1. The document discusses the external features and anatomy of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. It describes the body divisions including the head, thorax, abdomen, wings, legs, digestive system, and respiratory system.
2. Key details provided include the taxonomic classification of cockroaches, their omnivorous diet, nocturnal behavior, and ability to run fast or fly. Descriptions of mouthparts, compound eyes, antennae and other external structures are given.
3. The internal anatomy covers the alimentary canal including the foregut, midgut, hindgut and associated structures like salivary glands and Malpighian tubules. Respiration occurs
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It discusses the major organs involved, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, and bronchioles. It describes the structure and functions of these organs, how breathing occurs through the actions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, and the processes of external respiration in the lungs and internal respiration in tissues. The respiratory system works to oxygenate the body and remove carbon dioxide through a series of integrated organs and physiological processes.
1) The body of the earthworm is divided into over 100 segments that are similar. It has a clitellum, a prostomium, and genital openings.
2) The digestive system includes a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, midgut, and hindgut. The circulatory system is closed.
3) The excretory system includes nephridia and nephridiopores. Earthworms are hermaphrodites with both male and female reproductive organs.
This document provides details about the anatomy and physiology of the frog Rana tigrina. It describes the frog's taxonomic classification, external features, digestive system, and respiratory system. The digestive system section explains the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas. The respiratory system section covers the different types of respiration in frogs including through the skin, mouth, and lungs.
This document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the earthworm Pheretima. It discusses the habitat and structure of Pheretima, describing its segmented body, clitellum, and lack of a distinct head. It then summarizes the digestive and circulatory systems. The digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, gizzard, intestine and anus. Various digestive glands aid in breaking down food. The closed circulatory system contains blood vessels, hearts, and capillaries that transport blood throughout the segmented body.
Periplanata americana
morphology, sense organs
anatomy - digestive system
respiratory system
excretory system
nervous system
circulatory system
reproductive system
Useful for NEET 12 th
This document describes the process of gas exchange in animals. It involves 3 main stages: 1) pulmonary ventilation which is the movement of air into and out of the lungs, 2) external respiration which is the exchange of gases between the blood and air in the alveoli, and 3) internal respiration which is the exchange of gases between the blood and tissues. Various organisms use different respiratory structures for gas exchange including direct diffusion, gills, tracheal and book lung systems, and lung systems used by terrestrial vertebrates. The key parts of the human respiratory system are then described in more detail.
Understanding the Epidemology, parthenogenesis, control measures, life cycle, host parasite interactions of Fasciola hepatica :A comprehensive project report
1. The document discusses the external features and anatomy of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. It describes the body divisions including the head, thorax, abdomen, wings, legs, digestive system, and respiratory system.
2. Key details provided include the taxonomic classification of cockroaches, their omnivorous diet, nocturnal behavior, and ability to run fast or fly. Descriptions of mouthparts, compound eyes, antennae and other external structures are given.
3. The internal anatomy covers the alimentary canal including the foregut, midgut, hindgut and associated structures like salivary glands and Malpighian tubules. Respiration occurs
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It discusses the major organs involved, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, and bronchioles. It describes the structure and functions of these organs, how breathing occurs through the actions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, and the processes of external respiration in the lungs and internal respiration in tissues. The respiratory system works to oxygenate the body and remove carbon dioxide through a series of integrated organs and physiological processes.
1) The body of the earthworm is divided into over 100 segments that are similar. It has a clitellum, a prostomium, and genital openings.
2) The digestive system includes a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, midgut, and hindgut. The circulatory system is closed.
3) The excretory system includes nephridia and nephridiopores. Earthworms are hermaphrodites with both male and female reproductive organs.
This document provides details about the anatomy and physiology of the frog Rana tigrina. It describes the frog's taxonomic classification, external features, digestive system, and respiratory system. The digestive system section explains the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas. The respiratory system section covers the different types of respiration in frogs including through the skin, mouth, and lungs.
This document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the earthworm Pheretima. It discusses the habitat and structure of Pheretima, describing its segmented body, clitellum, and lack of a distinct head. It then summarizes the digestive and circulatory systems. The digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, gizzard, intestine and anus. Various digestive glands aid in breaking down food. The closed circulatory system contains blood vessels, hearts, and capillaries that transport blood throughout the segmented body.
Periplanata americana
morphology, sense organs
anatomy - digestive system
respiratory system
excretory system
nervous system
circulatory system
reproductive system
Useful for NEET 12 th
This document describes the process of gas exchange in animals. It involves 3 main stages: 1) pulmonary ventilation which is the movement of air into and out of the lungs, 2) external respiration which is the exchange of gases between the blood and air in the alveoli, and 3) internal respiration which is the exchange of gases between the blood and tissues. Various organisms use different respiratory structures for gas exchange including direct diffusion, gills, tracheal and book lung systems, and lung systems used by terrestrial vertebrates. The key parts of the human respiratory system are then described in more detail.
Understanding the Epidemology, parthenogenesis, control measures, life cycle, host parasite interactions of Fasciola hepatica :A comprehensive project report
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the major components of the respiratory tract including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. It explains the functions of these structures in conducting air, warming, humidifying, and filtering air as well as the gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli. It also discusses the muscles involved in breathing and the process of inhalation and exhalation.
Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)//DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Wasim Ak
The digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract ( GIT) is composed of mouth , pharynx, oesophagus, stomach , small intestine and large intestine .
This GIT will helps in digestion of food and absorption of needed nutrients into our body .
The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its main functions and components. The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands. The alimentary canal runs from the mouth to the anus and includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Each part has specific structures and functions related to ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination of food.
1) Respiration involves the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide through breathing and gas exchange in the lungs and tissues.
2) In humans, air enters through the nose and mouth, passes through the pharynx and larynx, and enters the trachea and bronchi leading to the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in alveoli surrounded by capillaries.
3) Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli, allowing respiration to provide energy to cells through cellular respiration.
Insect mouth parts, Insect wing and its types and different systems of InsectsStudent
The document describes the different mouth parts of insects which include the labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx. It also discusses the various types of insect wings such as membranous, fringed, haltere, scaly, tegmina, elytra, and hemelytra wings. Additionally, it provides a brief overview of insect reproduction, circulatory, nervous, excretory, digestive, respiratory, and digestive systems.
The document discusses the process of digestion in humans. It describes the major organs that make up the digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory digestive glands like the liver, pancreas, and salivary glands. It explains the functions of these organs in breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.
An important system of our body is known as digestive system which has its own role to play. This step of digestion serves as as a next route to the steps of absorption of nutrients by the small intestine and its respective transportation to the cells and tissues. This slide focuses on the different organs of digestion and their functions .
Johny's A&P structure and function of respiratory systemJohny Kutty Joseph
The respiratory system allows for breathing and gas exchange. It is divided into the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, mouth, larynx, and pharynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The lungs contain bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. During breathing, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles work to expand and contract the lungs and chest cavity to inhale and exhale air.
Biology and physiology of Pomacea CanaliculataXavier Chang
Pomacea Canaliculata, or apple snails, are amphibious gastropods with both gills and lungs allowing them to survive on land or in water. They display sexual dimorphism and can change sex. Temperature strongly influences their growth, development, and activity. The snails have complex digestive, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, sensory, and reproductive systems adapted for their environments and lifestyle.
The document provides information about the digestive system, including the organs and processes involved. It describes the main parts of the digestive tract from mouth to anus. It details the layers of the digestive tract walls and explains the roles of the salivary glands, teeth, tongue, and liver and pancreas in digestion. Accessory organs help break down food while the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine further digest and absorb nutrients before waste is eliminated.
The document summarizes characteristics of the phylum Hemichordata and its two classes, Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. Acorn worms in the class Enteropneusta have a tripartite body plan of proboscis, collar, and trunk, with a mouth located between the proboscis and collar. They reproduce through external fertilization and have a free-swimming tornaria larva. The document also summarizes characteristics of the phylum Chordata, including its five defining features present in early development.
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the digestive system. It begins with the mouth, which contains teeth for chewing and salivary glands for moistening food. Food then passes to the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach for protein digestion. The small intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, absorbs nutrients from food. The large intestine or colon absorbs water before waste is excreted through the anus. Accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas produce secretions to aid digestion.
1. The digestive system of earthworm consists of an alimentary canal and glands along it.
2. The alimentary canal contains a mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, gizzard, stomach, and intestine ending in an anus.
3. Digestion involves enzymes that break down food into simpler molecules like amino acids and glucose in the pharynx, stomach, and intestine.
1. The digestive system of earthworm consists of an alimentary canal and glands along it.
2. The alimentary canal contains a mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, gizzard, stomach, and intestine ending in an anus.
3. Digestion involves enzymes that break down food into simpler molecules like amino acids and glucose in the pharynx, stomach, and intestine.
The digestive system extends from the mouth to the anus. It contains organs that ingest, digest, and absorb food and eliminate waste. The gastrointestinal tract lining contains three layers - epithelium, connective tissue lamina propria, and smooth muscle muscularis mucosae. Saliva produced by salivary glands in the mouth begins digesting starch and buffers acidic foods. The tongue maneuvers food and contains taste buds. Teeth crush and grind food before it enters the esophagus.
1. Amphioxus is a small, lance-shaped marine chordate that exhibits features like a notochord and dorsal nerve cord throughout its life.
2. It undergoes an indirect development with a larval stage. The larva develops gill slits that initially open to the outside but later open into an internal atrial cavity.
3. The larva eventually undergoes metamorphosis, developing adult structures like an oral hood and settling into its burrowing lifestyle as a juvenile. The development of Amphioxus provides insights into chordate evolution.
In the human body, a complex network of fluids and vessels works tirelessly to transport essential substances, ensuring the proper functioning of every cell and organ. This system, known as the circulatory system, plays a vital role in distributing oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other crucial molecules while removing waste products.
In our journey through this topic, we will explore the composition of blood, the functions of various blood components, the mechanisms of circulation, and the importance of maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Understanding body fluids and circulation is not only essential for grasping the basics of human physiology but also for appreciating the intricate balance required to sustain life.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The digestive system of earthworm consists of an alimentary canal and glands. The alimentary canal contains a mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, gizzard, stomach, intestine, and anus. The pharynx contains a dorsal salivary chamber with pharyngeal glands that secrete mucus and proteases. Food passes through the esophagus to the muscular gizzard, then to the stomach where calciferous glands aid in neutralization. The intestine contains villi and typhlosole for absorption and intestinal caeca that secrete amylase. Digestion involves the breakdown of proteins, starches, cellulose, chitin, and f
Chapter 17 breathing & exchange of gases (repaired) (2)Kailash Vilegave
UNIT – V : HUMAN PHYSIOLOGYCHAPTER 17 : BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathingand its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the major components of the respiratory tract including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. It explains the functions of these structures in conducting air, warming, humidifying, and filtering air as well as the gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli. It also discusses the muscles involved in breathing and the process of inhalation and exhalation.
Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)//DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Wasim Ak
The digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract ( GIT) is composed of mouth , pharynx, oesophagus, stomach , small intestine and large intestine .
This GIT will helps in digestion of food and absorption of needed nutrients into our body .
The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its main functions and components. The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands. The alimentary canal runs from the mouth to the anus and includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Each part has specific structures and functions related to ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination of food.
1) Respiration involves the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide through breathing and gas exchange in the lungs and tissues.
2) In humans, air enters through the nose and mouth, passes through the pharynx and larynx, and enters the trachea and bronchi leading to the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in alveoli surrounded by capillaries.
3) Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli, allowing respiration to provide energy to cells through cellular respiration.
Insect mouth parts, Insect wing and its types and different systems of InsectsStudent
The document describes the different mouth parts of insects which include the labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx. It also discusses the various types of insect wings such as membranous, fringed, haltere, scaly, tegmina, elytra, and hemelytra wings. Additionally, it provides a brief overview of insect reproduction, circulatory, nervous, excretory, digestive, respiratory, and digestive systems.
The document discusses the process of digestion in humans. It describes the major organs that make up the digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory digestive glands like the liver, pancreas, and salivary glands. It explains the functions of these organs in breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.
An important system of our body is known as digestive system which has its own role to play. This step of digestion serves as as a next route to the steps of absorption of nutrients by the small intestine and its respective transportation to the cells and tissues. This slide focuses on the different organs of digestion and their functions .
Johny's A&P structure and function of respiratory systemJohny Kutty Joseph
The respiratory system allows for breathing and gas exchange. It is divided into the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, mouth, larynx, and pharynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The lungs contain bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. During breathing, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles work to expand and contract the lungs and chest cavity to inhale and exhale air.
Biology and physiology of Pomacea CanaliculataXavier Chang
Pomacea Canaliculata, or apple snails, are amphibious gastropods with both gills and lungs allowing them to survive on land or in water. They display sexual dimorphism and can change sex. Temperature strongly influences their growth, development, and activity. The snails have complex digestive, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, sensory, and reproductive systems adapted for their environments and lifestyle.
The document provides information about the digestive system, including the organs and processes involved. It describes the main parts of the digestive tract from mouth to anus. It details the layers of the digestive tract walls and explains the roles of the salivary glands, teeth, tongue, and liver and pancreas in digestion. Accessory organs help break down food while the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine further digest and absorb nutrients before waste is eliminated.
The document summarizes characteristics of the phylum Hemichordata and its two classes, Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. Acorn worms in the class Enteropneusta have a tripartite body plan of proboscis, collar, and trunk, with a mouth located between the proboscis and collar. They reproduce through external fertilization and have a free-swimming tornaria larva. The document also summarizes characteristics of the phylum Chordata, including its five defining features present in early development.
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the digestive system. It begins with the mouth, which contains teeth for chewing and salivary glands for moistening food. Food then passes to the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach for protein digestion. The small intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, absorbs nutrients from food. The large intestine or colon absorbs water before waste is excreted through the anus. Accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas produce secretions to aid digestion.
1. The digestive system of earthworm consists of an alimentary canal and glands along it.
2. The alimentary canal contains a mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, gizzard, stomach, and intestine ending in an anus.
3. Digestion involves enzymes that break down food into simpler molecules like amino acids and glucose in the pharynx, stomach, and intestine.
1. The digestive system of earthworm consists of an alimentary canal and glands along it.
2. The alimentary canal contains a mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, gizzard, stomach, and intestine ending in an anus.
3. Digestion involves enzymes that break down food into simpler molecules like amino acids and glucose in the pharynx, stomach, and intestine.
The digestive system extends from the mouth to the anus. It contains organs that ingest, digest, and absorb food and eliminate waste. The gastrointestinal tract lining contains three layers - epithelium, connective tissue lamina propria, and smooth muscle muscularis mucosae. Saliva produced by salivary glands in the mouth begins digesting starch and buffers acidic foods. The tongue maneuvers food and contains taste buds. Teeth crush and grind food before it enters the esophagus.
1. Amphioxus is a small, lance-shaped marine chordate that exhibits features like a notochord and dorsal nerve cord throughout its life.
2. It undergoes an indirect development with a larval stage. The larva develops gill slits that initially open to the outside but later open into an internal atrial cavity.
3. The larva eventually undergoes metamorphosis, developing adult structures like an oral hood and settling into its burrowing lifestyle as a juvenile. The development of Amphioxus provides insights into chordate evolution.
In the human body, a complex network of fluids and vessels works tirelessly to transport essential substances, ensuring the proper functioning of every cell and organ. This system, known as the circulatory system, plays a vital role in distributing oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other crucial molecules while removing waste products.
In our journey through this topic, we will explore the composition of blood, the functions of various blood components, the mechanisms of circulation, and the importance of maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Understanding body fluids and circulation is not only essential for grasping the basics of human physiology but also for appreciating the intricate balance required to sustain life.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The digestive system of earthworm consists of an alimentary canal and glands. The alimentary canal contains a mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, gizzard, stomach, intestine, and anus. The pharynx contains a dorsal salivary chamber with pharyngeal glands that secrete mucus and proteases. Food passes through the esophagus to the muscular gizzard, then to the stomach where calciferous glands aid in neutralization. The intestine contains villi and typhlosole for absorption and intestinal caeca that secrete amylase. Digestion involves the breakdown of proteins, starches, cellulose, chitin, and f
Chapter 17 breathing & exchange of gases (repaired) (2)Kailash Vilegave
UNIT – V : HUMAN PHYSIOLOGYCHAPTER 17 : BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathingand its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.
Similaire à 6th Module, insects (respiratory, digestive and integument system)and entomology-.pptx (20)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
3. Tentorium
The body wall in insects becomes inpushed or
invaginated to form rigid process called apodemes.
The framework of these apodemes is called
endoskeleton.
The endoskeleton of head is called
tentorium.
The tentorium is named from its resemblance with a
tent which is tightened by four ropes.
5. Functions of Tentorium
Afford a basis for the attachment of cephalic
muscles.
Provide rigidity to the head.
Support to the brain and fore intestine.
Strengthen the points of articulation of certain
mouthparts.
6. It consists of four openings:
o An upper
o Two lateral
o A lower one
Tentorium
7. Alaforamen
Through which pass the
alimentary canal.
Neuraforamen
Through which pass
nervous system
The tentorium is X-shaped and consists:
A central body
Two anterior arms
Two posterior arms
Two dorsal arms
8. Corpotentorium
The central body is a large triangular plate called corpotentorium
Pretentorium
Two anterior arms are broadened at their anterior ends and are the
ingrowths from the anterior tentorial pits.
Metatentorium
Two posterior arms are broader at their posterior ends and are the
invaginations from the posterior tentorial pits.
Supratentorium
Two dorsal arms are the outgrowth from the bases of the anterior arms.
They are sclerotised threads slightly broadened at their tips.
10. Digestive System
Insects feed on a wide range of organic materials.
Almost 75% of all species of insects are
phytophagous.
Insects may be:
Carnivorous
Entomophagous
Wood borers
Wool feeders or saprophytic,
Parasitic on other animals or insect species.
11. There are structural modifications in the
digestive system.
If the food ingested in a liquid form, it may be:
Plant sap
Nectar
Blood
Sap suckers possess a filter chamber
Solid feeders have well developed gizzard.
12. start cutting here
stop cutting here
Alimentary Canal
A long, muscular and an enclosed tube that extends from the
mouth to the anus.
insert the tip of scissor under the top surface of the abdomen.
Cut straight up the middle of the abdomen up to the head.
14. The alimentary canal in insects is divided in to three regions:
Foregut (stomodaeum)
food is stored, filtered and partially digested.
Midgut (mesenteron or stomach or ventriculus)
primary site for digestion and aborption of food.
Hindgut (proctodaeum)
some abosorption and feces formation occur
Alimentary Canal / Digestive gut
Foregut Midgut Hindgut
16. oStarts from mouth cavity to gizzard
or proventriculus.
oThe mouth cavity: labrum as upper
lip, labium as lower lip with
mandibles and maxillae laterally
and hypopharynx at the centre.
oAt the base of the hypopharynx,
salivary glands open into the mouth
cavity.
Foregut
17. Salivary glands
The glands are grape-like clusters
called acinus.
Involved in the secretion of salivary
juices into the salivary ducts.
The secretion of the glands contain:
amylases,
lipases,
proteases etc.
18. Foregut is divided into:
Pharynx
region between the mouth and oesophagus.
Oesophagus
it is a narrow part, food get transported from pharynx
into the crop.
Crop
It is a sac like structure which is a dilated and store food material.
Gizzard
It is a small constricted part modified in to a teeth like denticles that
grind the food material.
The junction of foregut and midgut is provided with a cardiac
(oesophageal) valve.
Structure of Foregut
19. A short, cylindrical and straight tube.
Its anterior end arise six large,
elongated sacs, the gastric caeca
which consists of a longer anterior lobe
and shorter posterior lobe.
The posterior lobes are filled with food
whereas the anterior lobes have
secretary function.
The posterior end of the mid-gut is
marked by the presence of malpighian
tubules.
At the junction of mid-gut and hindgut is
a pyloric valve.
Structure of Mid-gut
20. The midgut has a very thin and delicate layer called
peritrophic membrane secreted by the epithelial
cells.
The peritrophic membrane protects the tender epithelial
cells / secretary cells of the midgut from friction by hard
food particles.
It forms a coat over the food particles.
Midgut (Peritorphic membrane)
21. Hindgut is divided into 3 regions;
Ileum (small intestine) is a thick and straight tube.
Colon (large intestine) is a short narrow tube which dilates
posteriorly to merge into the rectum.
Rectum: wider tube provided with six bands of longitudinal muscles
alternating. These are involved in reabsorption of water and salts
from the faecal matter.
The rectum ends into an anal opening.
Hindgut
22. Digestion take place in following 5 steps:
Ingestion
Transportation
Digestion
Absorption
Egestion
Process of Digestion
23. 1. Ingestion
Food is partially digested in the oral cavity with the help of
salivary enzymes.
2. Transportation
The food material entered in to the oesophagus is
transported in to the crop by muscular activity.
From the crop, food enters in to the gizzard where it is still
broken in to very minute particles with the help of denticles
or the cuticular teeth.
Digestion take place in 5 steps
24. 3. Digestion
From gizzard food passes in to the midgut where
actually digestion starts.
The epithelial cells produce enzymes i.e.
Proteases which break proteins in to aminoacids,
Carbohydrases breaking carbohydrates in to mono &
disaccharides,
Lipases breaking lipids in to fatty acids and glycerol.
25. 4. Absorption
Midgut epithelial cells absorb the nutrients from the
digested food and pass on the faecal matter and
undigested food material in to the hindgut.
5. Egestion:
The waste food material is discharged through the anus due to
the action of the anal muscles.
27. Respiratory system
In insects, exchange of gases takes place through
tubular structures, called trachea.
They are distributed throughout the body collectively
forming tracheal system.
These trachea open outside on the body wall through
small openings called spiracles.
The tracheal system with functional spiracles is called
the open tracheal system and with non-functional
spiracles is called closed tracheal system.
28. Spiracles
The spiracles are the external openings through which air
enters and leaves the body.
They consists of a small ring like sclerite at opening
called ‘peritreme’ leading to a cavity known as atrium’.
29. Ak-grasshopper has 10 pairs of spiracles:
2- thoracic (one between the prothorax and
mesothorax and the other between the meso and
metathorax).
8- abdominal (one on each side of the first eight
abdominal segmens).
Spiracles in grasshopper
30. Trachea
Trachea are fine elastic tubular structures.
The cuticular lining appear as a spiral thickening throughout
the length of trachea tube.
Spiral thickenings are known as ‘taenidia’ which support to
the trachea from being
collapsed when no air.
31. Tracheoles
The trachea divide into very fine branches known as
tracheoles which are about 0.1-1 µm in diameter.
Tracheoles form a network over the visceral organs including
the alimentary canal as well as the gonads (ovaries, tests) and
penetrate into the tissues of organs and supply oxygen to the
tissues.
32. Tracheal trunks
The trachea coming from spiracles through out the
body join with those of neighbouring spiracles
forming ‘longitudinal trunks’.
Dorsal trunk
Supply oxygen to proximal part of body and heart
Lateral trunks
Spread tracheoles to alimentary canal, legs, wings.
Ventral trunk
Supply oxygen to the central nervous system.
38. a) Extraction of Oxygen by gills
Spiracles are closed and non-functional.
Molecular oxygen in water extracted by thin-walled gills.
Tracheal gills
These are outgrowth of trachea which are thread like and richly supplied
with trachea and tracheoles.
Presesnt on the sides or end of abdomen.
e.g. nymph of mayflies, stonefly, dragonfly, damselfly
Spiracular gills
Spiracles are closed and non-functional.
These are outgrowth of spiracles that directly open into the trachea.
Blood gills
Filled with blood and finger like.
e.g. some larvae of true flies
Respiration in aquatic Insects
41. Diffusion of oxygen through body wall
It is also called cutaneous respiration.
Tracheal system closed.
e.g. 1st instar larvae of Chironomus (Diptera)
42. Utilization of oxygen of aquatic plants
Some insects with open tracheal system get oxygen from
submerged vegetation.
Capture air bubbles from the surface of plants with hydrofuge
hairs on different parts of the body.
These insects live in the bottom mud and have spiracles at
the tip of abdomen.
e.g. coleoptera, Diptera
43. Utilization of atmospheric oxygen
Spiracles are open
Maintain a semi-permanent connection with the air through a
long respiratory tube (Siphon).
Exchange of gases in tracheal system occur through frequent
visits to surface of water.
Hover fly
Water scorpion
Mosquito larave
Diving beetle
Aquatic bugs
Aquatic beetles
44. i. Hover fly
Spiracle on the tip of a long telescopic siphon at the end of abdomen.
At respiration siphon extended, breaking water surfaces, reaches water
surface to get oxygen.
When siphon retract peristgmatic glands prevent water entry into
spiracle.
45. Water scorpion & Mosquito larvae
Respiratory tubes present at the end of abdomen carry
spiracles at their bases.
Spiracles are surrounded with:
Dense group of hydrofuge hairs (water scorpion)
Provided with valves (Mosquito larvae)
47. Plastron respiration
The plastron is a special type of air store in the form of a thin
film held by a system of hydrofuge hairs or scales.
If there is adequate oxygen dissolved in water, the plastron
can act as a permanent physical gill.
e.g. aquatic bugs and beetles
48. Respiration in endoparasitic insects
Like aquatic insects they extract oxygen from the blood of host or
make contact with atmosphere.
Cutaneous respiration
e.g. Brachonid, Ichneumonid
Through caudal filaments
e.g. Brachonid parasite
Atmospheric oxygen
e.g Chalcid larvae