This document outlines the steps a doctor takes when evaluating a patient with neurological symptoms. It involves taking a thorough history, conducting a neurological exam, generating a differential diagnosis, and ordering targeted tests. The history and exam are used to identify the location and type of lesion in the nervous system. Common causes of brain lesions like vascular, infectious, neoplastic, degenerative, traumatic, toxic-metabolic and immune-mediated conditions are considered. Symptoms vary depending on the lesion's location but may include headaches, nausea, impaired movement, speech/vision issues, and seizures. Appropriate use of this neurologic method helps doctors accurately diagnose even complex neurological cases.
Epilepsy is common in the elderly population and can be difficult to diagnose due to atypical presentations and symptoms that mimic other conditions. Seizures in the elderly are often caused by structural brain abnormalities like stroke. A thorough evaluation including history, physical exam, neuroimaging and EEG is needed to diagnose epilepsy, but EEG may be normal in many cases. Treatment involves antiepileptic drugs, though decisions around initiating treatment can be complex in elderly patients. Long-term video EEG monitoring may be helpful for difficult cases.
Neurocognitive disorders includes : Delirium and Dementia.
This presentation focuses on causes, risk factors, management and how to prevent its complication
A 45-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with a history of seizures. He reported having 5-6 generalized tonic-clonic seizures per day for the past 3 days with loss of consciousness. His past medical history included epilepsy with poor drug compliance. On examination, his vitals were stable. Laboratory tests showed abnormal calcium and creatinine levels. He was diagnosed with epilepsy and started on intravenous anti-seizure medications, vitamins, and antibiotics to treat any underlying infection. The patient was educated on avoiding seizure triggers and the side effects of his medication regimen.
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Classification
Diagnosis
Treatment
Anti Seizure Drugs Prices in Jordan
Two Medical cases
New drug approvals
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders caused by abnormalities in brain development or damage to the developing brain that affects movement and posture. The most common presentation is spastic diplegia. Cerebral palsy is diagnosed through history, physical exam, and brain imaging to determine the location and extent of lesions. Treatment focuses on prevention where possible, as well as physical therapy, orthopedic surgery, botulinum toxin injections, and anti-spasticity medications to improve function. Associated disorders commonly seen include intellectual disability, epilepsy, and behavioral issues.
Neurological Disorder in children13.03.pptxaasthasubedi3
- A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain that results in changes in behavior, movements, feelings, and levels of consciousness. Seizures can be caused by neurological disorders like epilepsy.
- There are different types of seizures including partial/focal seizures which involve one area of the brain, and generalized seizures which involve both hemispheres of the brain. Common types are absence, tonic-clonic, myoclonic and atonic seizures.
- Diagnosing the cause of seizures involves tests like EEG, CT/MRI scans, and blood tests. Treatment typically involves anti-seizure medications but may include surgery for drug-resistant cases. The goal is to control seizures and minimize risks
This document outlines the steps a doctor takes when evaluating a patient with neurological symptoms. It involves taking a thorough history, conducting a neurological exam, generating a differential diagnosis, and ordering targeted tests. The history and exam are used to identify the location and type of lesion in the nervous system. Common causes of brain lesions like vascular, infectious, neoplastic, degenerative, traumatic, toxic-metabolic and immune-mediated conditions are considered. Symptoms vary depending on the lesion's location but may include headaches, nausea, impaired movement, speech/vision issues, and seizures. Appropriate use of this neurologic method helps doctors accurately diagnose even complex neurological cases.
Epilepsy is common in the elderly population and can be difficult to diagnose due to atypical presentations and symptoms that mimic other conditions. Seizures in the elderly are often caused by structural brain abnormalities like stroke. A thorough evaluation including history, physical exam, neuroimaging and EEG is needed to diagnose epilepsy, but EEG may be normal in many cases. Treatment involves antiepileptic drugs, though decisions around initiating treatment can be complex in elderly patients. Long-term video EEG monitoring may be helpful for difficult cases.
Neurocognitive disorders includes : Delirium and Dementia.
This presentation focuses on causes, risk factors, management and how to prevent its complication
A 45-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with a history of seizures. He reported having 5-6 generalized tonic-clonic seizures per day for the past 3 days with loss of consciousness. His past medical history included epilepsy with poor drug compliance. On examination, his vitals were stable. Laboratory tests showed abnormal calcium and creatinine levels. He was diagnosed with epilepsy and started on intravenous anti-seizure medications, vitamins, and antibiotics to treat any underlying infection. The patient was educated on avoiding seizure triggers and the side effects of his medication regimen.
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Classification
Diagnosis
Treatment
Anti Seizure Drugs Prices in Jordan
Two Medical cases
New drug approvals
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders caused by abnormalities in brain development or damage to the developing brain that affects movement and posture. The most common presentation is spastic diplegia. Cerebral palsy is diagnosed through history, physical exam, and brain imaging to determine the location and extent of lesions. Treatment focuses on prevention where possible, as well as physical therapy, orthopedic surgery, botulinum toxin injections, and anti-spasticity medications to improve function. Associated disorders commonly seen include intellectual disability, epilepsy, and behavioral issues.
Neurological Disorder in children13.03.pptxaasthasubedi3
- A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain that results in changes in behavior, movements, feelings, and levels of consciousness. Seizures can be caused by neurological disorders like epilepsy.
- There are different types of seizures including partial/focal seizures which involve one area of the brain, and generalized seizures which involve both hemispheres of the brain. Common types are absence, tonic-clonic, myoclonic and atonic seizures.
- Diagnosing the cause of seizures involves tests like EEG, CT/MRI scans, and blood tests. Treatment typically involves anti-seizure medications but may include surgery for drug-resistant cases. The goal is to control seizures and minimize risks
This document provides an overview of epilepsy, including definitions, types of seizures, diagnosis, treatment and implications. It defines epilepsy as recurring unprovoked seizures and describes the different types of generalized and focal seizures. It outlines the diagnostic process including clinical evaluation, EEG and neuroimaging. It discusses treatment with antiepileptic drugs and risk of seizure recurrence. The document also covers refractory epilepsy, implications of an epilepsy diagnosis, and provides statistics on treatment effectiveness.
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing a patient's first nonfebrile seizure. It discusses taking a thorough history, performing a neurological exam, and ordering appropriate diagnostic tests like imaging, labs, and EEG. Seizures are classified as either focal or generalized based on their onset and propagation. Provoked seizures have an identifiable cause while unprovoked seizures do not. Risk factors for seizure recurrence include abnormal EEG or neurological findings. Most patients do not require immediate treatment after a first seizure but those at higher risk may benefit from antiepileptic drugs. The choice of drug depends on seizure type, side effects, and patient factors.
This document discusses the evaluation and management of unconscious patients. It begins by defining consciousness and coma. The main causes of unconsciousness are then categorized as structural brain lesions, diffuse neuronal dysfunction from systemic illness, or psychiatric conditions. Specific structural, systemic, and psychiatric etiologies are listed. The document outlines the epidemiology, pathophysiology, history and physical exam, evaluation including neurologic assessment, and initial management of unconscious patients.
2017 revised ILEA classification of seizuresDhaval Modi
The document summarizes the 2017 revised classification of seizures by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The classification was updated to better reflect current understanding and includes the following key changes:
1. Seizures are classified based on where they begin in the brain, level of awareness during the seizure, and other features.
2. New terminology is introduced, such as "focal aware" and "focal impaired awareness" seizures instead of "simple partial" and "complex partial".
3. Epilepsy syndromes are defined as clusters of features rather than approved entities. Old terms like "idiopathic generalized epilepsies" are replaced.
4. The classification aims to be applicable
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurring seizures. A seizure occurs when there is a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain. About 2.3 million Americans have epilepsy. While the specific cause is unknown in many cases, common causes include head trauma, brain tumors, strokes, genetic factors, and developmental issues. Treatment involves medications, surgery, dietary therapies and lifestyle modifications, with the goal of eliminating seizures without side effects. The choice of treatment depends on the seizure type, underlying causes, age, and other individual factors.
Epilepsy is a disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures. Epilepsy may occur as a result of a genetic disorder or an acquired brain injury, such as a trauma or stroke. To join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp, send us a message now on +260977353901
This study examined the incidence of epilepsy-related injuries and accidents in 292 patients seen at an outpatient epilepsy clinic in Germany over a period of one year. The study found that 14% of patients experienced injuries related to seizures in the past 3 months, with the most common being lacerations, abrasions, bruises, and fractures. Risk factors associated with higher rates of injury included having generalized seizures, a family history of epilepsy, lower quality of life scores, and depression. The results indicate epilepsy poses a risk of injury that clinicians should seek to prevent or minimize through optimized treatment and safety precautions.
seizure seizure in medical surgical nursingSasiSoman3
- Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain that can be accompanied by various disorders or occur spontaneously. Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent, spontaneous seizures.
- Seizures can be generalized, involving both sides of the brain, or focal, beginning in one area. Common generalized seizures include tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, atonic, tonic, and clonic. Focal seizures affect a specific brain region.
- Diagnosis involves the seizure description, EEG, and tests to rule out underlying causes. Treatment includes antiseizure medications and possibly surgery for drug-resistant cases. The goals are preventing injury and status epilepticus while improving quality of
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures caused by sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain. A seizure occurs when nerve cells in the brain fire too quickly, causing an "electrical storm". About 3 million Americans have epilepsy, with 200,000 new cases diagnosed each year. While the exact cause is unknown in many cases, common causes include head trauma, brain tumors, strokes, genetic factors, and infections. Treatment involves anti-seizure medications, surgery, dietary therapies, and lifestyle modifications to control seizures.
This document discusses long term management of traumatic brain injury (TBI). It outlines the goals of TBI rehabilitation as returning patients to functional independence and community participation. It describes common post-traumatic sequelae including amnesia, post-concussion syndrome, neurobehavioral changes, and various medical complications. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary rehabilitation approach, with non-pharmacological therapies targeting cognitive impairment and behavioral issues, as well as potential pharmacologic interventions. The document stresses the importance of a personalized approach based on each individual's needs and injuries.
This document provides an overview of organic mental disorders, focusing on delirium and dementia. It defines delirium as an acute, transient disturbance in attention, cognition and consciousness that is usually reversible. Dementia is described as a chronic or persistent decline in cognitive abilities severe enough to interfere with daily life. The document outlines the prevalence, causes, signs/symptoms and diagnostic criteria for delirium. It also discusses the types and characteristics of dementia. Nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatment approaches are summarized for delirium, including addressing underlying causes and maintaining behavioral control.
The document discusses dizziness, its types (vertigo, disequilibrium, pre-syncope, syncope), common causes, diagnostic approach, examination findings, investigations, and treatment. The diagnostic approach involves taking a thorough history and conducting physical examinations like neurological and vestibular tests. Common causes include peripheral vestibular disorders, central nervous system issues, and psychiatric conditions. Treatment is directed at the underlying cause, which may include medication, repositioning procedures, rehabilitation therapy, or lifestyle changes.
Non-epileptic paroxysmal disorders can mimic seizures. Careful history and examination is often sufficient to differentiate them from epilepsy, though sometimes EEG or other testing is needed. They can be classified by age of presentation and symptoms. Conditions discussed include breath holding spells, prolonged QT syndrome, hyperekplexia, alternating hemiplegia of childhood, motor tics, episodic ataxias, spasmus nutans, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, sleep related disorders like benign sleep myoclonus, sleep transition disorder, and narcolepsy-cataplexy. Differentiation from epilepsy is important to avoid unnecessary treatment while ensuring appropriate management of the underlying
Epilepsy is a neurological condition that causes seizures and is usually diagnosed after two or more seizures. It affects the nervous system and can develop at any age for various reasons, though the cause is often unknown. Seizures occur when there is abnormal electrical activity in the brain. While epilepsy cannot be cured, seizures can be controlled through antiepileptic medications in many cases. Getting proper sleep is also important for managing seizures.
The document provides an outline for approaching patients in a coma state, beginning with initial assessment of airway, breathing, and circulation. It discusses anatomy of consciousness and conditions that mimic coma such as persistent vegetative state. Common causes of coma including traumatic brain injury, stroke, and drug overdose are reviewed. The summary describes key components of examination such as vital signs, neurological assessment including brainstem reflexes, and initial investigations and management priorities like airway protection and monitoring of ICP.
- Seizures are caused by abnormal excessive neuronal activity in the brain. Epilepsy is defined as a tendency to have recurrent unprovoked seizures.
- Seizures can be focal, starting in one area of the brain, or generalized, involving both hemispheres. Common seizure types include tonic-clonic, absence, and complex partial seizures.
- Epilepsy has no cure but can often be controlled with anti-seizure medications or surgery. Lifestyle advice is also important to reduce risks. Prognosis depends on seizure type, cause, and response to treatment.
This document provides information on seizures and epilepsy, including:
- Definitions of seizure types such as generalized, focal, absence, myoclonic, tonic-clonic, and others.
- Classification systems for seizures and epilepsies.
- Common precipitants and comorbidities of epilepsy.
- Diagnostic tests for epilepsy including EEG, MRI, and bloodwork.
- Syndromes associated with different seizure types such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
- Features of post-ictal states, epilepsy diagnosis, and co-morbid conditions.
The document discusses the classification, diagnosis, and management of seizures, epilepsy, and status epilepticus in children. It covers the definitions and approaches for a child presenting with a first seizure, an established diagnosis of epilepsy, or status epilepticus. Key points include classifying seizures as focal or generalized onset, evaluating first seizures, investigating and treating epilepsy, and defining status epilepticus as continuous seizure activity lasting more than five minutes or two or more seizures without recovery between them.
SSPE, dr. amit vatkar, pediatric neurologistDr Amit Vatkar
Subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis (SSPE) also known as Dawson Disease, Dawson encephalitis, and measles encephalitis is a rare and chronic form of progressive brain inflammation caused by a persistent infection with measles virus.
In this presentaion i will a case a sspe and give u some information regarding daignosis and treatment
This document provides an overview of epilepsy, including definitions, types of seizures, diagnosis, treatment and implications. It defines epilepsy as recurring unprovoked seizures and describes the different types of generalized and focal seizures. It outlines the diagnostic process including clinical evaluation, EEG and neuroimaging. It discusses treatment with antiepileptic drugs and risk of seizure recurrence. The document also covers refractory epilepsy, implications of an epilepsy diagnosis, and provides statistics on treatment effectiveness.
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing a patient's first nonfebrile seizure. It discusses taking a thorough history, performing a neurological exam, and ordering appropriate diagnostic tests like imaging, labs, and EEG. Seizures are classified as either focal or generalized based on their onset and propagation. Provoked seizures have an identifiable cause while unprovoked seizures do not. Risk factors for seizure recurrence include abnormal EEG or neurological findings. Most patients do not require immediate treatment after a first seizure but those at higher risk may benefit from antiepileptic drugs. The choice of drug depends on seizure type, side effects, and patient factors.
This document discusses the evaluation and management of unconscious patients. It begins by defining consciousness and coma. The main causes of unconsciousness are then categorized as structural brain lesions, diffuse neuronal dysfunction from systemic illness, or psychiatric conditions. Specific structural, systemic, and psychiatric etiologies are listed. The document outlines the epidemiology, pathophysiology, history and physical exam, evaluation including neurologic assessment, and initial management of unconscious patients.
2017 revised ILEA classification of seizuresDhaval Modi
The document summarizes the 2017 revised classification of seizures by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The classification was updated to better reflect current understanding and includes the following key changes:
1. Seizures are classified based on where they begin in the brain, level of awareness during the seizure, and other features.
2. New terminology is introduced, such as "focal aware" and "focal impaired awareness" seizures instead of "simple partial" and "complex partial".
3. Epilepsy syndromes are defined as clusters of features rather than approved entities. Old terms like "idiopathic generalized epilepsies" are replaced.
4. The classification aims to be applicable
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurring seizures. A seizure occurs when there is a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain. About 2.3 million Americans have epilepsy. While the specific cause is unknown in many cases, common causes include head trauma, brain tumors, strokes, genetic factors, and developmental issues. Treatment involves medications, surgery, dietary therapies and lifestyle modifications, with the goal of eliminating seizures without side effects. The choice of treatment depends on the seizure type, underlying causes, age, and other individual factors.
Epilepsy is a disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures. Epilepsy may occur as a result of a genetic disorder or an acquired brain injury, such as a trauma or stroke. To join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp, send us a message now on +260977353901
This study examined the incidence of epilepsy-related injuries and accidents in 292 patients seen at an outpatient epilepsy clinic in Germany over a period of one year. The study found that 14% of patients experienced injuries related to seizures in the past 3 months, with the most common being lacerations, abrasions, bruises, and fractures. Risk factors associated with higher rates of injury included having generalized seizures, a family history of epilepsy, lower quality of life scores, and depression. The results indicate epilepsy poses a risk of injury that clinicians should seek to prevent or minimize through optimized treatment and safety precautions.
seizure seizure in medical surgical nursingSasiSoman3
- Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain that can be accompanied by various disorders or occur spontaneously. Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent, spontaneous seizures.
- Seizures can be generalized, involving both sides of the brain, or focal, beginning in one area. Common generalized seizures include tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, atonic, tonic, and clonic. Focal seizures affect a specific brain region.
- Diagnosis involves the seizure description, EEG, and tests to rule out underlying causes. Treatment includes antiseizure medications and possibly surgery for drug-resistant cases. The goals are preventing injury and status epilepticus while improving quality of
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures caused by sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain. A seizure occurs when nerve cells in the brain fire too quickly, causing an "electrical storm". About 3 million Americans have epilepsy, with 200,000 new cases diagnosed each year. While the exact cause is unknown in many cases, common causes include head trauma, brain tumors, strokes, genetic factors, and infections. Treatment involves anti-seizure medications, surgery, dietary therapies, and lifestyle modifications to control seizures.
This document discusses long term management of traumatic brain injury (TBI). It outlines the goals of TBI rehabilitation as returning patients to functional independence and community participation. It describes common post-traumatic sequelae including amnesia, post-concussion syndrome, neurobehavioral changes, and various medical complications. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary rehabilitation approach, with non-pharmacological therapies targeting cognitive impairment and behavioral issues, as well as potential pharmacologic interventions. The document stresses the importance of a personalized approach based on each individual's needs and injuries.
This document provides an overview of organic mental disorders, focusing on delirium and dementia. It defines delirium as an acute, transient disturbance in attention, cognition and consciousness that is usually reversible. Dementia is described as a chronic or persistent decline in cognitive abilities severe enough to interfere with daily life. The document outlines the prevalence, causes, signs/symptoms and diagnostic criteria for delirium. It also discusses the types and characteristics of dementia. Nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatment approaches are summarized for delirium, including addressing underlying causes and maintaining behavioral control.
The document discusses dizziness, its types (vertigo, disequilibrium, pre-syncope, syncope), common causes, diagnostic approach, examination findings, investigations, and treatment. The diagnostic approach involves taking a thorough history and conducting physical examinations like neurological and vestibular tests. Common causes include peripheral vestibular disorders, central nervous system issues, and psychiatric conditions. Treatment is directed at the underlying cause, which may include medication, repositioning procedures, rehabilitation therapy, or lifestyle changes.
Non-epileptic paroxysmal disorders can mimic seizures. Careful history and examination is often sufficient to differentiate them from epilepsy, though sometimes EEG or other testing is needed. They can be classified by age of presentation and symptoms. Conditions discussed include breath holding spells, prolonged QT syndrome, hyperekplexia, alternating hemiplegia of childhood, motor tics, episodic ataxias, spasmus nutans, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, sleep related disorders like benign sleep myoclonus, sleep transition disorder, and narcolepsy-cataplexy. Differentiation from epilepsy is important to avoid unnecessary treatment while ensuring appropriate management of the underlying
Epilepsy is a neurological condition that causes seizures and is usually diagnosed after two or more seizures. It affects the nervous system and can develop at any age for various reasons, though the cause is often unknown. Seizures occur when there is abnormal electrical activity in the brain. While epilepsy cannot be cured, seizures can be controlled through antiepileptic medications in many cases. Getting proper sleep is also important for managing seizures.
The document provides an outline for approaching patients in a coma state, beginning with initial assessment of airway, breathing, and circulation. It discusses anatomy of consciousness and conditions that mimic coma such as persistent vegetative state. Common causes of coma including traumatic brain injury, stroke, and drug overdose are reviewed. The summary describes key components of examination such as vital signs, neurological assessment including brainstem reflexes, and initial investigations and management priorities like airway protection and monitoring of ICP.
- Seizures are caused by abnormal excessive neuronal activity in the brain. Epilepsy is defined as a tendency to have recurrent unprovoked seizures.
- Seizures can be focal, starting in one area of the brain, or generalized, involving both hemispheres. Common seizure types include tonic-clonic, absence, and complex partial seizures.
- Epilepsy has no cure but can often be controlled with anti-seizure medications or surgery. Lifestyle advice is also important to reduce risks. Prognosis depends on seizure type, cause, and response to treatment.
This document provides information on seizures and epilepsy, including:
- Definitions of seizure types such as generalized, focal, absence, myoclonic, tonic-clonic, and others.
- Classification systems for seizures and epilepsies.
- Common precipitants and comorbidities of epilepsy.
- Diagnostic tests for epilepsy including EEG, MRI, and bloodwork.
- Syndromes associated with different seizure types such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
- Features of post-ictal states, epilepsy diagnosis, and co-morbid conditions.
The document discusses the classification, diagnosis, and management of seizures, epilepsy, and status epilepticus in children. It covers the definitions and approaches for a child presenting with a first seizure, an established diagnosis of epilepsy, or status epilepticus. Key points include classifying seizures as focal or generalized onset, evaluating first seizures, investigating and treating epilepsy, and defining status epilepticus as continuous seizure activity lasting more than five minutes or two or more seizures without recovery between them.
SSPE, dr. amit vatkar, pediatric neurologistDr Amit Vatkar
Subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis (SSPE) also known as Dawson Disease, Dawson encephalitis, and measles encephalitis is a rare and chronic form of progressive brain inflammation caused by a persistent infection with measles virus.
In this presentaion i will a case a sspe and give u some information regarding daignosis and treatment
Similaire à Approach to First Time Seizures in Adults.pptx (20)
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1. APPROACH TO FIRST TIME
SEIZURES IN ADULTS
FOR PHYSICIANS AND RESIDENTS, IT'S IMPORTANT
TO HAVE A COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF
FIRST-TIME SEIZURES AS IT'S A COMMON PART OF
NEUROLOGY PRACTICE. THIS LECTURE WILL
PROVIDE YOU WITH ALL THE ESSENTIAL
INFORMATION YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT FIRST
TIME SEIZURES.
ByF1 ‘Hiba antar
2. SEIZURE: DEFINITION &
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the
brain that can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings,
and levels of consciousness. Seizures can happen to anyone at
any age.
• The exact cause of this disruption is not always clear, but it
can be related to a variety of factors such as genetics, brain
injury, infection, or metabolic imbalances.
• Recurrent unprovocked seizures is defined as Epilepsy.
3. CALCIFICATION OF SEIZURE ACCORDING
TO:
ETIOLOGY 🧠
• Seizures can be classified as provoked or
unprovoked, depending on the underlying cause.
• A provoked seizure is one that is triggered by a
specific cause, such as:
• Head Trauma
• Infection/Inflammation
• Brain tumor
• Stroke
• Metabolic: Electrolyte disturbances,
Uncontrolled BS, Uremia, HE, Porphyria
• Meds, toxins, drugs…
• Unprovoked-seizure is one that has no identifiable
cause.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 📊
• During a seizure, a burst of electrical impulses disrupts
normal brain function, causing various symptoms
depending on where in the brain the seizure occurs.,
and are divided into focal & generalized.
• Focal onset seizures begin in a specific area of the
brain, while generalized onset seizures involve both
sides of the brain.
• Focal onset seizures can be further classified as simple
partial seizures or complex partial seizures.
• Simple partial seizures affect a small part of the
brain and do not cause a loss of consciousness.
Symptoms may include jerking movements of
one part of the body, a sensation or smell, or a
change in emotions or thinking.
• Complex partial seizures affect a larger part of
the brain and can cause a loss of consciousness.
Symptoms may include staring, repetitive
4.
5.
6.
7. HISTORY TAKING IN SEIZURE PATIENTS
• When evaluating a patient with a suspected seizure, it's important to take a detailed history
because making an accurate and specific diagnosis is achievable by taking an excellent
history.
What Happened Before,
During, and After the
Episode?
•Any warning symptoms
before the episode (aura,
pre-syncope, fever…)
•Type of movements or
behaviors during the
episode
•Duration
•Presence or absence of
post-ictal confusion or
fatigue
•Any injuries sustained
during the episode
What Were the
Circumstances
Surrounding the Episode?
•Ask about any triggers
that may have
precipitated the episode,
such as:
•Emotional or physical
stress
•Changes in sleep
patterns
•Drug or alcohol use
•Menstruation or
hormonal changes
•Also ask about any
recent illnesses or
changes in medications.
Have There Been Any
Similar Episodes in the
Past?
•Ask if the patient or
witnesses have observed
similar episodes in the
past. If so, ask for details
about the onset,
duration, and
progression of those
episodes.
•Also ask about any prior
history of head injury,
stroke, or other
neurological conditions.
What Is the Patient's
Medical and Psychiatric
History?
•Ask about any medical
conditions the patient
may have, including:
•Heart disease or high
blood pressure
•Diabetes
•Kidney & liver disease
•Thyroid disease
•Neurological disease
history
•Allergies
•Also ask about any
history of psychiatric
illness, including
depression, anxiety, or
other mood disorders.
Are There Any Family
Members with Seizure
Disorders?
•Ask if there is any family
history of seizure
disorders or other
neurological conditions.
8. PHYSICAL EXAM IN PATIENTS
PRESENTING WITH SEIZURES
• When evaluating a patient with a suspected seizure, a thorough physical exam is
essential to help determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.
Here are some key elements of the exam:
• General Exam
• Start with a complete physical exam to assess the patient's overall health and identify any
potential underlying causes of the seizure, such as:
• Fever or signs of infection
• Signs of head trauma or skull fracture
• Abnormal vital signs, such as low blood pressure or high heart rate
• Abnormalities in skin or mucous membranes, such as rashes, jaundice, or cyanosis
• Abnormalities in the eyes, such as nystagmus or unequal pupils
• Neck stifness
• Neurological Exam
• A detailed neurological exam is critical in evaluating a patient with a suspected seizure.
9. NEUROLOGICAL EXAM
MENTAL STATUS
• Assess the patient's level of
consciousness and
cognitive function. This can
include:
• Orientation to person,
place, and time
• Attention span and ability
to follow commands
• Memory and recall
• Language and speech
CRANIAL NERVES
• Assess the function of the
cranial nerves, which can
reveal important information
about the location and
severity of the seizure. This
can include:
• Visual acuity and visual
fields
• Pupillary size and reactivity
• Eye movements and
coordination
• Hearing and balance
MOTOR FUNCTION
• Assess muscle strength
and tone, which can reveal
any focal or generalized
weakness or paralysis. This
can include:
• Strength and tone in the
upper and lower
extremities
• Coordination and balance
• Presence of abnormal
movements or posturing
• Reflexes and sensory
10.
11. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR FIRST TIME
SEIZURE
Done by order of priority
Laboratory Tests 🧠
•CBCD, chem9 & FBS
•LFTs & TFTs
•ABGs
•Tests for infectious diseases, such as: Covid, influenza, HSV, EBV, HIV, Malaria, Lyme disease, WNV, HBCV, HCV
Imaging Tests 📷
•Imaging tests, such as MRI and CT scans, can help identify structural abnormalities and brain lesions that may be causing seizures.
•Both tests are painless and usually take less than an hour to complete. However, they may require contrast dye to be injected into the bloodstream, which can cause
side effects in some people.
Some EEG findings in different causes of seizures include:
Electrophysiological Testing 🔌
•Generalized epilepsy: symmetric, high amplitude spike and wave discharges
•Focal epilepsy: unilateral temporal lobe spikes and sharp waves
•Benign rolandic epilepsy: centrotemporal spikes
Diagnostic Procedures 💉
•Lumbar puncture to test cerebrospinal fluid
•Evoked potential studies to measure brain signals
•Neuropsychological testing to evaluate cognitive function
12.
13. IMMEDIATE TREATMENT
OF SEIZURES
• When a patient is actively seizing, the
immediate goal is to stop the seizure
and prevent any potential harm or
injury.
• The approach is based on the "ABCDE"
Here are some key steps in the acute
treatment of seizures:
14.
15. INDICATIONS FOR STARTING LONG-TERM
ANTI-EPILEPTIC DRUG (AED) TREATMENT
• Long-term AED treatment is typically started after a patient has experienced more than one seizure, or if they
are at high risk for recurrent seizures based on factors such as:
• Abnormal EEG results: Abnormal EEG results can indicate that a person is at high risk for seizures.
• Brain imaging results showing structural abnormalities or scarring: Some examples of structural abnormalities that can
increase a person's risk for seizures include:
• Hippocampal sclerosis: This is a condition in which the hippocampus, a part of the brain that is important for memory and learning,
becomes scarred and damaged. This can increase a person's risk for temporal lobe epilepsy, which is a type of epilepsy that can cause
seizures characterized by unusual sensations, emotions, or behaviors.
• Cortical dysplasia: This is a condition in which the outer layer of the brain, called the cortex, does not develop properly. This can increase
a person's risk for focal seizures, can cause symptoms such as muscle twitching or numbness.
• Tuberous sclerosis: This is a genetic disorder that causes noncancerous tumors to grow in various parts of the body, including the brain.
These tumors can increase a person's risk for seizures and other neurological problems.
• Family history of epilepsy or seizures: If a person has a family history of epilepsy or seizures, they may be more likely to
experience seizures themselves.
• Presence of neurological deficits or other underlying medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as stroke or
brain tumors, can increase a person's risk for seizures and may require long-term AED treatment.
• It's important to work closely with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate timing for starting
long-term AED treatment based on the individual patient's needs and medical history. Factors such as the type
of seizures a person experiences, the frequency of their seizures, and their age and overall health can all play
a role in determining when to start treatment and which AED to use.
16. THE BENEFITS OF MEDITATION
Reduced Stress and Anxiety
Meditation can help reduce stress and anxiety by
promoting relaxation and reducing negative emotions.
Improved Focus &
Concentration
Regular meditation practice can improve cognitive
function, including memory, attention, and
concentration.
Better Sleep
Meditation can also help improve sleep quality and
duration by promoting relaxation and reducing stress.
Increased Self-Awareness
Meditation can help increase self-awareness by
promoting introspection and mindfulness.
17.
18.
19. PROGNOSIS OF FIRST TIME SEIZURE
Most people who experience a first time seizure have
a good prognosis and can return to their normal
activities with proper treatment and follow-up.
People who experience recurrent seizures or have
other neurological disorders may have a poorer
prognosis and require more extensive treatment.
20. CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
Key Takeaways 💡
A first time seizure requires prompt medical attention and diagnosis to determine the underlying cause and appropriate
treatment.
A detailed history taking and an eyewitness account and diagnostic tests such as EEG, MRI, and blood tests are essen
for diagnosis.
Treatment options include anti-epileptic drugs, yet aren't generally prescribed after a single seizure, except for patients
a high risk of recurrence.
The medication choice varies according to the type of seizure and the patient’s coexisting conditions and childbearing
potential. and lifestyle modifications.
The prognosis is generally good with proper treatment and follow-up.