suite.
Physical & Data link layer, Network layer(IP,ARP, RARP,ICMP,IGMP)
Transport layer (UDP,TCP), Application layer (SMTP,FTP,DNS,SNMP)
5. Discuss briefly various connecting devices.
LAN, WAN Repeaters, Bridges, Hubs, Routes and Switches.
6. Discuss various routing methods.
Next-Hop routing, Network-Specific routing, Host-Specific routing, Default routing
7. Explain briefly the ARP package design.
Packet format, Operations, ARP Package – cache table, queues, Output module, Input
module, Cache-control module
8. Discuss with IP Package components and their interactions.
Header-adding module, Processing module, Queues, Routing table, Routing module,
MTU table, Fragmentation module, Reassembly table, Reassembly module
9. Discuss Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).
Types of Messages
1. Error-reporting – Destination unreachable, Source Quench, Time Exceeded, Parameter
problem, redirection.
2. Query – Echo request and reply, Timestamp request and reply, address-mark request and
reply, Router solicitation and advertisement
10. Explain Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP).
IGMP Messages
1. Query – General and Special
2. Membership report
3. Leave report
11. Discuss briefly UDP operations.
Connectionless services, Flow & Error control, Encapsulation and Decapsulation,
Queuing, Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
12. Explain briefly UDP package components and their interactions.
Control-block table, Input Queues, Control-block module, Input module, Output
module
13. Explain briefly the services offered by TCP.
Stream Delivery Service, Full-duplex service, Connection Oriented service, Reliable
service
14. Discuss the various connection process carried out in TCP.
Connection Establishment, Connection Termination
13. 15. Explain briefly TCP package components and their interactions.
Transmission control blocks, set of Timers, Main module, Input processing module,
Output processing module
16. Explain briefly the Domain Name System with their various services.
Domain Name Space
1. Distribution of Name Space – Hierarchy of name server, Zone, root, primary and Secondary
server
2. DNS in the Internet – Generic domain, country domain, inverse domain
17. Discuss with the following
TelNet –
Rlogin -
18. Explain briefly Network Virtual Terminal (NVT).
19. Discuss briefly File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
Connections – Control Connection, Data Connection
Communications – Communication over control and data connection
Command processing
File Transfer
20. Explain briefly Simple Mail Transfer Protocol services.
Components of SMTP – User Agent (UA), Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)
Commands and Response
Mail Transfer Phases – Connection Establishment, Message Transfer, Connection
Termination.
21. Discuss simple Network Management Protocol framework.
SNMP Concept – managers and Agents
Management Components – Structure of management Information (SMI), Management
Information Base (MIB)
22. Explain the various functions of Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
HTTP Transaction, HTTP Message- request, response,
Features of HTTP – persistent versus nonpersistent connection, proxy server.
23. Explain ARP and RARP operations and the use of ARP cache.
24. Explain the function of DHCP protocol with respect to DHCP server and DHCP enabled client
communication.
25. List down the SNMP services and explain the server support for each.