This document provides a comparison of IPv4 and IPv6. It summarizes the key differences between the two protocols, including that IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, allowing for many more unique IP addresses. The document also contrasts aspects of IPv4 and IPv6 like header format, autoconfiguration, and features such as fragmentation and network address translation. Overall, the document analyzes how IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and solve issues like the impending exhaustion of available IPv4 addresses.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest version of the
Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that
provides an identification and location system for computers
on networks and routes traffic across the Internet.
IPv4 & IPv6 are not designed to be interoperable, complicating
the transition to IPv6. However, several IPv6 transition
mechanisms have been devised to permit communication
between IPv4 and IPv6 hosts.
This document provides an overview of IPv4 and IPv6. It discusses that IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and is running out of available addresses, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses providing vastly more address space. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and improves on areas like security, quality of service, and mobility. The document compares features of IPv4 and IPv6 such as address syntax, header fields, and configuration methods.
The document discusses IPv6, the next generation internet protocol. It introduces IPv6, describing its benefits over IPv4 including vastly larger address space. It then covers key aspects of IPv6 such as address types, auto-configuration, routing protocols, and technology scope. IPv6 aims to meet growing internet demands through expanded addressing and more efficient headers.
Implementation of “Traslator Strategy” For Migration of Ipv4 to Ipv6IJERA Editor
This paper is focused on the Translator strategy for migration of IPv4 to Ipv6 implemented in Cisco packet
tracer. It describes the design and configuration of network devices and packet transfer between devices of IPv4
and IPv6 networks using NAT-PT as transition mechanism. First major version of IP, IPv4 is the dominant
protocol of internet.IPv6 is developed to deal with long anticipated problem of IPv4 running out of addresses.
The migration from IPv4 to IPv6 must be implemented node by node by using auto-configuration procedures to
eliminate the need to configure IPv6 hosts manually.
This document provides an overview of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). It discusses some of the key features and advantages of IPv6, including its larger 128-bit address space that supports up to 3.4×1038 addresses compared to the 4.3 billion addresses supported by IPv4. The document also compares IPv6 to IPv4, noting they are not interoperable but that most transport and application protocols can operate over both with little change. Transition mechanisms have been developed to allow communication between IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
This document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It begins by providing background on IPv4 and addressing its limitations, such as address depletion. IPv6 was created to replace IPv4 and solve these issues by providing vastly more IP addresses. However, a long transition is expected as networks gradually migrate to IPv6. Technologies like NAT-PT allow IPv6-only and IPv4-only networks to communicate during the transition period. The document then covers IP addressing schemes, comparing IPv4 and IPv6, and routing concepts relevant to the migration.
IP is the protocol that handles addressing and routing of data across the internet. Each device connected to the internet has a unique IP address that is used to identify it and route data to it. There are different classes of IP addresses that determine the number of devices that can be connected to a network. IP addresses are represented numerically in dot-decimal notation and newer versions of IP have expanded the available address space to meet growing internet demands.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest version of the
Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that
provides an identification and location system for computers
on networks and routes traffic across the Internet.
IPv4 & IPv6 are not designed to be interoperable, complicating
the transition to IPv6. However, several IPv6 transition
mechanisms have been devised to permit communication
between IPv4 and IPv6 hosts.
This document provides an overview of IPv4 and IPv6. It discusses that IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and is running out of available addresses, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses providing vastly more address space. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and improves on areas like security, quality of service, and mobility. The document compares features of IPv4 and IPv6 such as address syntax, header fields, and configuration methods.
The document discusses IPv6, the next generation internet protocol. It introduces IPv6, describing its benefits over IPv4 including vastly larger address space. It then covers key aspects of IPv6 such as address types, auto-configuration, routing protocols, and technology scope. IPv6 aims to meet growing internet demands through expanded addressing and more efficient headers.
Implementation of “Traslator Strategy” For Migration of Ipv4 to Ipv6IJERA Editor
This paper is focused on the Translator strategy for migration of IPv4 to Ipv6 implemented in Cisco packet
tracer. It describes the design and configuration of network devices and packet transfer between devices of IPv4
and IPv6 networks using NAT-PT as transition mechanism. First major version of IP, IPv4 is the dominant
protocol of internet.IPv6 is developed to deal with long anticipated problem of IPv4 running out of addresses.
The migration from IPv4 to IPv6 must be implemented node by node by using auto-configuration procedures to
eliminate the need to configure IPv6 hosts manually.
This document provides an overview of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). It discusses some of the key features and advantages of IPv6, including its larger 128-bit address space that supports up to 3.4×1038 addresses compared to the 4.3 billion addresses supported by IPv4. The document also compares IPv6 to IPv4, noting they are not interoperable but that most transport and application protocols can operate over both with little change. Transition mechanisms have been developed to allow communication between IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
This document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It begins by providing background on IPv4 and addressing its limitations, such as address depletion. IPv6 was created to replace IPv4 and solve these issues by providing vastly more IP addresses. However, a long transition is expected as networks gradually migrate to IPv6. Technologies like NAT-PT allow IPv6-only and IPv4-only networks to communicate during the transition period. The document then covers IP addressing schemes, comparing IPv4 and IPv6, and routing concepts relevant to the migration.
IP is the protocol that handles addressing and routing of data across the internet. Each device connected to the internet has a unique IP address that is used to identify it and route data to it. There are different classes of IP addresses that determine the number of devices that can be connected to a network. IP addresses are represented numerically in dot-decimal notation and newer versions of IP have expanded the available address space to meet growing internet demands.
This document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It begins by providing an overview of IPv4 and its limitations, such as address exhaustion from limited 32-bit addressing. It then describes IPv6, which uses a 128-bit address scheme to provide vastly more addresses and enhancements over IPv4. The document focuses on explaining the need to transition to IPv6 due to IPv4's shortcomings. It notes several mechanisms for the transition, including dual stack, tunneling, and translation approaches. The goal is to present information on facilitating the change from IPv4 to the improved IPv6 protocol.
IP is the protocol that governs how data is sent between devices on the internet. Each device has a unique IP address that is used to route data packets to the correct destination. IP addresses are numerical identifiers composed of four groups of numbers separated by periods. IP provides an unreliable connectionless delivery service and handles fragmentation of data into packets that may arrive out of order.
1. The Internet Protocol (IP) is responsible for addressing hosts and routing packets across networks to allow communication between devices.
2. There are two main versions of IP - IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to allow for more devices as the number connected to the internet grows exponentially.
3. TCP and UDP are protocols that operate at a higher layer than IP and provide different functions - TCP enables reliable transmission of data through sequencing and acknowledgment while UDP provides a basic transmission model without these features.
ANALYSIS OF IPV6 TRANSITION TECHNOLOGIESIJCNCJournal
Currently IPv6 is extremely popular with companies, organizations and Internet service providers (ISP)
due to the limitations of IPv4. In order to prevent an abrupt change from IPv4 to IPv6, three mechanisms
will be used to provide a smooth transition from IPv4 to IPv6 with minimum effect on the network. These
mechanisms are Dual-Stack, Tunnel and Translation. This research will shed the light on IPv4 and IPv6
and assess the automatic and manual transition strategies of the IPv6 by comparing their performances in
order to show how the transition strategy affects network behaviour. The experiment will be executed using
OPNET Modeler that simulates a network containing a Wide Area Network (WAN) , a Local Area Network
(LAN), hosts and servers. The results will be presented in graphs and tables, with further explanation. The
experiment will use different measurements such as throughput, latency (delay), queuing delay, and TCP
delay.
An Experimental of IPv6 Address Assignment for Global Unicast Address Using NS-3Eswar Publications
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is the next generation protocol and in the near future, routers are going to become more faster and new technologies are going to reduce the Internet delay. IPv6 global unicast address is similar to IPv4 public address and globally routable. This Global unicast address assignment process provides new function called Stateless Address Auto Configuration (SLAAC) is a significant feature for host itself generating and configuring own addresses to enable communication. In this paper aims to describe experimental about IPv6 address assignment for global unicast address and evaluation of a host using various parameters such as Default router IP address, Throughput, Average End to End Delay and Domain Name Server (DNS) IP address. The study was carried out using an open source Network Simulator (NS-3) to study and analyses the behavior of IPv6 address assignment.
IPv6 was created as a replacement for IPv4 to address its shortcomings like limited address space. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses compared to 32-bit in IPv4, allowing for a vastly larger number of available addresses. It was designed with features like auto-configuration, IPsec security, prioritization support, and mobility in mind. The IPv6 header was also simplified compared to IPv4 to enable faster routing while still providing necessary routing information.
The document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It notes that IPv4 only provides 4 billion addresses, which is inadequate for today's internet-connected devices, and that IPv6 was developed to address this shortage by providing vastly more addresses. Specifically, IPv6 uses a 128-bit address scheme to allow up to 340 undecillion unique addresses. The document outlines some key advantages of IPv6, such as easier address management and autoconfiguration, as well as built-in security and support for an increasingly mobile internet.
The document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It notes that IPv4 only provides 4 billion addresses, which is inadequate for today's internet-connected devices, and that IPv6 was developed to address this shortage by providing vastly more addresses. Specifically, IPv6 uses a 128-bit address scheme to allow up to 3.4×10^38 total addresses. The document then provides details on IPv6 addressing notation, configuration, security features, and mobility support, and notes that a full transition to IPv6 will take many years.
Describe the similarities and differences between IPv4 & IPv6.So.pdfmayorothenguyenhob69
Describe how you would look up the critical z-value for a 72% on a normal curve table, what is
the critical z-value for a 72% confidence interval?
Solution
Za/2 = Z-table value = 1.08
Method 1:
I will use the below formula NORMINV(1-0.28/2,0,1)
Method 2:
To do this, if X ~ N(?, ?^2), then
STEP 1:
Z= X- ? / ? ~ N(0,1)
STEP 2:
A table of standardized normal values, can then be used to obtain an answer in terms of the
converted problem.
STEP 3:
Find x=Z ?+ ?
STEP 4:
Use below method
http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/standard-normal-distribution-table.html
Eg:
TYPE 1: (Z ? 1.65) = F(1.65) = 0.95.
An IP address is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network using the Internet Protocol. There are two main versions in use today - IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses. IP addresses can be static or dynamically assigned using DHCP. Private IP address ranges are reserved for use within private networks and are not routed on the public internet.
IMPROVING IPV6 ADDRESSING TYPES AND SIZEIJCNCJournal
This document discusses proposed modifications to IPv6 addressing types and address size. It suggests that multicast addressing can mimic anycast and limited broadcast addressing, making those types unnecessary. It also proposes reducing the IPv6 address size from 128-bits to decrease packet overhead, while ensuring the new size supports future internet growth. A formula is presented to predict IP address exhaustion dates for different address sizes based on current usage and population projections.
The document discusses IP addresses and network address translation (NAT). It defines IP addresses and the two types: static and dynamic. It describes the organizations that manage IP address allocation and the five classes of IP addresses. It also provides an overview of IPv4 and IPv6, including their address sizes. NAT is defined as modifying network address information while packets are in transit to remap addresses.
This presentation gives a brief description about IP Address (Internet protocol address), Classes of IPv4. And also included, what is IPv4 and what is IPv6.
IPv6 was created to replace IPv4 due to IPv4's limited address space. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address compared to IPv4's 32-bit address, providing vastly more unique IP addresses. It also features improvements like better support for extensions and more robust security features. The document discusses IPv6 addressing formats, allocation of address blocks, stateless autoconfiguration, renumbering, packet header format, and the roles of extension headers. It provides technical details on how IPv6 aims to resolve limitations in IPv4 and support future networking needs.
IPV6 EXPLANATION BY FOROUZANN DATA COMMUNICATIONgopi5692
IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long compared to 32 bits for IPv4, solving the problem of IPv4 address depletion. IPv6 addresses are written in colon hexadecimal format and can be abbreviated by omitting leading zeros and replacing consecutive sections of all-zeroes with "::". The IPv6 packet format includes a fixed-length 40-byte header and optional extension headers that provide additional functionality compared to IPv4 options. During the transition from IPv4 to IPv6, devices will have both protocol stacks and query DNS to determine which version to use for a given destination.
The document provides an overview of TCP/IP protocol suite and IP addressing. It describes the layers of the TCP/IP model including application, transport, internet and network access layers. It also discusses obtaining IP addresses through static and dynamic methods like DHCP, RARP, BOOTP and ARP. IPv4 and IPv6 addressing are also summarized.
IPv6 is the newest version of the Internet Protocol that provides a 128-bit addressing system to replace IPv4 and address the problem of looming address exhaustion, featuring a vastly expanded address space, simplified header format, and security improvements to meet future networking needs. It was developed by the IETF and became an internet standard in 2017 to support continued growth of devices connected to the internet by providing trillions of addresses for devices using hexadecimal notation groups separated by colons.
the TCP/IP protocol suite involves several methods that enables communication of which IP addressing is one of those pertinent subjects that must be considered if communication must be successful.
IP Address is a unique identification given to Host, network device, server for data communication. IP
Address stand for Internet Protocol address, it is an addressing scheme used to identify a system on a
network. It is a unique address that certain electronic devices currently use to communicate with each
other on a network using internet protocol.
Writing Paper Background - Crumpled Writing Paper BAmber Ford
Writing Paper Background - Crumpled Writing Paper B
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting a request for writing assistance on the HelpWriting.net site. It outlines a 5 step process: 1) Create an account with email and password; 2) Complete a 10 minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied; 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized content. The document encourages choosing the site for original, high-quality writing assistance.
022 Essay Example Page 4 Narrative ThatsnotusAmber Ford
The document discusses Baron Montesquieu and his idea of separating government powers. It states that Montesquieu established the separation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in his work "De l'Esprit des Lois" in 1748. The separation of powers has been an integral part of constitutions. However, the separation of powers was never formally part of the framework of Britain's unwritten constitution.
This document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It begins by providing an overview of IPv4 and its limitations, such as address exhaustion from limited 32-bit addressing. It then describes IPv6, which uses a 128-bit address scheme to provide vastly more addresses and enhancements over IPv4. The document focuses on explaining the need to transition to IPv6 due to IPv4's shortcomings. It notes several mechanisms for the transition, including dual stack, tunneling, and translation approaches. The goal is to present information on facilitating the change from IPv4 to the improved IPv6 protocol.
IP is the protocol that governs how data is sent between devices on the internet. Each device has a unique IP address that is used to route data packets to the correct destination. IP addresses are numerical identifiers composed of four groups of numbers separated by periods. IP provides an unreliable connectionless delivery service and handles fragmentation of data into packets that may arrive out of order.
1. The Internet Protocol (IP) is responsible for addressing hosts and routing packets across networks to allow communication between devices.
2. There are two main versions of IP - IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to allow for more devices as the number connected to the internet grows exponentially.
3. TCP and UDP are protocols that operate at a higher layer than IP and provide different functions - TCP enables reliable transmission of data through sequencing and acknowledgment while UDP provides a basic transmission model without these features.
ANALYSIS OF IPV6 TRANSITION TECHNOLOGIESIJCNCJournal
Currently IPv6 is extremely popular with companies, organizations and Internet service providers (ISP)
due to the limitations of IPv4. In order to prevent an abrupt change from IPv4 to IPv6, three mechanisms
will be used to provide a smooth transition from IPv4 to IPv6 with minimum effect on the network. These
mechanisms are Dual-Stack, Tunnel and Translation. This research will shed the light on IPv4 and IPv6
and assess the automatic and manual transition strategies of the IPv6 by comparing their performances in
order to show how the transition strategy affects network behaviour. The experiment will be executed using
OPNET Modeler that simulates a network containing a Wide Area Network (WAN) , a Local Area Network
(LAN), hosts and servers. The results will be presented in graphs and tables, with further explanation. The
experiment will use different measurements such as throughput, latency (delay), queuing delay, and TCP
delay.
An Experimental of IPv6 Address Assignment for Global Unicast Address Using NS-3Eswar Publications
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is the next generation protocol and in the near future, routers are going to become more faster and new technologies are going to reduce the Internet delay. IPv6 global unicast address is similar to IPv4 public address and globally routable. This Global unicast address assignment process provides new function called Stateless Address Auto Configuration (SLAAC) is a significant feature for host itself generating and configuring own addresses to enable communication. In this paper aims to describe experimental about IPv6 address assignment for global unicast address and evaluation of a host using various parameters such as Default router IP address, Throughput, Average End to End Delay and Domain Name Server (DNS) IP address. The study was carried out using an open source Network Simulator (NS-3) to study and analyses the behavior of IPv6 address assignment.
IPv6 was created as a replacement for IPv4 to address its shortcomings like limited address space. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses compared to 32-bit in IPv4, allowing for a vastly larger number of available addresses. It was designed with features like auto-configuration, IPsec security, prioritization support, and mobility in mind. The IPv6 header was also simplified compared to IPv4 to enable faster routing while still providing necessary routing information.
The document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It notes that IPv4 only provides 4 billion addresses, which is inadequate for today's internet-connected devices, and that IPv6 was developed to address this shortage by providing vastly more addresses. Specifically, IPv6 uses a 128-bit address scheme to allow up to 340 undecillion unique addresses. The document outlines some key advantages of IPv6, such as easier address management and autoconfiguration, as well as built-in security and support for an increasingly mobile internet.
The document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It notes that IPv4 only provides 4 billion addresses, which is inadequate for today's internet-connected devices, and that IPv6 was developed to address this shortage by providing vastly more addresses. Specifically, IPv6 uses a 128-bit address scheme to allow up to 3.4×10^38 total addresses. The document then provides details on IPv6 addressing notation, configuration, security features, and mobility support, and notes that a full transition to IPv6 will take many years.
Describe the similarities and differences between IPv4 & IPv6.So.pdfmayorothenguyenhob69
Describe how you would look up the critical z-value for a 72% on a normal curve table, what is
the critical z-value for a 72% confidence interval?
Solution
Za/2 = Z-table value = 1.08
Method 1:
I will use the below formula NORMINV(1-0.28/2,0,1)
Method 2:
To do this, if X ~ N(?, ?^2), then
STEP 1:
Z= X- ? / ? ~ N(0,1)
STEP 2:
A table of standardized normal values, can then be used to obtain an answer in terms of the
converted problem.
STEP 3:
Find x=Z ?+ ?
STEP 4:
Use below method
http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/standard-normal-distribution-table.html
Eg:
TYPE 1: (Z ? 1.65) = F(1.65) = 0.95.
An IP address is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network using the Internet Protocol. There are two main versions in use today - IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses. IP addresses can be static or dynamically assigned using DHCP. Private IP address ranges are reserved for use within private networks and are not routed on the public internet.
IMPROVING IPV6 ADDRESSING TYPES AND SIZEIJCNCJournal
This document discusses proposed modifications to IPv6 addressing types and address size. It suggests that multicast addressing can mimic anycast and limited broadcast addressing, making those types unnecessary. It also proposes reducing the IPv6 address size from 128-bits to decrease packet overhead, while ensuring the new size supports future internet growth. A formula is presented to predict IP address exhaustion dates for different address sizes based on current usage and population projections.
The document discusses IP addresses and network address translation (NAT). It defines IP addresses and the two types: static and dynamic. It describes the organizations that manage IP address allocation and the five classes of IP addresses. It also provides an overview of IPv4 and IPv6, including their address sizes. NAT is defined as modifying network address information while packets are in transit to remap addresses.
This presentation gives a brief description about IP Address (Internet protocol address), Classes of IPv4. And also included, what is IPv4 and what is IPv6.
IPv6 was created to replace IPv4 due to IPv4's limited address space. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address compared to IPv4's 32-bit address, providing vastly more unique IP addresses. It also features improvements like better support for extensions and more robust security features. The document discusses IPv6 addressing formats, allocation of address blocks, stateless autoconfiguration, renumbering, packet header format, and the roles of extension headers. It provides technical details on how IPv6 aims to resolve limitations in IPv4 and support future networking needs.
IPV6 EXPLANATION BY FOROUZANN DATA COMMUNICATIONgopi5692
IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long compared to 32 bits for IPv4, solving the problem of IPv4 address depletion. IPv6 addresses are written in colon hexadecimal format and can be abbreviated by omitting leading zeros and replacing consecutive sections of all-zeroes with "::". The IPv6 packet format includes a fixed-length 40-byte header and optional extension headers that provide additional functionality compared to IPv4 options. During the transition from IPv4 to IPv6, devices will have both protocol stacks and query DNS to determine which version to use for a given destination.
The document provides an overview of TCP/IP protocol suite and IP addressing. It describes the layers of the TCP/IP model including application, transport, internet and network access layers. It also discusses obtaining IP addresses through static and dynamic methods like DHCP, RARP, BOOTP and ARP. IPv4 and IPv6 addressing are also summarized.
IPv6 is the newest version of the Internet Protocol that provides a 128-bit addressing system to replace IPv4 and address the problem of looming address exhaustion, featuring a vastly expanded address space, simplified header format, and security improvements to meet future networking needs. It was developed by the IETF and became an internet standard in 2017 to support continued growth of devices connected to the internet by providing trillions of addresses for devices using hexadecimal notation groups separated by colons.
the TCP/IP protocol suite involves several methods that enables communication of which IP addressing is one of those pertinent subjects that must be considered if communication must be successful.
IP Address is a unique identification given to Host, network device, server for data communication. IP
Address stand for Internet Protocol address, it is an addressing scheme used to identify a system on a
network. It is a unique address that certain electronic devices currently use to communicate with each
other on a network using internet protocol.
Writing Paper Background - Crumpled Writing Paper BAmber Ford
Writing Paper Background - Crumpled Writing Paper B
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting a request for writing assistance on the HelpWriting.net site. It outlines a 5 step process: 1) Create an account with email and password; 2) Complete a 10 minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied; 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized content. The document encourages choosing the site for original, high-quality writing assistance.
022 Essay Example Page 4 Narrative ThatsnotusAmber Ford
The document discusses Baron Montesquieu and his idea of separating government powers. It states that Montesquieu established the separation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in his work "De l'Esprit des Lois" in 1748. The separation of powers has been an integral part of constitutions. However, the separation of powers was never formally part of the framework of Britain's unwritten constitution.
WDLJ Why DonT You Learn Japanese () KanjiAmber Ford
The document provides instructions for using the writing assistance service HelpWriting.net in 5 steps:
1. Create an account with a password and valid email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline to request a paper.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications to start the assignment.
4. Ensure the completed paper meets expectations and authorize payment if pleased.
5. Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized content.
Essay Title - Center For Student SuccessAmber Ford
The document provides instructions for students seeking writing help from the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account and provide contact details. 2) Complete a form with assignment details and attach samples. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review and approve the completed paper, then authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with the option of a refund for plagiarized work. The process aims to match students with qualified writers and ensure high-quality, original assignment help.
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The document discusses two different perspectives on piety from Plato's dialogues and the Book of Job. In Plato's Apology, Socrates searches for a definition of piety to understand why he has been accused of impiety, but finds the explanations ambiguous. Meanwhile, the Book of Job presents Job as one of the most pious men, who remains faithful to God despite suffering many punishments, setting an example of piety through his actions.
2Nd Grade Writing Worksheets - Best ColorinAmber Ford
The document discusses the multipolar system that existed in ancient China. It was characterized by multiple powerful states that exercised control over surrounding weaker states. This created a balance of power between the major states, resulting in a stable multipolar system. In contrast, ancient Greece experienced a shift from a multipolar system to Athenian domination, creating a brief unipolar system before being overtaken by another power.
002 Essay Example Rogerian Thatsnotus. Online assignment writing service.Amber Ford
The summary compares the rhetorical devices used in marriage proposals in passages from Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice and Charles Dickens' work. In Austen's passage, Mr. Collins uses a tone of overconfidence and argues that marriage would add to his happiness, not considering his cousin's feelings. In Dickens' passage, the speaker passionately argues why the woman should marry him instead of others, expressing his dedication to her needs over his own wants.
How To Format A Narrative Essay - Neuro GastronAmber Ford
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting requests on the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a request form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a full refund option for plagiarized work. The website offers writing assistance and stands by providing original, high-quality content.
Be Your Ghost Writer, Paper Back Writer, Non Fiction Writer And EditorAmber Ford
The document provides instructions for using a writing service called HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work.
Scientific Writing. Online assignment writing service.Amber Ford
The document discusses the process for requesting writing assistance on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with refund available for plagiarized work.
Essay Speech Format Spm E. Online assignment writing service.Amber Ford
The document discusses how to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It involves a 5-step process:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and attaching a sample work.
3. Writers will bid on the request and the client can choose a writer based on qualifications.
4. The client will receive the paper and can request revisions if needed.
5. HelpWriting.net guarantees original, high-quality content and refunds are offered for plagiarized work. Clients can request assistance confidently.
How To Write An ACT Essay Writing Tips With Great ExamplesAmber Ford
This document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the work. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content and offers refunds for plagiarized work.
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The document describes a cheap essay writing service that allows users to request papers by creating an account, submitting an order form with instructions and deadlines, and choosing a bid from writers to complete the assignment; the service offers revisions and guarantees original content, refunding plagiarized papers.
Magic Essay Typer Plagiarism EssayTyper,Amber Ford
Moving charged particles in a magnetic field will experience a force perpendicular to both their velocity and the magnetic field. This causes the particle's path to curve. By observing how much a particle's path curves in a known magnetic field, its mass and charge can be determined. J.J. Thomson discovered the electron using this principle, observing cathode rays curving in electric and magnetic fields. He measured the amount of curvature to calculate the electron's charge to mass ratio, identifying it as a subatomic particle.
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The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work. The service aims to fully meet customer needs through original, high-quality content.
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This document provides information about Lashkar e Taiba (LET), a Pakistani-based Islamic terrorist organization. It details that LET is a Sunni group that aims to create an Islamic caliphate by removing India's security forces from Jammu and Kashmir. The group receives funding and instructions from Pakistan's intelligence agency, ISI, and maintains close ties with al-Qaeda, the Taliban, and other extremist groups. Key decisions are made by LET's shura council, which oversees all military and missionary operations.
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1. The stability or instability of funding for international organizations shapes the nature of activities they engage in. Stable funding allows for better planning and execution of core mandates, while unstable funding can force organizations to rely on short-term projects.
2. The rise of extra-budgetary or voluntary funding has increased competition among organizations and led to overlapping mandates. Organizations must now often pursue contract-based work to remain viable.
3. Contract-based funding affects organizational culture, institutional memory, and staffing. It can disrupt long-term planning and reduce expertise as staff turnover increases due to temporary project-based work.
Descriptive Essay Political Science Quantitative ResearAmber Ford
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The document discusses the common cold, noting that it is a viral infection of the nose and throat that affects over 3 million people in the US each year. It explains that the cold spreads easily, can be self-treated without medical tests or imaging, and usually clears up within a few days. The summary briefly outlines some of the main characteristics and impacts of the common cold according to the provided text.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
1. International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.33, No.33, January 2015
9
A Comparative Study on IPv4 and IPv6
Atena Shiranzaei
Research Scholar/Department of Computer
Science, Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh, U.P, India
atena.shiranzaei@gmail.com
Rafiqul Zaman Khan
Associate Professor /Department of Computer
Science, Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh, U.P, India
rzk32@yahoo.co.in, rzkhan.cs@.amu.ac.in
Abstract__ The addresses of Internet protocol (IP) are a
vital resource for the Internet. In the network, IP
address is assigned to every interface which connects to
the Internet. The addresses are still assigned by using
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). IPv4 has
demonstrated robust, compatibility with vast range of
protocols, applications and easy implementation. IPv4
had been supposed to cover all the network interfaces,
however with huge increase of the number of devices
(computer, mobile, tablet, routers, server, etc) the
reserve of assigned addresses is exhausted. IPv6 has
been deployed for providing new services and for
supporting the internet growth. This study compares
the key specifications of IPv4 and IPv6, contrasts IPv4
and IPv6 header’s fields, the structure of headers,
explains advantages of IPv6 and disadvantages of IPv4,
and why we are running out of IPv4.
Index terms – IPv4, IPv6, IPv4 Header, IPv6
Header, Comparison IPv4 and IPv6
I. INTRODUCTION
Internet Protocol (IP) is one of the important
protocols in TCP/IP. This protocol identifies hosts
and routes data between them over the Internet. The
first generation of IP which has been used broadly is
IPv4. It had supported growth of Internet for a long
time. It was run in a trusted closed environment.
Therefore, it didn’t require any security mechanism
for keeping safe hosts and network elements. IPv4
supposed to be the last version with vast space of
addresses (4000 millions). Imaging that these days
mobile phones, desktops, androids and huge number
of other internet devices connected to the internet.
However, the fast expansion of IP makes shortage of
IPv4 addresses. IPv4 was sufficient at the time of its
beginning, it has never estimated the security, easier
configuration, growth the number of IP addresses and
quality of service.
The next generation of IP which widely
expanded is IPv6. IPv6 was developed to solve the
shortage of addressing and most of the IPv4’s
limitations. The reminder of this study is structured
as follows: Section 2 of this paper introduces IPv4.
Section 3 briefly describes IPv6. Section 4 contrasts
IPv4 and IPv6. Section 5 compares IPv4 and IPv6
header.
II. INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 4
In 1978, Internet Protocol version 4(IPv4)
was developed and determined in 1981 [1]. The
fourth version of Internet Protocol is IPv4 and the
first version of protocol that has been widely used.
IPv4 uses 32 bit addressing which the capacity of it is
4.3 billion or 232
unique internet addresses. IPv4
involves of five classes, A, B, C, D and E. Class A, B
and C specify the different length of host and
network. The addresses of class D are used for
multicasting group. And class E is kept for future use.
Each address involves four 8-octets which resulting
an address with 32 bits length. An example of an
IPv4 address is 192.168.1.10.
III. INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6
The next generation of IP is Internet
Protocol version 6 (IPv6) which intended to succeed
IPv4. The development of IPv6 started in 1991 and
integrated in 1997 [2]. Eventually, Internet
Corporation for assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN) added the addresses of IPv6 to its DNS
server in 2004 [2].
In contrast to IPv4, IPv6 address space is
128 bits. It allows 2128
or 3.4 *1038
unique addresses
[3]. IPv6 addressing format is represented by eight
16-bit hexadecimal number fields which separated by
“:”. For instance
2201:0000:3838:DCE1:0163:0000:0000:FECB or in the
easiest way we are able to write it as
2. International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.33, No.33, January 2015
10
2201:0:3838:DCE1:0163::FECB.
IV. COMPARISON OF IPV4 AND IPV6
There are different differences
between IPv4 and IPv6. In the Table 1, IPv4
and IPv6 compared in various concepts, IP
addresses, and IP functions.
Table 1. Comparison of IPv4 and IPv6
S.N Category IPv4 IPv6
1. Deployed 1981[1] 1999[1]
2. Length of address 32 bits (4 bytes) 128 bits (16 bytes)
3. Total number of
addresses
4,294,967,296 unique addresses 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,7
68,211,456 unique addresses
4. Style of address Each IPv4 address is represented in
four sets decimal digit, which is
divided by dots (“.”). Such as
192.168.10.3, and the limited area of
each set is from “0” to “255”.If all
digits in each set is zero, we use single
zero, for example 192.168.0.0 [4,5].
IPv6 address is represented in eight
hexadecimal digit sets, which is divided by
colons (“:”).
For instance
FA90:0000:0000:0000:0301:B3EE:FE1E:80
09, If all digits in each set is zero, we put
only a double colon. For example
FA90::0301:B3EE:FE1E:8009 [4,5].
5. Type of addresses Broadcast: the packet is sent to all the
interfaces (hosts) [6]. Unicast: the
packet is sent to only one interface [6].
Multicast: the packet is sent to some
specific interfaces [6].
Multicast: the packet is sent to a number of
interfaces [7] Unicast: the packet is sent to
only one interface [7]. Anycast: in this case, a
number of interfaces is defined as
destinations but the packet is transferred to
one of the interfaces which are in set, it
depends on routing protocol.
6. Address
Resolution
Protocol (ARP)
ARP finds physical addresses, like the
MAC or link address, which is
associated by an IPv4 address [5].
ARP is substituted with a function of
Neighbor Discovery Protocol using IMCPv6
to gain the MAC addresses [4,5].
7. Communications
trace
The task of communications trace is
gathering the information of trace of
TCP/IP packets which have been
entered or leaved.
same in IPv6 [5]
8. Configuration IP address is configured by either
DHCP or manually [8].
Auto configuration is one of the important
features of IPv6. It is known as “plug &
play” which allows a node to configure its
address by itself. There are two ways of
autoconfiguration in IPv6: (1).The stateless
autoconfiguration: in this case the address of
host doesn’t have to be configured manually,
and sometimes routers need minimal
configuration.(2).The stateful
autoconfiguration: this kind of
autoconfiguration is equivalent to the DHCP
protocol of IPv4.
Here a host gets the IP addresses of its
interfaces through a DHCPv6 server that is a
3. International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.33, No.33, January 2015
11
pool of addresses which allocated to the
interfaces.
Auto-configuration is easier and more
manageable for large installations [7,8,9].
9. Domain Name
Service (DNS)
For mapping the name of hosts to the
IPv4 addresses and reverse, it uses
host address (A) resource records in
DNS [8].
For mapping the name of host to the
addresses of IPv4 and reverse, it uses host
address (AAAA) resource records in DNS
[8,10].
10. DNS record type
and location for
reverse name
resolution
For mapping IPv4 addresses to hosts
PTR records in IN-ADDR.ARPA
DNS domain [8].
For mapping IPv6 addresses to hosts PTR
records in IP6.ARPA DNS domain [8].
11. Dynamic Host
Configuration
Protocol (DHCP)
IPv4 is used DHCP to allocate
dynamic IP addresses to the various
devices over a network.
IPv6 uses DHCPv6[10].
12. File Transfer
Protocol (FTP)
FTP lets you to send and receive
information through the network.
FTP doesn’t support IPv6 [5].
13. Fragmentation When a packet is too big for the next
link, it should be fragmented. In IPv4,
Sender and forwarding routers are
responsible for fragmentation [4].
Sender does fragmentation[12].
14. Internet Control
Message Protocol
(ICMP)
network devices use ICMP to send
error messages, for example ICMP
destination unreachable messages, and
informational messages, like ICMP
echo
request and reply messages [11].
It is used similarly by IPv4; although,
ICMPv6 has some more sufficient attributes,
such as error reporting in packet processing,
diagnostic activities, Neighbor Discovery
process and IPv6 multicast membership
reporting [11].
15. Router Discovery ICMP Router Discovery allows hosts
to define the default gateway router to
reach devices on different networks, it
is important to note that it is optional
[12].
ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router
Advertisement messages work instead of
ICMP Router Discovery. It is required [8].
16. Internet Group
Management
Protocol (IGMP)
IGMP is to exchange and update the
information of host membership
which is in specific multicast groups.
Additionally, hosts are able to
distinguish interest in gathering
multicast traffic from specific sources
or specific set of sources [13].
The usage of Multicast Listener Discovery
(MLD) is to realize multicast listeners
(specific nodes that defined to gathering
multicast packets which destined for specific
multicast addresses) on the links that are
attached directly [14].
17. Maximum
Transmission Unit
(MTU)
The maximum size of a packet which
can be supported by a specific link is
576 byte [5].
The maximum size of a packet that a
particular link can support is 1280 byte [5].
18. Loopback address An interface by one address of
127.*.*.* are a loopback address
which a node can use it to send a
packet to itself. The name of physical
address is *LOOPBACK [5].
The loopback address is
0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001
or ::1. The name of physical address is
*LOOPBACK [5].
19. Network address
Translation
(NAT)
NAT is a process to assign a public IP
address to network devices, usually
Firewalls. NAT’s purpose is to
decrease the amount of public
addresses [5].NAT gives IP addresses
which are private to the users then a
group of users can get the internet by
IPv6 doesn’t require NAT [5].
4. International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.33, No.33, January 2015
12
using a public IP address. So, NAT
has faced a lot of problems: (1) NAT
makes problem in RTC (Real Time
Communication) protocol. RTC is
used for VoIP and multimedia
communication. (2) It makes security
problems. Because it has to change the
IPSec headers as well as it harms the
end to end security and data integrity
(3) Peer to peer communication needs
unique IP address. NAT creates peer
to peer communication problem
because it is difficult to establish a
proper connection between users with
the public IP usage [15].
20. Routing protocols RIP,RIP-2,IGRP,EIGRP,OSPF-
2,OSPF-3,MOSPF,IS-
IS,DVMRP,PIM,EGP,BGP-4[16].
RIPng,OSPF-3,EIGRP,IS-IS,PIM,BGP-
4[16].
21. Quality of Service QoS lets you to demand packet
bandwidth and priority for TCP/IP
application [14]. In other word, QoS is
a mechanism to transfer a multimedia
packet such as music, voice and video
with good quality but in IPv4 there
isn’t any assurance that all QoS
compliant devices are compatible with
another device [17].
In Ipv6 there is a field which is known as
Flow Label field. This field defines how
specific packets are identified as well as
carried by the routers. The Flow Label field
lets the packets which begin from a specific
host to a particular destination to be
identified and handled by the routers [17].
The purpose of QoS mechanisms are [7]:
- Real time application.
- Less latence and “jitter”.
- More tolerance to packet losses.
- Retransmissions are less important.
- More importance of the temporal
relationship.
22. Renumbering When we are interested in extending a
network or merging the networks we
have to renumber the IP addresses of
networks, And it is done manually.
This is a troublesome and difficult
process [5].
Renumbering is one of the important
elements of IPv6, and it is automatic [5].
23. Simple Network
Management
Protocol (SNMP)
SNMP is used for managing a system
[5].
Doesn’t use in IPv6 [5].
24. Virtual Private
Network (VPN)
VPN lets you to explode a private
network on a public network [5].
VPN supports IPv6 [5].
25. Security Security is bounded to tunnelling
between two networks [18].
IPv6 provides data security, which involves
end-to-end backing for user authentication,
data encryption and data integrity [18].
26. IPSec support Optional[10] One of the important protocols in IPv6 is
IPSec. It involves a set of cryptographic
protocols for making secure communication
and key exchange. The major protocols used
are: (1) Authentication Header (AH)
Protocol: it enables authentication and
integrity of data. (2) Encapsulating Security
5. International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.33, No.33, January 2015
13
Payload (ESP): ESP enables authentication,
integrity of data and privacy of data .(3)
Internet Key Exchange (IKE): this protocol
sets up the security between two end points
and holds the track of information therefore
the communication will be secured until the
end [10,17,19].
27. Mobility Ipv4 doesn’t support mobility and
handover. It means if a mobile node
changes its location then the address
of node needs to be established again
[1]. Mobile IPv4 (MIPv4) is used by
IPv4 [10].
Use MIPv6 with faster routing, handover and
hierarchical mobility [10].
V. COMPARISON OF IPV4 AND IPV6
HEADER
IPv4 header outlined in the Figure 1 [21]:
Version Header
Length
Type of
service
Total length
Identification Flag Fragment
offset
Time To live Protocol Header checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Option Padding
Figure. 1 IPv4 header
IPv6 header has removed all the useless
options and added some of them into a field which is
called extension header. The Figure 2, shown the IP
header of IPv6 [21]:
Version
Traffic
class Flow Label
Payload Length Next Header Hop
Limit
Source Address
Destination Address
Figure. 2 IPv6 header
In the table 2, you can see a comparative study of IPv4 and IPv6 headers:
Table 2. Compare IPv4 and IPv6
S.N
IPv4 Header’s Field IPv6 Header’s Field
Name of
Field
Length Description Name of
Field
Length Description
1. Version 4 bits This field’s value is
the version of IP.
In IPv4 the value of
this field is 4.
Version 4 bits The value of this field is 6.
2. Header
Length
4 bits Header’s length Header
Length Field
is removed
in IPV6
Header [24].
___ ___
3. Type of
Service
8 bits The way that a
datagram has to be
carried [21].
Traffic class 8 bits The function is same as Type of
Service
Field in IPv4 [24].
4. There is no ____ ___ Flow Label 20 bits QoS is a mechanism to transfer a
32 Bits 32 Bits
6. International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.33, No.33, January 2015
14
Flow Label
Field in IPv4
Header
multimedia packet like voice,
video and music. The
functionality of Flow Label field
is same as QoS.
5. Total Length 16 bits Gives router the
total length of IP
header and data
[21].
Payload
Length
16 bits The process is similar to Total
Length Field in IPv4[24]
6. Identification 16 bits It identifies the
value is allocated
by the sender to
help in assembling
the fragments of a
datagram [21].
Identification
Field is
removed in
IPV6 Header
___ This field is removed in ipv6
header [24].
7. Flags 3 bits It specifies an IP
packet might be
fragmented or not
[13,21].
Flags Field is
removed in
IPV6 Header
___ This field is removed in ipv6
header [24].
8. Fragment
offset
13 bits It shows the exact
location of a
datagram in a
fragment [15, 21].
Fragment
Offset Field
is removed
in IPV6
Header
___ This field is removed in ipv6
header [24].
9. Time To live 8 bits It displays the
maximum time
when a datagram is
permitted to be up
in the Internet
system. [21].
Hop Limit 8 bits The function is similar to Time
To live
Field in IPv4
10. Protocol 8 bits At destination host,
it defines the
protocol that the
packet belongs to at
the next level [13,
21].
Next Header 8 bits The function is similar to
Protocol
Field in IPv4
11. Header
Checksum
16 bits It surveys whether
the packet received
error-free [13, 21].
Header
Checksum
Field is
removed in
IPV6 Header
___ It is handled by upper-layer
protocols. Thus, it is removed in
IPv6.
12. Source
Address
32 bits The address of
sender.
Source
Address
128 bits The address of sender.
13. Destination
Address
32 bits The address of
receiver.
Address 128 bits The address of receiver.
14. Options Variable This field is
optional. These
options can involve
values for options
like Security,
Record Route,
Time Stamp and
etc [13, 21].
Option Field
is removed
in IPV6
Header
___ Added into Extension header
15. Padding Variable Padding will be
added at the end of
a packet by header
Padding
Field is
removed in
___ Added into Extension header
7. International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.33, No.33, January 2015
15
length field if the
size of header is
less than standard
size. [13, 21].
IPV6 Header
16. There is no
Extension
headers Field
in IPv4
Header
___ ___ Extension
headers
Variable Extension Field is added into
IPv6 Header. It handles security
and the function of options field
in IPv4 [24]
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper we compared IPv4 and IPv6 in
history, address structure, header’s structure, the
fields of headers, security, routing protocols, IP
address configuration, function of different protocols,
etc. IPv4 is the first version of protocol which has
been used globally. When IPv4 was designed, it was
estimated to be used for a long time, but the number
of devices which are able to connect network is
increasing, so that IPv4 faced some problems. In this
study we found the main drawbacks of IPv4 and the
major features of IPv6 that eliminates the drawbacks
of IPv4. Address shortage is one of the important
problems of IP, people use multiple devices like PC,
laptop, PDA and phones thus the request for IP
addresses is raising thus the number of IPv4
addresses is being a problem in future. IPv6 provides
larger address space, the length of address in IPv4 is
32-bit, it is increased to 128-bit in IPv6. Mobility is
another drawback of IPv4, if a mobile node changes
its location, it will lose the current IP address and it
should be established again. In contrast of IPv4, IPv6
enhances mobility. IPv6 allows mobile nodes to
change their location without dropping the IP
address. The security field (IPsec) in IPv4 is optional
and all the responsibility of security belongs to the
end nodes which is not safe. IPv6 header contains
IPsec field, and it is required. This field is
implemented by using AH, ESP and IKE. In IPv4,
the configuration of IP is done by either manually or
DHCP but IPv6 made configuration easy by using
auto configuration. According to the previous
considerations, IPv6 protocol will be better as
compared to the IPv4 protocol. It has arrived as the
next generation Internet Protocol and provides
several functionalities to eliminate the limitations of
IPv4.
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Authors Profile
Ms. Atena Shiranzaei , is a
research scholar in the Department
of Computer Science; Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
She joined her Ph.D course on 28-
05-2014. Her research interest includes Networking
and Security. She did Bachelor Degree in Computer
Software from Islamic Azad University of Zahedan ,
Iran. M.Sc in Computer Science from Osmania
University, Hyderabad, India.
Dr. Rafiqul Zaman Khan, is
presently working as a Associate
Professor in the Department of
Computer Science at Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
He received his B.Sc Degree from M.J.P Rohilkhand
University, Bareilly, M.Sc and M.C.A from A.M.U.
and Ph.D (Computer Science) from Jamia Hamdard
University. He has 20 years of Teaching Experience
of various reputed International and National
Universities viz King Fahad University of Petroleum
& Minerals (KFUPM), K.S.A, Ittihad University,
U.A.E, Pune University, Jamia Hamdard University
and AMU, Aligarh. He worked as a Head of the
Department of Computer Science at Poona College,
University of Pune. He also worked as a Chairman of
the Department of Computer Science, AMU, Aligarh.
His Research Interest includes Parallel &
Distributed Computing, Gesture Recognition,
Expert Systems and Network Security. He has
published about 50 research papers in International
Journals/Conferences. He is the Member of Advisory
Board of International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering (IJETAE),
Editorial Board of International Journal of Advances
in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), International
Journal of Computer Science Engineering and
Technology (IJCSET), International Journal in
Foundations of Computer Science & technology
(IJFCST) and Journal of Information Technology,
and Organizations (JITO).