Soil erosion affects the performance of crops and the livelihood of farming families in rain-fed areas. Technologies like check dams and spillways are effective measures for controlling soil erosion. These technologies are comparatively low in cost and easy to construct than conventional brick masonry structures. The study analyzes cost-benefit, carry outs feasibility assessments and projects the potential impact of these technologies in rain-fed areas of district Dera Ismail Khan of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. In the study area, soil erosion is caused by monsoon rains, mainly in the months of July and August. Sampled adopter farmers of these technologies brought one-fourth of their operational land under irrigation with the adoption of these technologies. This has almost doubled the productivity of wheat, enhanced that of chickpea and mustard crops by 66% and 21%, respectively. In the second year of adoption, benefit-cost ratios of check dam and spillways technologies are 5.68 and 7.01 respectively. Adoption of these moisture saving technologies help farmers’ to diversify cropping patterns by planting vegetables, fruit and forest plants. Fish farming can further add to economic benefits for the farmers. As per rough estimates of the farmers, these technologies can be adopted on about ten thousand acres in the study area. Farmers in the area are resource-poor and might not afford to adopt these technologies on a large scale. Effective awareness, provision of technical services and ease in access to finances can result in large-scale adoption of these technologies.
A REVIEW PAPER ON LOW COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDE...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the use of root zone technology (RZT) as a low-cost alternative for sewage treatment, especially for small towns. It reviews literature on using constructed wetlands and reed beds to treat sewage. A pilot study was conducted using reactors planted with different species to treat sewage from Herle, India. The results showed that RZT was effective at reducing pollutants like BOD, COD, and nutrients. It was found to be a more cost-effective option than conventional treatment plants, making it suitable for small communities that cannot afford expensive options.
Geographical Analysis of the Challenges and Opportunities Facing Jharkhand's ...AI Publications
India is a land of rivers having prevalently a farming-based economy. Agriculture is the fundamental supporter of most of the general population in India and water is the most significant contribution to crop generation. The accomplishment of agriculture relies on the sufficiency and timely event of precipitation. Yet, the precipitation in India is frequently meagre, uneven and there is indeed, even all out disappointment in certain districts and during certain periods. Downpour is bound to a couple of months in a year and it shifts from year to year and district to-area which makes enormous pieces of the nation defenceless against drought. In this manner, natural distribution of water is lacking both spatially and transiently. Aside from the distinction in money saving advantage of good irrigation in various mouzas and diverse irrigation systems, the spatial example is likewise uneven at small scale level for example one irrigation framework to another irrigation framework. The Z-Score an incentive if there should be an occurrence of Co-employable RLI (+1.80) scored most astounding which shows the greatest net benefit for boro development. The most minimal score which is seen in the STW (leased) (- 1.42) poor inundated zone shows minimal benefit for boor development.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences aims to create an environment for researchers to introduce, share, read, and discuss recent scientific progress. We adopt the policy of providing open access to readers who may be interested in recent developments.
Inland valleys are being used under the Sawah technology for rice production to reduce rice imports to
Ghana. Sawah technology is assumed to benefit from geological fertilization. However, there is no
quantitative information on runoff and sediment flows in the agricultural watershed of Ghana. This
study was carried out at Biemso in the southern part of the country. The aim was to estimate runoff and
sediment transport using the water erosion prediction project (WEPP) model (version 2006.500), from
hillslope to the valley bottom where rice is cultivated using the Sawah technology. A digital elevation
model (DEM) was created from ground survey and used to select the various plots (hillslopes) and to
select slope input parameters. Four plots (hillslopes) were selected for the model simulation. Data on
local daily values of rainfall and on minimum and maximum temperatures were used to set a CLIGEN
model station file to determine climate input parameters for the model. Rainfall characteristics (erosivity
and distribution) were analysed. Soil erodibility was also determined. Soil and crop management input
parameters required by the model were identified and or estimated from field measurements and
secondary sources. The model was run for two management scenarios: Fallow and continuous maize
systems. The results of the simulation showed that 2.9 to 3.9 and 6.8 to 10.2 t/ha/year of sediments were
eroded from upper catchment to valley bottom under fallow system and maize, respectively. The range
of values for runoff produced under fallow was 17.4 to 40 mm whereas that under maize system is 158.7
to 233.62 mm. The study has shown that land use system in the study area has a great influence on
geological fertilization. In addition, the valley bottom where rice is produced under the Sawah system is
enriched with organic matter from upslope.
A soil pedologist is a soil scientist who specializes in a branch of soil science that is concerned with identification, formation, and distribution of soils, which covers soil classification, soil genesis and survey as well as land evaluation. He interprets the results of his work in a simple, non-technical language in diagrammatic forms (maps) called interpretive soil maps. Examples are, land capability maps, soil suitability maps and soil fertility capability maps. They serve as visual aids for extension education in training the trainer or training of farmers. Literate farmers can use it without an aid. The maps should be able to assist a potential land user to solve soil – related problem or sets of problems such as soil fertility, erosion and drainage, in an area covered in the map with less difficulty. The interpretive maps should be able to provide information on the nature and distribution of a particular soil problem or sets of problems and enhance a potential user to predict soil attributes in an area covered by the map. Based on the maps, decisions on land use planning, dissemination and adoption of agricultural innovations can be effective within a recommendation domain.
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AT BHARANANGANAM PANCHAYATH OF KOTTAYAM DISTRICT,INDIAIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on watershed management in the Bharananganam Panchayath of Kottayam district, India. The study aims to identify and distribute water resources in the area through surveys, maps created with QGIS software, and water budgeting. Based on the collected data, the study provides design proposals and management plans to properly guide and conserve the water resources, including constructing dams and barriers, improving infrastructure, and identifying suitable household practices. The overall goal is to achieve a balance between water demand and availability in a sustainable manner.
A REVIEW PAPER ON LOW COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDE...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the use of root zone technology (RZT) as a low-cost alternative for sewage treatment, especially for small towns. It reviews literature on using constructed wetlands and reed beds to treat sewage. A pilot study was conducted using reactors planted with different species to treat sewage from Herle, India. The results showed that RZT was effective at reducing pollutants like BOD, COD, and nutrients. It was found to be a more cost-effective option than conventional treatment plants, making it suitable for small communities that cannot afford expensive options.
Geographical Analysis of the Challenges and Opportunities Facing Jharkhand's ...AI Publications
India is a land of rivers having prevalently a farming-based economy. Agriculture is the fundamental supporter of most of the general population in India and water is the most significant contribution to crop generation. The accomplishment of agriculture relies on the sufficiency and timely event of precipitation. Yet, the precipitation in India is frequently meagre, uneven and there is indeed, even all out disappointment in certain districts and during certain periods. Downpour is bound to a couple of months in a year and it shifts from year to year and district to-area which makes enormous pieces of the nation defenceless against drought. In this manner, natural distribution of water is lacking both spatially and transiently. Aside from the distinction in money saving advantage of good irrigation in various mouzas and diverse irrigation systems, the spatial example is likewise uneven at small scale level for example one irrigation framework to another irrigation framework. The Z-Score an incentive if there should be an occurrence of Co-employable RLI (+1.80) scored most astounding which shows the greatest net benefit for boro development. The most minimal score which is seen in the STW (leased) (- 1.42) poor inundated zone shows minimal benefit for boor development.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences aims to create an environment for researchers to introduce, share, read, and discuss recent scientific progress. We adopt the policy of providing open access to readers who may be interested in recent developments.
Inland valleys are being used under the Sawah technology for rice production to reduce rice imports to
Ghana. Sawah technology is assumed to benefit from geological fertilization. However, there is no
quantitative information on runoff and sediment flows in the agricultural watershed of Ghana. This
study was carried out at Biemso in the southern part of the country. The aim was to estimate runoff and
sediment transport using the water erosion prediction project (WEPP) model (version 2006.500), from
hillslope to the valley bottom where rice is cultivated using the Sawah technology. A digital elevation
model (DEM) was created from ground survey and used to select the various plots (hillslopes) and to
select slope input parameters. Four plots (hillslopes) were selected for the model simulation. Data on
local daily values of rainfall and on minimum and maximum temperatures were used to set a CLIGEN
model station file to determine climate input parameters for the model. Rainfall characteristics (erosivity
and distribution) were analysed. Soil erodibility was also determined. Soil and crop management input
parameters required by the model were identified and or estimated from field measurements and
secondary sources. The model was run for two management scenarios: Fallow and continuous maize
systems. The results of the simulation showed that 2.9 to 3.9 and 6.8 to 10.2 t/ha/year of sediments were
eroded from upper catchment to valley bottom under fallow system and maize, respectively. The range
of values for runoff produced under fallow was 17.4 to 40 mm whereas that under maize system is 158.7
to 233.62 mm. The study has shown that land use system in the study area has a great influence on
geological fertilization. In addition, the valley bottom where rice is produced under the Sawah system is
enriched with organic matter from upslope.
A soil pedologist is a soil scientist who specializes in a branch of soil science that is concerned with identification, formation, and distribution of soils, which covers soil classification, soil genesis and survey as well as land evaluation. He interprets the results of his work in a simple, non-technical language in diagrammatic forms (maps) called interpretive soil maps. Examples are, land capability maps, soil suitability maps and soil fertility capability maps. They serve as visual aids for extension education in training the trainer or training of farmers. Literate farmers can use it without an aid. The maps should be able to assist a potential land user to solve soil – related problem or sets of problems such as soil fertility, erosion and drainage, in an area covered in the map with less difficulty. The interpretive maps should be able to provide information on the nature and distribution of a particular soil problem or sets of problems and enhance a potential user to predict soil attributes in an area covered by the map. Based on the maps, decisions on land use planning, dissemination and adoption of agricultural innovations can be effective within a recommendation domain.
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AT BHARANANGANAM PANCHAYATH OF KOTTAYAM DISTRICT,INDIAIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on watershed management in the Bharananganam Panchayath of Kottayam district, India. The study aims to identify and distribute water resources in the area through surveys, maps created with QGIS software, and water budgeting. Based on the collected data, the study provides design proposals and management plans to properly guide and conserve the water resources, including constructing dams and barriers, improving infrastructure, and identifying suitable household practices. The overall goal is to achieve a balance between water demand and availability in a sustainable manner.
Application of GIS and MODFLOW to Ground Water Hydrology- A ReviewIJERA Editor
Groundwater is one of the most valuable natural resources, which supports human health, economic
development and ecological diversity. Due to over exploitation, the ground water systems are affected and
require management to maintain the conditions of ground water resources within acceptable limits. With the
development of computers and advances in information technology, efficient techniques for water management
has evolved. The main intent of the paper is to present a comprehensive review on application of GIS
(Geographic Information System) followed by coupling with MODFLOW package for ground water
management and development. Two major areas are discussed stating GIS applications in ground water
hydrology. (i) GIS based subsurface flow and pollution modelling (ii) Selection of artificial recharge sites.
Although the use of these techniques in groundwater studies has rapidly increased since last decade the sucess
rate is very limited. Based on this review , it is concluded that integation of GIS and MODFLOW have great
potential to revolutionize the monitoring and management of vital ground water resources in the future.
Application of GIS and MODFLOW to Ground Water Hydrology- A ReviewIJERA Editor
This document provides a review of using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the MODFLOW groundwater modeling package together for groundwater management and modeling applications. It discusses two main areas of application: (1) GIS-based subsurface flow and pollution modeling, including several case studies that developed groundwater models using GIS for input data management and output visualization; and (2) using GIS techniques to select sites for artificial groundwater recharge. The document concludes that integrating GIS with MODFLOW has great potential to improve groundwater monitoring and management in the future.
Impact of Land-use and Land-cover Change Dynamics on Flooding: A Case Study o...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in the Ramakrishnapuram and Safilguda Lake watersheds in Hyderabad, India between 1997 and 2016 using remote sensing. Significant conversions from vegetated areas to built-up areas reduced green space and increased impervious surfaces. This exacerbated flooding in some areas by increasing surface runoff volumes. Analysis of satellite imagery showed declines in vegetated land from 134.59 hectares to 17.95 hectares and losses of non-perennial water bodies. Residential development expanded due to population growth and migration, leading to more compact urban areas over time.
The document provides an outline for a seminar presentation on resource conservation technologies for higher productivity in Indian agriculture. It discusses:
1. The current state of Indian agriculture and future challenges around sustainability, land degradation, and food security.
2. The definition and purpose of resource conservation technologies (RCTs), which enhance resource use efficiency compared to conventional agriculture.
3. The components and various RCTs used in land management, crop production, irrigation, and nutrient management. Examples discussed include zero-tillage, happy seeder technology, site-specific nutrient management, and drip irrigation.
4. Research findings on RCTs like system of rice intensification that have increased yields by 25% with reduced
Sustainable Water Management by Conjunctive use of Ground and Surface Water o...IRJET Journal
This document discusses sustainable water management through conjunctive use of surface and groundwater in the Left Bank Canal of Ghataprabha Command area in Karnataka, India. It finds that crop water demand exceeds available surface water. It proposes a new cropping pattern focusing on crops that require less water like maize, wheat, and general crops. The total water requirement of the proposed pattern is estimated to be 290.975 MCM, which can be met through conjunctive use of surface and groundwater. A cost-benefit analysis indicates the proposed approach would increase yields, produce value, and efficient water management compared to current practices.
Impact of Soil Moisture Conservation Practices and Nutrient Management Under ...theijes
A field experiment was conducted at Cotton Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth , Akola during the year 2014-15 with a view to study the moisture conservation techniques and nutrient requirement for cotton variety AKH-081 which is suitable genotype recommended for High Density Planting System for Vidharbha condition of Maharashtra. The experiment was laid out in split plot design replicated thrice with twelve treatments. The plot size was 6.0 x 4.5 meters spacing at 60 x 10 cm with 1.66 lakh plants per hectare. Three moisture conservation techniques consisting flat sowing, opening of furrow at 40-60 days after sowing and sowing on Broad Bed Furrow (BBF) 3 rows marked at 60 cm along with nutrient management levels RDF (60:30:30 NPK kg ha-1) ,RDF + 2.5 kg Zn ha-1, 125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) and 125 % RDF +2.5 kg Zn ha-1. The growth parameters viz. Plant height and sympodia was significantly influenced due to different moisture conservation techniques. BBF exihibited highest Plant height, Sympodia and Dry matter over the other parameter. The plant height, sympodia and dry matter per plant was increased significantly with increased in nutrient levels with micronutrients for high density planting system of cotton. Nutrients with different levels significantly influenced the yield attributes i.e Boll weight and Seed cotton yield under high density planting system. Significantly highest Seed cotton yield of (1786 kg ha-1) and was recorded with 125 % RDF + 2.5 kg Zn ha-1 which was at par with 125 % RDF. The highest gross monetary return, net monetary returns and benefit cost ratio was recorded with 125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) + 2.5 Kg Zn ha-1 which was at par with125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) which is the need of higher plant density. The highest WUE (3.02 kghamm-1) was noticed in 125 % RDF + Zn.
Effects of Tillage methods on some soil physical properties, growth and yield...AZOJETE UNIMAID
Disc ploughing plus disc harrowing (DP+DH) was found to be the most effective and profitable tillage method for improving soil physical properties, growth, and yield of watermelon in sandy loam soil. DP+DH treatment resulted in the highest watermelon yield of 31.0 t/ha, as well as the largest fruit weight, length, and diameter. For zero tillage (ZT), the highest yield was 26.5 t/ha. Overall, DP+DH enhanced watermelon growth and yield the most, while ZT was found to be unsuitable.
This document summarizes a study on using Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass) as a biological geotextile and topsoil application to promote biodiversity during quarry site reclamation. Key findings include:
1) An "Esonosre mat" was developed from elephant grass that was more effective at reducing erosion and sediment yield compared to bare soil.
2) Topsoil and poultry manure were both effective growth media for promoting plant diversity, more so than minesoil alone.
3) Amending minesoil with topsoil or manure improved survival and growth of agricultural crops compared to minesoil without amendments.
performance evaluation and characterization of wetted soil parameters of impr...IJEAB
Field study was conducted to evaluate the emission uniformity (EU), global coefficient of variation (CGv), emitter flow variation (Qvar) and distribution uniformity (DU), and determine the wetted radius (rw) on soil surface of improvised medi-emitters installed in a tomato field. Soil water content (SWC) at four layers was determined after different periods of irrigation. Radius of wetted soil surface was determined and predicted. Irrigation frequency had no significant effect on the average discharge rate of the medi-emitters throughout the growing cycle. Average Qvar and CGv were significantly (P=0.05) influenced by the frequency of application while the EU and DU did not significantly (P=0.05) differ among the treatments. There were significant differences in the average values of SWC in different soil layers under the different periods of irrigation. Both the observed and calculated rw on the soil surface were fitted with fourth order polynomial. The model performance parameters of MAE and RMSE between the calculated and observed radii were low, indicating good prediction. Medical infusion set can successfully replace the more expensive conventional emitters for drip irrigation system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Interactive Effects of Stream Sizes and Furrow Geometry on Furrow Irrigation ...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document summarizes a study that examined the interactive effects of irrigation stream sizes, furrow lengths, and furrow widths on soil erosion, growth, and yield of maize in Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria. The study involved irrigating maize with three different stream sizes (2.5, 1.5, and 0.5 l/s) in furrows of two lengths (90m and 45m) and two widths (0.75m and 0.9m). Results showed that the tallest maize plants were grown with a stream size of 1.5 l/s in long, wide furrows. Short, narrow furrows irrigated at 2.5 l/s had
Impact of wastewater irrigation on major nutrient status in soil near Bhaluka...AbdullaAlAsif1
The population increase has not only increased the fresh water demand but also increased the volume of wastewater generated. Treated or recycled wastewater (RWW) appears to be the only water resource that is increasing as other sources are dwindling. Increasing need for water has resulted in the emergence of domestic wastewater application for agriculture and its relative use. The present study was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during 2013 to evaluate the contribution of wastewater to major soil nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na) and fluctuation in physicochemical properties of soil (soil pH and Ec) from waste carrying canal at 10 selected sites of Bhaluka Upazila. Three (3) soil samples were collected at 0, 30 and 60 m distances from the waste discharging canals. The pH, EC, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na in soil samples decreased gradually with the increase of distance from waste discharging canal. Maximum concentrations of N at 60 and 0m distance varied from 8400 to 9700, P from 1850 to 5000, K from 4600 to 6000, S from 2000 to 4000, Ca from 7500 to 28800, Mg from 7500 to 7800, B from 90 to 2800 and Na from 2300 to 3100 μg g-1 in test soil.The results showed better nutrient status of the soil along waste discharge canals. The findings give applicable advice to commercial farmers and agricultural researchers for proper management and use of treated industrial wastewater for agricultural purpose.
This document provides an overview of wastelands in India, including:
- India has over 55 million hectares of wasteland, accounting for around 17% of its total land area.
- Wastelands are classified based on their difficulty of reclamation - easily reclaimable, reclaimable with some difficulty, and reclaimable with extreme difficulty.
- Major methods for wasteland reclamation discussed include afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry, and various agricultural practices.
- Several government schemes aim to promote wasteland development through activities like soil conservation, planting trees/crops, fuelwood production, and encouraging participation.
- One case study describes reclamation of industrial wast
Adoption of Kelo Watershed Project in Raigarh District of Chhattisgarhinventionjournals
This document discusses the adoption of the Kelo Watershed Project in Raigarh District of Chhattisgarh, India. It finds that the majority of respondents had a medium level of adoption towards paddy cultivation during the project. The project provided multiple benefits, including increasing incomes, employment, and crop yields. It also reduced runoff, soil loss, and poverty. Education, family type, and annual income were positively correlated with adoption levels. Overall, the watershed project contributed to socioeconomic improvements in the rain-fed agricultural area.
43 % of Earth’s terrestrial vegetated surface is degraded with limited capacity to supply benefits to humans.
Degraded landscapes often result in lower Soil Organic Carbon and overall poor soil health.
Understanding drivers of Land Degradation and processes of Soil Organic Carbon loss are key for informing effective interventions .
Achieving ecosystem stability on degraded land ICARDA
This project aimed to achieve ecosystem stability and combat desertification on degraded lands in Karakalpakstan and Kyzylkum desert regions. It identified plant species for stabilization efforts, tested land management methods, and strengthened legal frameworks for resource planning. Over its 5 year term from 2008-2013, it identified suitable species, created nurseries, trained local populations, stabilized sands and rehabilitated lands, and increased institutional capacity for integrated resource management.
Bioswales: Green Alternative for Storm Water Management & Flash FloodingIRJET Journal
This document discusses bioswales as a green alternative for storm water management and flash flooding mitigation. It provides background on the issues of increased impervious surfaces from urbanization exacerbating flash flooding. Bioswales are described as vegetated channels that allow storm water runoff to slowly infiltrate while removing pollutants. Studies show bioswales can effectively remove suspended solids and other contaminants. The document advocates that bioswales are a sustainable, cost-effective strategy for improving storm water management compared to traditional infrastructure.
Performance indicators for wastewater reuse systems in gaza governoratesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on developing performance indicators for wastewater reuse systems in Gaza governorates. The study aimed to assess the impact of wastewater and greywater projects on the environment, labor costs, and consumers from technical, socio-economic and environmental perspectives. A field survey was conducted involving questionnaires distributed to 30 farmers. Data analysis found that most farmers were willing to use treated wastewater if properly educated on social, economic and environmental issues regarding reclaimed water reuse.
Water sources and management practices among the household residents of Baran...Open Access Research Paper
The purpose of this study is to determine the water sources and management practices among the household residents of Barangay Labuyo, Tangub City, Misamis Occidental. A total of 204 household respondents were randomly interviewed using a survey questionnaire. Data on water management practices were measured using a 5-point Likert scale. One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation were further used to determine the differences and relationships between demographic profiles and management practices. Results show that pipe water supply from the main source (68%) was the primary water source used among household residents. In terms of sex, females often practice water management on the water sources with a weighted mean of 3.42. While respondents with age 68 years and older exhibit a higher degree (weighted mean=3.63) of involvement in water conservation measures. And respondents with college degree have applied their in-depth comprehension and knowledge on water conservation with a weighted mean of 3.48. The study also revealed a significant difference in the management practices between two sexes, among all ages and levels of educational attainment with p values <0.05. The association between demographic profiles with management practices further presents a significant relationship. Generally, the demographic profile (sex, age, and educational attainment) has a weak positive relationship towards management practices with values, r = 0.26, p = 0.00021; r = 0.34, p = <0.05; and r = 0.26, p = 0.00014, respectively. Thus, results suggest the need for enhancing community awareness on sustainable water source management and putting it into practice consequently reducing inadequacy of water supply in the area.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Contenu connexe
Similaire à Assessment of Check Dam and Spillways Technologies as soil erosion measures in Rain-Fed Agriculture of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Application of GIS and MODFLOW to Ground Water Hydrology- A ReviewIJERA Editor
Groundwater is one of the most valuable natural resources, which supports human health, economic
development and ecological diversity. Due to over exploitation, the ground water systems are affected and
require management to maintain the conditions of ground water resources within acceptable limits. With the
development of computers and advances in information technology, efficient techniques for water management
has evolved. The main intent of the paper is to present a comprehensive review on application of GIS
(Geographic Information System) followed by coupling with MODFLOW package for ground water
management and development. Two major areas are discussed stating GIS applications in ground water
hydrology. (i) GIS based subsurface flow and pollution modelling (ii) Selection of artificial recharge sites.
Although the use of these techniques in groundwater studies has rapidly increased since last decade the sucess
rate is very limited. Based on this review , it is concluded that integation of GIS and MODFLOW have great
potential to revolutionize the monitoring and management of vital ground water resources in the future.
Application of GIS and MODFLOW to Ground Water Hydrology- A ReviewIJERA Editor
This document provides a review of using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the MODFLOW groundwater modeling package together for groundwater management and modeling applications. It discusses two main areas of application: (1) GIS-based subsurface flow and pollution modeling, including several case studies that developed groundwater models using GIS for input data management and output visualization; and (2) using GIS techniques to select sites for artificial groundwater recharge. The document concludes that integrating GIS with MODFLOW has great potential to improve groundwater monitoring and management in the future.
Impact of Land-use and Land-cover Change Dynamics on Flooding: A Case Study o...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in the Ramakrishnapuram and Safilguda Lake watersheds in Hyderabad, India between 1997 and 2016 using remote sensing. Significant conversions from vegetated areas to built-up areas reduced green space and increased impervious surfaces. This exacerbated flooding in some areas by increasing surface runoff volumes. Analysis of satellite imagery showed declines in vegetated land from 134.59 hectares to 17.95 hectares and losses of non-perennial water bodies. Residential development expanded due to population growth and migration, leading to more compact urban areas over time.
The document provides an outline for a seminar presentation on resource conservation technologies for higher productivity in Indian agriculture. It discusses:
1. The current state of Indian agriculture and future challenges around sustainability, land degradation, and food security.
2. The definition and purpose of resource conservation technologies (RCTs), which enhance resource use efficiency compared to conventional agriculture.
3. The components and various RCTs used in land management, crop production, irrigation, and nutrient management. Examples discussed include zero-tillage, happy seeder technology, site-specific nutrient management, and drip irrigation.
4. Research findings on RCTs like system of rice intensification that have increased yields by 25% with reduced
Sustainable Water Management by Conjunctive use of Ground and Surface Water o...IRJET Journal
This document discusses sustainable water management through conjunctive use of surface and groundwater in the Left Bank Canal of Ghataprabha Command area in Karnataka, India. It finds that crop water demand exceeds available surface water. It proposes a new cropping pattern focusing on crops that require less water like maize, wheat, and general crops. The total water requirement of the proposed pattern is estimated to be 290.975 MCM, which can be met through conjunctive use of surface and groundwater. A cost-benefit analysis indicates the proposed approach would increase yields, produce value, and efficient water management compared to current practices.
Impact of Soil Moisture Conservation Practices and Nutrient Management Under ...theijes
A field experiment was conducted at Cotton Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth , Akola during the year 2014-15 with a view to study the moisture conservation techniques and nutrient requirement for cotton variety AKH-081 which is suitable genotype recommended for High Density Planting System for Vidharbha condition of Maharashtra. The experiment was laid out in split plot design replicated thrice with twelve treatments. The plot size was 6.0 x 4.5 meters spacing at 60 x 10 cm with 1.66 lakh plants per hectare. Three moisture conservation techniques consisting flat sowing, opening of furrow at 40-60 days after sowing and sowing on Broad Bed Furrow (BBF) 3 rows marked at 60 cm along with nutrient management levels RDF (60:30:30 NPK kg ha-1) ,RDF + 2.5 kg Zn ha-1, 125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) and 125 % RDF +2.5 kg Zn ha-1. The growth parameters viz. Plant height and sympodia was significantly influenced due to different moisture conservation techniques. BBF exihibited highest Plant height, Sympodia and Dry matter over the other parameter. The plant height, sympodia and dry matter per plant was increased significantly with increased in nutrient levels with micronutrients for high density planting system of cotton. Nutrients with different levels significantly influenced the yield attributes i.e Boll weight and Seed cotton yield under high density planting system. Significantly highest Seed cotton yield of (1786 kg ha-1) and was recorded with 125 % RDF + 2.5 kg Zn ha-1 which was at par with 125 % RDF. The highest gross monetary return, net monetary returns and benefit cost ratio was recorded with 125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) + 2.5 Kg Zn ha-1 which was at par with125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) which is the need of higher plant density. The highest WUE (3.02 kghamm-1) was noticed in 125 % RDF + Zn.
Effects of Tillage methods on some soil physical properties, growth and yield...AZOJETE UNIMAID
Disc ploughing plus disc harrowing (DP+DH) was found to be the most effective and profitable tillage method for improving soil physical properties, growth, and yield of watermelon in sandy loam soil. DP+DH treatment resulted in the highest watermelon yield of 31.0 t/ha, as well as the largest fruit weight, length, and diameter. For zero tillage (ZT), the highest yield was 26.5 t/ha. Overall, DP+DH enhanced watermelon growth and yield the most, while ZT was found to be unsuitable.
This document summarizes a study on using Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass) as a biological geotextile and topsoil application to promote biodiversity during quarry site reclamation. Key findings include:
1) An "Esonosre mat" was developed from elephant grass that was more effective at reducing erosion and sediment yield compared to bare soil.
2) Topsoil and poultry manure were both effective growth media for promoting plant diversity, more so than minesoil alone.
3) Amending minesoil with topsoil or manure improved survival and growth of agricultural crops compared to minesoil without amendments.
performance evaluation and characterization of wetted soil parameters of impr...IJEAB
Field study was conducted to evaluate the emission uniformity (EU), global coefficient of variation (CGv), emitter flow variation (Qvar) and distribution uniformity (DU), and determine the wetted radius (rw) on soil surface of improvised medi-emitters installed in a tomato field. Soil water content (SWC) at four layers was determined after different periods of irrigation. Radius of wetted soil surface was determined and predicted. Irrigation frequency had no significant effect on the average discharge rate of the medi-emitters throughout the growing cycle. Average Qvar and CGv were significantly (P=0.05) influenced by the frequency of application while the EU and DU did not significantly (P=0.05) differ among the treatments. There were significant differences in the average values of SWC in different soil layers under the different periods of irrigation. Both the observed and calculated rw on the soil surface were fitted with fourth order polynomial. The model performance parameters of MAE and RMSE between the calculated and observed radii were low, indicating good prediction. Medical infusion set can successfully replace the more expensive conventional emitters for drip irrigation system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Interactive Effects of Stream Sizes and Furrow Geometry on Furrow Irrigation ...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document summarizes a study that examined the interactive effects of irrigation stream sizes, furrow lengths, and furrow widths on soil erosion, growth, and yield of maize in Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria. The study involved irrigating maize with three different stream sizes (2.5, 1.5, and 0.5 l/s) in furrows of two lengths (90m and 45m) and two widths (0.75m and 0.9m). Results showed that the tallest maize plants were grown with a stream size of 1.5 l/s in long, wide furrows. Short, narrow furrows irrigated at 2.5 l/s had
Impact of wastewater irrigation on major nutrient status in soil near Bhaluka...AbdullaAlAsif1
The population increase has not only increased the fresh water demand but also increased the volume of wastewater generated. Treated or recycled wastewater (RWW) appears to be the only water resource that is increasing as other sources are dwindling. Increasing need for water has resulted in the emergence of domestic wastewater application for agriculture and its relative use. The present study was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during 2013 to evaluate the contribution of wastewater to major soil nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na) and fluctuation in physicochemical properties of soil (soil pH and Ec) from waste carrying canal at 10 selected sites of Bhaluka Upazila. Three (3) soil samples were collected at 0, 30 and 60 m distances from the waste discharging canals. The pH, EC, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na in soil samples decreased gradually with the increase of distance from waste discharging canal. Maximum concentrations of N at 60 and 0m distance varied from 8400 to 9700, P from 1850 to 5000, K from 4600 to 6000, S from 2000 to 4000, Ca from 7500 to 28800, Mg from 7500 to 7800, B from 90 to 2800 and Na from 2300 to 3100 μg g-1 in test soil.The results showed better nutrient status of the soil along waste discharge canals. The findings give applicable advice to commercial farmers and agricultural researchers for proper management and use of treated industrial wastewater for agricultural purpose.
This document provides an overview of wastelands in India, including:
- India has over 55 million hectares of wasteland, accounting for around 17% of its total land area.
- Wastelands are classified based on their difficulty of reclamation - easily reclaimable, reclaimable with some difficulty, and reclaimable with extreme difficulty.
- Major methods for wasteland reclamation discussed include afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry, and various agricultural practices.
- Several government schemes aim to promote wasteland development through activities like soil conservation, planting trees/crops, fuelwood production, and encouraging participation.
- One case study describes reclamation of industrial wast
Adoption of Kelo Watershed Project in Raigarh District of Chhattisgarhinventionjournals
This document discusses the adoption of the Kelo Watershed Project in Raigarh District of Chhattisgarh, India. It finds that the majority of respondents had a medium level of adoption towards paddy cultivation during the project. The project provided multiple benefits, including increasing incomes, employment, and crop yields. It also reduced runoff, soil loss, and poverty. Education, family type, and annual income were positively correlated with adoption levels. Overall, the watershed project contributed to socioeconomic improvements in the rain-fed agricultural area.
43 % of Earth’s terrestrial vegetated surface is degraded with limited capacity to supply benefits to humans.
Degraded landscapes often result in lower Soil Organic Carbon and overall poor soil health.
Understanding drivers of Land Degradation and processes of Soil Organic Carbon loss are key for informing effective interventions .
Achieving ecosystem stability on degraded land ICARDA
This project aimed to achieve ecosystem stability and combat desertification on degraded lands in Karakalpakstan and Kyzylkum desert regions. It identified plant species for stabilization efforts, tested land management methods, and strengthened legal frameworks for resource planning. Over its 5 year term from 2008-2013, it identified suitable species, created nurseries, trained local populations, stabilized sands and rehabilitated lands, and increased institutional capacity for integrated resource management.
Bioswales: Green Alternative for Storm Water Management & Flash FloodingIRJET Journal
This document discusses bioswales as a green alternative for storm water management and flash flooding mitigation. It provides background on the issues of increased impervious surfaces from urbanization exacerbating flash flooding. Bioswales are described as vegetated channels that allow storm water runoff to slowly infiltrate while removing pollutants. Studies show bioswales can effectively remove suspended solids and other contaminants. The document advocates that bioswales are a sustainable, cost-effective strategy for improving storm water management compared to traditional infrastructure.
Performance indicators for wastewater reuse systems in gaza governoratesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on developing performance indicators for wastewater reuse systems in Gaza governorates. The study aimed to assess the impact of wastewater and greywater projects on the environment, labor costs, and consumers from technical, socio-economic and environmental perspectives. A field survey was conducted involving questionnaires distributed to 30 farmers. Data analysis found that most farmers were willing to use treated wastewater if properly educated on social, economic and environmental issues regarding reclaimed water reuse.
Similaire à Assessment of Check Dam and Spillways Technologies as soil erosion measures in Rain-Fed Agriculture of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (20)
Water sources and management practices among the household residents of Baran...Open Access Research Paper
The purpose of this study is to determine the water sources and management practices among the household residents of Barangay Labuyo, Tangub City, Misamis Occidental. A total of 204 household respondents were randomly interviewed using a survey questionnaire. Data on water management practices were measured using a 5-point Likert scale. One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation were further used to determine the differences and relationships between demographic profiles and management practices. Results show that pipe water supply from the main source (68%) was the primary water source used among household residents. In terms of sex, females often practice water management on the water sources with a weighted mean of 3.42. While respondents with age 68 years and older exhibit a higher degree (weighted mean=3.63) of involvement in water conservation measures. And respondents with college degree have applied their in-depth comprehension and knowledge on water conservation with a weighted mean of 3.48. The study also revealed a significant difference in the management practices between two sexes, among all ages and levels of educational attainment with p values <0.05. The association between demographic profiles with management practices further presents a significant relationship. Generally, the demographic profile (sex, age, and educational attainment) has a weak positive relationship towards management practices with values, r = 0.26, p = 0.00021; r = 0.34, p = <0.05; and r = 0.26, p = 0.00014, respectively. Thus, results suggest the need for enhancing community awareness on sustainable water source management and putting it into practice consequently reducing inadequacy of water supply in the area.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Microbiological assessment of air quality of selected locations within Verita...Open Access Research Paper
The study investigated the microbiological quality of indoor and outdoor air of certain locations – the chapel, basement, classroom, hostel, as well as the old and new microbiology laboratories in Veritas University, Abuja. The settle plate technique using open Petri dishes containing different culture media was employed to collect samples daily for 5 weeks at 7 days intervals. Standard microbiological methods were employed for the identification of bacterial and fungal isolates. The bacterial counts ranged from 1.90×106 to 5.3×106 and 2.90 x 106 to 6.20 x 106 for indoor and outdoor air while the fungal counts ranged from 2.30 x106 to 3.70 x 106 and 2.10 x 106 to 4.40 x 106 also for indoor and outdoor air respectively. The bacterial isolates were identified to include Bacillus species and Staphylococcus aureus with percentage occurrence of 44.0% and 56.0% respectively. The results obtained also showed the occurrence of three major fungal species namely Aspergillus sp (60.0%), Rhodotolura sp (5.0%), and Rhizopus sp (35.00%). The bacterial isolate, Staphylococcus aureus (56.0%) was shown to be the most predominant airborne bacteria while Aspergillus sp (60.0%) was the most frequently isolated fungal species. The 95% confidence level statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the indoor and outdoor air microbial load of the selected locations. Data generated underline the usefulness of monitoring the air quality of the selected locations because the contamination of indoor and outdoor habitats can cause health problems and even an increase in human mortality.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Effects of Covid-19 pandemic on commodity price volatility and the welfare of...Open Access Research Paper
The evolving uncertainty of the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted some commodity prices, the welfare of farming households, and the economic growth and development of the country. The study is aimed at assessing the effects of Covid -19 pandemic on commodity price volatility and the welfare of farming households in Nigeria. The study was based on secondary data from (2010- 2022, and forecasts from 2023 -2026), collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria publication, IMF World economic outlook, and the World Bank report. Time- response graph and Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) was used to analyze the trend of the inflation rate, and T-test statistics, were used to test the relationship between the real income of farming household before and during the pandemic. The result showed that prices of some commodities doubled after the pandemic. There is a significant difference between the real income of farming households before and during the pandemic. The study recommends that a price control mechanism should be put in place to manage the affordability of goods and services in the market because this has a direct effect on the growth and development of the country.
Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and...Open Access Research Paper
The tomato is the one of the most famous crops in Pakistan. It is used and consumed as fresh as well as in processed form. Its botanical name is Solanum lycopersicon Mill. The proposed study had been conducted in the year 2017-2018 in order to find the best combination of water soluble NPK fertilizers as compared to control. Five different types of water soluble fertilizers were collected from different sources and were applied at 5% concentration during the entire growing period of the tomato crop. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications of each. Different vegetative, reproductive and bio-chemical parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The treatments were compared using LSD test. It was concluded that different NPK water soluble fertilizers showed variation in physical and bio chemical parameters in tomato plants as compared to control. The plants showed variation in plant height, No. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per hectare, Individual fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, No. of diseased fruit per plant, date of first harvest, Fruit color Fruit length (cm), fruit size (cm), fruit firmness, total NPK contents, vitamincmg Chlorophyll concentration, pH, (TSS), Electricity conductivity (EC) and Titratable acidity Among all the water soluble treatments, the T3 treatment (WSF 20:20:20) yielded the comparatively better results as compared to other WSF treatments. So it was concluded that T3 was the recommended water soluble fertilizer for tomato.
Yield response of aman rice to transplanting geometry and seedlings per hill ...Open Access Research Paper
In a condition of limited scope of horizontal yield expansion, rice yield can be increased by efficient utilization of land through proper transplanting arrangement with maximum number of plant population unit-1 area. Thus, the present experiment was conducted in the farmer’s field at Batiaghata upazila of Khulna district, Bangladesh during T. aman season (Jul-Nov) to evaluate the effect of transplanting geometry and number of seedlings hill-1 on growth and yield of aman rice (Binadhan-7, a short duration variety of its’ early harvest can create opportunity to cultivate winter crops in this region). The experiment had four types of transplanting geometry (single row rectangular system, single row triangular system, double row rectangular system and double row triangular system) and three levels of seedling hill-1 (3, 4 and 5 seedlings) with three replications. The results showed that individually transplanting geometry or number of seedlings hill-1 had substantial influence on yield attributes and yield but their interaction effect had non-significant influence on almost all measured parameters except number of tillers and effective tillers hill-1. The maximum grain yield (5.6 t ha-1) was achieved from double row triangular system yet the highest plant height, effective tillers hill-1, grain panicle-1, 1000 grain weight and straw yield were obtained from single row triangular system. In case of seeding hill-1, 3 seedlings hill-1 produced the highest grain yield (5.33 t ha-1) plant height, effective tillers hill-1, grain panicle-1, 1000 grain weight and straw yield. It can be concluded that double row transplanting geometry with 3 seedlings hill-1 can utilize the land efficiently for grain yield and be recommended for cultivation of Binadhan-7 in the coastal region of south-western Bangladesh.
Evaluation of lead and arsenic content of Azardirachta indica seed oil and Ci...Open Access Research Paper
There is an increase preference for plant-based repellents due to their effectiveness, environmentally friendliness and biodegradable nature. It is therefore necessary to ascertain the safety of these repellents by analysing their heavy metal content. This study has shown that lead and arsenic content of Azadirachta indica seed oil cream and Citrus sinensis peel oil cream as mosquito repellent is insignificant and therefore very safe for use according to the Ghana Standard Authority specification. These results provide new insight into the safety of these natural mosquito repellents.
Determination of hydroxy methyl furfural concentration in honey using ultra v...Open Access Research Paper
This paper aimed to determine the concentration of hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF) using UV-visible spectroscopy to assess the quality of honey. The honey samples were collected from three honeys productive temperature zones: temperate, sub-tropical and tropical. Following the procedure of white method, the concentration of HMF of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical zone honey are found to be 11.18 ± 0.052mg/kg, 24.95± 0.119mg/kg, and 56.94±0.366mg/kg respectively. There is statistically significance differences between the groups in HMF concentration at 95% confidence level (p<0.05). All the samples are found to have HMF value less than the maximum concentration of HMF in honey set by standard controlling international organizations, which shows good quality of the honey in the study areas.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
High histological grade breast cancer morphological evaluation on mammogram u...Open Access Research Paper
To evaluate the high-grade breast cancer morphological complexity on mammogram. We conducted a retrospective study using an open source data got from figshare repository. These anonymized data were collected and used for a study approved by the institutional review board. Cranio-Caudal and Medio-lateral mammograms and their tumor segmented images from 66 patients subdivided in two groups high histological grade (n=23) low-grade (low and intermediate, n=41). From breast cancer image segmentation, we extracted fractal dimension using Fraclac, plugin of ImageJ software based on box-counting method. For our analysis we used comparatively the fractal dimension from cranio-caudal (CC) and medio-lateral (MLO) images. We summarized the fractal dimension of our cohort using boxplot and performed the Wilcoxon non-parametric statistic for fractal dimension comparison of two groups (High-grade and low-grade). There was not difference between CC (mean ± std= 1.1583±0.067) andmLO (mean ± std =1.1551±0.055) breast cancer fractal dimension. For the high-grade differentiation, CC andmLO images fractal dimension were contributed respectively at a little difference but without statistically difference (P value=0.438 and 0.435). High-grade fractal dimensions mean were respectively 1.142±0.044 and 1.144±0.075 for CC andmLO images against 1.166±0.050 and 1.160±0.057 for low-grade. It had been recorded a lower mean value of fractal dimension for high-grade breast cancer without statistically significant. This finding shows that the high-grade breast cancer tends to have a regular shape.
Characterization of inflammatory syndrome in smokers, from C-Reactive protein...Open Access Research Paper
A local inflammatory syndrome is characterized by a classic semiological tetrad: pain, swelling, redness and heat. These signs are easily observed when the inflammation concerns the skin or an adjacent tissue. Throughout this study, the aim was to characterize chronic inflammation in smokers using two parameters, rate of erythrocytes sedimentation (RES) and C – reactive protein (CRP). Our study was done on a sample of 35 smoking subjects, composed of men and women. The CRP measurement o was carried out using a CRP-Latex agglutination test which detects only serum CRP levels around 6mg/L. The technique used for the RES measurement is that of Westergreen. From the results, we observed that 31% of our sample presented a positive CRP and a high RES against 40% having regular CRP and RES. The gender of the subject did not play a role in the results obtained. On the other hand, a significant difference (p = 0.031) in CRP was observed between subjects with normal RES and those with high RES. Therefore, these results make it difficult to confirm that RES and CRP can be used as reliable markers for the characterization of inflammation linked to smoking.
Prevalence of diarrhea among severely malnourished children admitted in Gover...Open Access Research Paper
Mortality rate of children under the age of five has reduced worldwide, but still the probability of a child dying before the age of five is greatest in underdeveloped countries. Pakistan reports child mortality rates in same bracket as other South Asian countries due to malnutrition and diarrhea. To determine the prevalence and factors associated in children less than five years of age a cross sectional study was conducted with mothers whose children were admitted in pediatric government Hospital, Lahore. A convenient sample of 101 children (6-59 months, 53 males and 48 females) suffering from malnutrition and diarrhea were selected from hospital. Data about socio demographic, anthropometric, clinical and dietary variables were collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 16. The results showed that mean age of patients was 19.36 ± 10.5 months. The illiteracy rate among mother and father of patients was 94.1% and 69.3% respectively. 94.1% of the patients were breastfed while 47.5% of the patients were on bottle feed with breast milk. 66.3% patients families has very low-income rate while 33.7% were satisfactory. 40.6% patients were not vaccinated against immunization. Out of 101 patients, 39.6% of the patients had diarrhea while 6.9% of the patients had chronic diarrhea. The prevalence rate of diarrhea (39%) was less among children who were younger than 18 months as compared to those who were above 18 months (40.5%). The most significant factors that caused the incidence of diarrhea in children was form of water storage system, complementary feeding practices, and hand wash cleaning materials. This study concluded that government, nongovernmental organizations and families living with children and mothers could cooperate on strategies to minimize the risks of the diarrhea among children less than five years of age.
Accuracy of cervico vaginal fetal fibronectin test in predicting risk of spon...Open Access Research Paper
Preterm delivery is the leading cause of neonatal mortality. One of the best predictors to assess the risk of preterm labour (PTB) is by measuring fetal fibronectin (fFN) in cervico vaginal secretion after 26 weeks of pregnancy. The aim is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of qualitative cervico vaginal fFN in symptomatic women and asymptomatic high risk women during antenatal care. Prospective study which was conducted in Basrah Maternity and Child Hospital. It included 106 pregnant women at gestational age more than 26 weeks who had uterine contraction with or without pervious risk factors for PTB. Cervico vaginal fluid sampling was undertaken from all women included in the study after the age of 26 weeks of gestation and qualitative fFN assessment was done with 50ng/ml is the cut off point for positivity. As regard qualitative fFN assessment for predicting of PTB sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, were 71%, 87%, 40.50%, 94% respectively in symptomatic women. While in asymptomatic women with previous high risk had 26% sensitivity, 84% specificity, 32% PPV, and 87% NPV. Qualitative assessment of fFN in cervico vaginal fluid is good predictive marker in detecting of PTB.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
According to WHO, Drug utilization research is defined as ‘the marketing, distribution, recommendation and utilize of drugs in a society, with particular focus on the resulting medical, social and economic results. In many developed countries, a number of studies about utilization of drug have been conducted, which indicates a wide proof of irrational drug use. The drug use indicators are considered as objective measures that can be extended to identify practices of medicines utilization in any health facility, country or an entire region. To check the drug utilize pattern in Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities of Bhakkar district Punjab Pakistan. Using WHO core drug use indicators, a prospective cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in health facilities of Bhakkar district. A total of 40 prescriptions were analyzed. The average age of patients visiting HC centers was 33.11 years (female 35.79; male 30.40). 3.65 was the average number of prescribed drugs. 27% was the percentage of encounters with at least one prescribed antibiotic whereas 35% was the percentage of encounters with at least one prescribed injection prescribed, which was low. 25% is the total percentage of drugs given using generic names was noticed. The average consultation and dispensing time of 40 prescriptions was 2.02 minutes and 42.52 seconds. The study demonstrates that trend toward irrational practice mainly on use of antibiotics and non-generic prescribing in most of health facilities studied. Patient care given by health facilities studied was inadequate and thus for encouragement of rational drug use practice, an effective intervention program is recommended.
Diabetes is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in different continents of the world. Many diabetes victims are found in developing countries like Sub-Saharan Africa. However, some developed nations like United States and Europe record significant records on diabetes prevalence. Studies project a dramatic increase of the infection spread in the world. Also, it provides visible results on the effects of the infection among the victims and the society at large. Studies of type 2 diabetes prevalence indicate minimal rates in rural population and moderate results in the developed regions of the same country. Such results create an alarm to the unaffected regions. The frequent observation of modestly high prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance in areas with low prevalence of diabetes indicate risk of early stage of diabetes epidemics.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus, and their nasa...Open Access Research Paper
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Assessment of Check Dam and Spillways Technologies as soil erosion measures in Rain-Fed Agriculture of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
1. 37 Hussain et al.
Int. J. Biosci. 2022
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Assessment of Check Dam and Spillways Technologies as soil
erosion measures in Rain-Fed Agriculture of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Abid Hussain1
, Abdul Hassan2*
, Muhammad Zahidullah Khan3
, Arshad Farooq2
1
Social Sciences Research Institute, PARC-National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad
2
PARC-Social Sciences Research Institute, Tarnab-Peshwar, Pakistan
Key words: Check dams, Spillways, Adoption, Benefit-Cost ratio, Soil Erosion, Mositure Conservation, Rain-
fed areas.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/20.1.37-45 Article published on January 04, 2022
Abstract
Soil erosion affects the performance of crops and the livelihood of farming families in rain-fed areas.
Technologies like check dams and spillways are effective measures for controlling soil erosion. These
technologies are comparatively low in cost and easy to construct than conventional brick masonry structures.
The study analyzes cost-benefit, carry outs feasibility assessments and projects the potential impact of these
technologies in rain-fed areas of district Dera Ismail Khan of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. In the
study area, soil erosion is caused by monsoon rains, mainly in the months of July and August. Sampled adopter
farmers of these technologies brought one-fourth of their operational land under irrigation with the adoption of
these technologies. This has almost doubled the productivity of wheat, enhanced that of chickpea and mustard
crops by 66% and 21%, respectively. In the second year of adoption, benefit-cost ratios of check dam and
spillways technologies are 5.68 and 7.01 respectively. Adoption of these moisture saving technologies help
farmers’ to diversify cropping patterns by planting vegetables, fruit and forest plants. Fish farming can further
add to economic benefits for the farmers. As per rough estimates of the farmers, these technologies can be
adopted on about ten thousand acres in the study area. Farmers in the area are resource-poor and might not
afford to adopt these technologies on a large scale. Effective awareness, provision of technical services and ease
in access to finances can result in large-scale adoption of these technologies.
* Corresponding Author: Abdul Hassan ahassan7796@gmail.com
International Journal of Biosciences | IJB |
ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print), 2222-5234 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 20, No. 1, p. 37-45, 2022
2. 38 Hussain et al.
Int. J. Biosci. 2022
Introduction
Soil erosion is a prime geographical land degradation
event that affects worldwide agriculture (Leh et al.,
2013) due to its serious influence on soil fertility
along with on productivity, results in a massive loss in
crop production (Munodawafa, 2012). Gullies are the
worst soil erosion forms that might be considered as
an enlargement of watershed drainage system up into
the landscape (USDA, 2021). Gullies are defined as
small channels or valleys formed due to cutting action
of concentrated as well as intermittent runoff during
and immediately following heavy rains (Soil Science
Society of America, 2008).
It adversely affects the economy through a reduction
in agricultural productivity, decreasing farmland
value and multiplying the cost of making and
maintaining rural infrastructure (USDA, 2021). Gully
plugging is a small earthen dam that might be
constructed at one or more sites along the gully or
vegetation in the areas between the structures (USDA,
2021). Check dams might be used for controlling gully
erosion (Lenzi, 2002) that trap the eroded sediments,
stabilize channels stream, slope reduction and
prevent soil loss in badland areas (Yano, 1968; Zhang
et al., 1988; Singh et al., 2002; Shit et al., 2013).
In Pakistan, deforestation, overgrazing, urbanization,
low organic matter, improper tillage practices, leaving
the land fallow, competing land uses, small and
fragmented land holdings, and poverty have
accelerated soil erosion. Soil erosion affected 20
percent of the total geographical area (almost 16
million hectares) of the country. Out of this 11 million
hectare area is affected by water erosion (about 70%)
and more than half of the land (55%) is affected by
gully erosion in rain-fed areas of the country. High-
intensity rainfalls, steep slopes and erodible soils
without adequate protection have led to extensive soil
erosion and the consequences are devastating.
They include loss of fertile soil, loss of vegetation,
reservoir depletion by sedimentation and
eutrophication and contamination of surface and
groundwater (Ashraf et al., 2012).
In Pakistan, rain-fed areas are ignored as an
investment is mainly made in the canal irrigation
system. Crops are grown on 12 million hectare land in
rainfed areas that constitute 40 percent of the total
cultivated area; however, their contribution to total
national production is only 10 percent. Reasons
behind this are low and erratic rainfall that affects
crops growth at critical stages, soil erosion and loss of
top fertile layer, injudicious use of water and land
resources and defective or low level of information
about science-based modern agricultural methods
(Hassan et al., 2015).
Despite this huge soil loss and its consequences to
agricultural lands and the terrestrial environment,
very little work has been done in Pakistan to address
the issue. Conventionally, brick masonry structures
were constructed by public departments. These
structures were costly and most of them were
damaged due to floods, rodent holes, etc., and are
were unrepairable. The International Center for
Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)
launched the project in Pakistan, sponsored by the
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), in
collaboration with PARC, National Center of
Excellence in Geology (NCEG)—the University of
Peshawar along with other national and international
institutions. The prime objective is ―to introduce and
promote the adaptation of optimal and integrated
water and land management technologies for
sustainable increases in agricultural productivity and
profitability as well as for reducing land degradation
in Pakistan’s watersheds‖. The structures introduced
in the project area of Dera Ismail Khan (D. I. Khan)
were easy to construct, maintain and 5-10 timeless
costly than the conventional brick masonry
structures.
Check dams introduced in the area were loose stone,
simple structures that can be easily built by local
builders (masons) based on their local traditional
knowledge. It does not require more technical skill
know-how, and an experienced local builder with
little guidance can construct it. Spillways constructed
on Terraces help in disposing of the extra water safely
3. 39 Hussain et al.
Int. J. Biosci. 2022
downslope conserves water and soil. Both the
technologies are site-specific and were not practical in
all fields. Old styles of these technologies already exist
in the area; however, NCEG introduced the modified
style of these technologies in the area. This study has
been conducted with the main objective to assess the
economic benefits of these technologies for crop/ fruit
farming households in the rainfed area of D. I. Khan
district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Materials and mtheods
Check dam and spillways technologies were promoted
in the study area by NCEG in the first stage, while
Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources
(PCRWR), Regional Office Peshawar adovocated
these in the second stage of the project in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The lists of
adopters of these technologies were obtained from the
Regional Office of PCRWR, Peshawar. Keeping in
view, tough terrain of the area and a limited number
of adoptions, thirty adopter farmers of spillways and
ten of check dam were randomly surveyed during
April 2018. The survey team was comprised of social
scientists from Social Sciences Research Institutes,
NARC, Islamabad, Tarnab-Peshawar and engineers/
technical field staff from PCRWR sub-office in D. I.
Khan. Respondent adopter farmers of Check Dam
interviewed for the study were belonged to Gora
Ghulam Sadiq and Mouza Rozi Khan Villages of
Daraban tehsil of D. I. Khan District. Spillways
technologies were mainly adopted in Kulachi tehsil of
district D. I. Khan and adopter farmers were belonged
to Kulachi, Ghareeb and Gandapur villages.
The data was analyzed through SPSS-22 for
descriptive statistics and cost-benefit analysis of these
technologies.
Results and discussion
Farmers’ characteristics and technology adoption
Demographic characteristics of the sample adopters
of the technologies are given in Table 1. Sampled
adopter farmers were at in young age with substantial
experience in crop farming. The mean age and crop
farming experience of adopter farmers were about 44
and 24 years, respectively.
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of farmers.
Characteristics Check-dam (n=10) Spill-ways (n=30) Overall (n=40)
Age (years) 53.5 (23.3) 41.8 (9.1) 44.1 (2.2)
Crop farming experience (years) 36.0 (33.9) 20.6 (11.8) 23.7 (16.7)
Education (years) 3.0 (4.2) 9.0 (6.5) 7.8 (6.4)
Family size (number) 13.0 (9.9) 13.7 (9.7) 13.6 (9.2)
Operational land holding (acre) Rain-fed 42.2 (2.2) 59.4 (87.6) 56.0 (77.6)
Irrigated 6.2 (8.8) 21.0 (32.7) 18.1 (29.6)
Total 48.4 (6.6) 80.4 (76.8) 74.1 (69.1)
Livestock holding (number) 13.0 (5.7) 18.3 (16.8) 17.2 (15.1)
Farm tractors and machinery (percent) 70
Irrigation System
(percent)
Check dams and /or spillways 70
Solar lift pumps & rod kohi system 25
Runoff/flood water 75
Note: Figures in parenthesis are standard deviations.
Source: Survey data 2018.
They had considerable schooling with, on average,
eight educational years. The family size of adopters
was quite large with an average of fourteen members
due to the prevailing joint family system in the area.
Similarly, operational landholding and livestock
ownership were large, with a mean of 74 acres and 17
animal numbers per farm household, respectively.
Seventy percent of the sample farmers reported
having their own tractors and farm machinery. More
than three-fifth (70 percent) of the respondents
irrigated their crops through check dams and /or
spillways. Additionally, respondents also reported
that they manage occasional supplemental irrigation
to crops through lift pumps or flood water/ rod kohi
4. 40 Hussain et al.
Int. J. Biosci. 2022
systems. One-quarter of the sampled farmers
reported having irrigation sources (solar lift pumps &
rod kohi system) at their farms, while the remaining
(75 percent) are solely dependent on runoff/ flood
water.
Irrigation System and income
Farming households in the rain-fed study area have
very diversified income sources. The agricultural
income is generally low due to scanty and erratic
rainfall. The average annual rainfall is 249 mm per
annum, about half of which (44 percent) happens
from July to September (CLIMATE-DATA.ORG,
2019). At sampled farms, crop and livestock
collectively shared less than three-quarters of the
household income (63.5 percent). Thus, farming
families of the study area supplement their income
through small enterprises, agricultural service
provision and trade, public/private jobs and labour.
Small enterprises, agricultural service provision and
trade shared 12.8 percent and public/private sector
jobs shared 11.6 percent in the total income of
sampled farming households. Similarly, labour and
remittances collectively shared the remaining 12.1
percent of the total household income of farming
households (Table 2).
Table 2. Demographic characteristics of farmers.
Sources Check-dam (n=10) Spill-ways (n=30) Overall (n=40)
Mean % Mean % Mean %
Crops 218850 (63639) 53 215588 (149535) 43.5 216404 (108852) 45.6
Livestock 34000 (22627) 8.3 101875 (83235) 20.5 84906 (58126) 17.9
Small enterprises, Agri. services & trade 0 0 81250 (229810) 16.4 60938 (146504) 12.8
Government/Private Jobs 0 0 73500 (207889) 14.8 55125 (132529) 11.6
Labour 69000 (72125) 16.8 18750 (53033) 3.8 31313 (49733) 6.6
Remittances 90000 (127279) 21.9 5000 (14142) 1 26250 (36062) 5.5
Total 411850 (256401) 100 495963 (241014) 100 474935 (208132) 100
Note: Figures in parenthesis are standard deviations.
Source: Survey data 2018.
Perceived status of adopting new technologies
The respondents viewed that floods in the area were
the sole cause of soil erosion that was mainly crop-up
during monsoon season (July and August).
The adopters of check dam technology stated that the
check dam was helpful for control of soil erosion,
generally made with bricks or blocks, stones and
concrete. While, spillways adopting farmers perceived
that the technology was effective in reducing soil
erosion, followed by retaining walls and establishing
vegetation cover.
Sampled farmers reported having awareness about
check dam and spillways technologies for the last
three-four years. Most of the farmers reported that
fellow farmers (50%) and project personnel (40%)
made them aware of these technologies while a few
farmers (10%) informed input dealers as source of
information about these moisture saving technologie.
They professed that project personnel are the most
effective source of information for them about
technologies and declared fellow farmers and input
dealers as effective sources of knowledge. All the
sampled farmers reported visiting at least one farm of
other adopters of the technology in their area.
The mean experience of the farmers about these
technologies was two years. Forty percent of the
farmers reported obtaining formal training about the
technology construction before its adoption.
These training programs were arranged by the
Directorate General Soil & Water Conservation
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Thirty percent of the farmers
reported to attend Farmer Field Days organized
under the project and also to visit project
demonstration sites (Table 3).
5. 41 Hussain et al.
Int. J. Biosci. 2022
Table 3. Perceived status of adopting new technologies.
Awareness about technologies Unit Overall (n=40)
Years 3-4
Source of awareness Fellow farmers percent 50
Project personnel percent 40
Input dealers 10
Visit adopter farms Number 1
Experience of technology adoption years 2
Formal training Percent 40
Farmers Field Days attended Percent 30
Project demonstration site visit Percent 30
Access to construction material Own localities Percent 75
Kms 3.4
3-4 locations Percent 25
kms 70
Credit obtained percent 60
PKR 197500
Contact with technical personnel Numbers 3
Source: Survey data 2018.
Most of the farmers (75%) reported access to
construction material in their own localities. They
reported having the availability of construction
material at three to four locations, with a mean
distance of their farms from markets of 3.4
kilometers, while reaming farmers (25%) reported
purchasing construction material from non-local
markets of Darazinda and D. I. Khan, with a mean
distance of 70 kilometers from their farms.
Respondents in the study area have quite good access
to credit institutions (ZTBL and Commercial Banks),
as 60 percent reported obtaining a loan at least once
in the last three years with a mean amount of PKR
1,97,500. Half of the farmers expressed to have
sufficient access to technical peoples/ Agricultural
Service Providers (ASPs). On average, each farmer
have contacts with three technical persons/ASPs. The
majority of the respondents (60 percent) argued that
the number of technical persons/ASPs in the study
area was insufficient for fulfilling farmers’ need for
technical knowledge and timely assistance (Table 3).
Construction and maintenance costs
The sampled respondents viewed that the check dam
could be constructed in about one month time. The
average cost of construction of check dams in the
study area was PKR 2,60,000. The cost of
constructing a storage pond along with irrigation
infrastructure in the study area was PKR 1,72,500.
Hence, the total average cost of constructing a check
dam along with related infrastructure was PKR
4,32,500. Moreover, the construction cost of
spillways varied from PKR 8,751 to PKR 4,00,000 per
structure depending on the size of the gully,
topographical conditions and construction material.
Similarly, the number of spillways ranges from one to
seven, with a mean of two structures per farm and the
time of constructing spillways on sample farms
ranges from three to twenty days with a mean of
fifteen days. The total average expenditures on
constructing spillways per farm in the study area were
PKR 2,15,000 (Table 4).
Owing to the socio-economic conditions of local
farmers, the adoption cost of these technologies
might be considered quite substantial. Hence, the
adopter farmers were provided with a 60% subsidy on
the construction cost of check dams and spillways. On
average, adopters of check dams and spillways
technologies shared PKR 1,04,000 and PKR 86,000
in total construction cost per farm, respectively.
Repair and maintenance cost for check dams was not
reported, as these have strong concrete structures and
were recently built. However, spillways are
comparatively less costly and require occasional
repair. Annual repair and maintenance cost per
6. 42 Hussain et al.
Int. J. Biosci. 2022
annum of spillways per farm averaged PKR 11,413.
Considering the functional life of these structures, the
total annual cost of check dam and spillway
technologies with 60% subsidy on the construction of
the main structure was PKR 27,650 and 28,613,
respectively (Table 4).
Table 4. Construction Cost of Check dams and Spillways.
Cost Items Check Dams Spillways
a. Construction cost of main structure 260000 215000
b. Construction cost with 60% subsidy 104000 86000
c. Expected life (years) 10 5
d. Construction cost with 60% subsidy per annum (b/c) 10400 17200
e. Storage pond and irrigation infrastructure 172500 0
f. Storage pond and irrigation infrastructure per annum (e/c) 17250 0
g. Total cost (a+e) 432500 215000
h. Repair and maintenance cost per annum 0 11413
i. Total cost per annum (d+f+g) 27650 28613
Source: Survey data 2018.
Benefits, Profitability and adoption prospects
Adopters of check dam technology reported that the
main advantages observed by them are protection of
land from soil/water erosion, increase in area under
cultivation, water storage and its use for
supplemental irrigations to increase crop
productivity, diversifying crops by vegetable
cultivation and opportunity to bring more land under
cultivation. Other benefits are direct irrigation of
crops in flood season, plantation of forest trees along
the water channel and fish production at farms where
ponds have been constructed for water storage.
Similarly, the adopters of spillways technology
reported that safety of land from floods and resulting
water erosion, the opportunity of the increasing area
under crop production, resulting in income increase
are the benefits of the technology that convinced
them for technology adoption.
Landholding in the study area was generally large in
size. The farmers’ stated that the construction of
check dams added more land of an average of 10.87
acre per farm. All the sampled farmers provided
supplemental irrigations to the wheat crop, half of the
them irrigated mustard crop and vegetables after the
construction of check dams. The average land
allocated to wheat and mustard crops at farms was
18.75 and 7.51 acres, respectively. Farmers reported
that vegetable production was solely for household
consumption, as vegetables were grown on limited
land on sampled farms. Water stored in check dams
was used for supplemental irrigation that resulted in
an increase in the wheat crop production from 4.7
pounds per acre under rain-fed conditions to 9.4
pounds per acre. Similarly, under rain-fed conditions,
the production of the mustard crop in the study area
was 10.1 pounds per acre that incrased to 16.8 pounds
per acre through the application of supplemental
irrigations, specifically at critical crop production
stages. Crop productivity in the study area is quite
low, as chemicals inputs (weedicides, pesticides and
fertilizers) are not used. The study showed that check
dam technology has high returns with a benefit-cost
ratio of 5.68 in the second year of construction and
that are expected to be further increase in coming
years through increase in livestock productivity and
rise in income from sale of forest trees (Table 5).
Similarly, the benefits of constructing spillways in the
study area resulted in a command area of 28.71 acres
per farm. The allocation of the area to wheat and
chickpea crop per farm was 24.6 and 4.1 hectares,
respectively. The construction of spillways increases
the production of wheat and chickpea crops, through
supplemental irrigation by 92 percent and 21 percent,
respectively. The adopter farmers of the technology
obtained additional income of PKR 2, 00,441 in the
year 2017-18 with a benefit-cost ratio of 7.01 (Table
5).
7. 43 Hussain et al.
Int. J. Biosci. 2022
Table 5. Benefits due to additional production.
Crops Yield (mound/ acre) Price Ad. Income
Normal Adoption Additional PKR/mound PKR?acre
I. Check Dams
Wheat 4.7 9.4 4.7 1280 6016
Mustard 10.1 16.8 6.7 680 4556
A. Additional income per farm from wheat crop (additional income per acre x area in acre) = (6016 x 18.75) = 112800
B. Additional income per farm from mustard crop (additional income per acre x area in acre) = ( 4556 x 7.51) = 34216
C. Additional income/benefit per farm from vegetables = 10000
D. Total additional income per farm (A+B+C) = 157016
E. Benefit-cost Ratio (D/Total annual cost) = 157016/27650 = 5.68
II. Spillways
Wheat crop 7.7 14.8 7.1 1080 7668
Chickpea 5.8 7 1.2 2400 2880
A. Additional income per farm from wheat crop (additional income per acre x area in acre) = (7668 x 24.6 ) = 188633
B. Additional income per farm from chickpea crop (additional income per acre x area in acre) = (2880 x 4.1) = 11808
C. Total additional income per farm (A+B) = 200441
D. Benefit-cost Ratio (C/Total annual cost) = 200441/28613 = 7.01
Source: Survey data 2018.
Though, resource availability affects the adoption of
technologies like check dams and spillways to a great
extent in the context of the socio-economic status of
the farmers. However, the farmers of the area are very
optimistic about these technologies and all of them
reported the continuity in adoption and intention to
construct more check dams and spillways at their
farms. Respondents expressed their enthusiasm for
doubling their area under cultivation through the
adoption of these technologies in the near future
(two-three years) at their farms. According to
farmers’ estimates, about 1000 acres more land might
be made cultivable by constructing check dams and
spillways in just two villages that were surveyed for
this study.
Conclusion
Gully plugging and spillways are promising moisture-
saving technologies for rain-fed areas that help to
control soil erosion. In district D. I. Khan of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, adoption of these
technologies resulted in an increase in crop
productivity of main crops. Moreover, it made it
possible for the adopter farmers to increase cropped
area and raised crop-livestock diversification options
for them. Considering poor natural resource
endowment of the area farmers, rapid and extensive
adoption of these technologies is possible with the
creation of mass awareness among them about
benefits of adoption by agricultural extension
department through arranging visits of farmers to
adopters’ farms, provision of effective technical
services by soil conservation department to them, and
improved access to financial support/ credit supplies
by the non-government organization and
agriculture/commercial banks. Extension and
development programs/ projects can be devised by
the public sector for the promotion of these
technologies. Similarly, print and electronic media
could also be used to raise awareness among farmers
about the actual as well as potential socio-economic
benefits of the adoption.
Acknowledgments
The authors greatly acknowledge the technical and
financial support provided by the USDA for the
execution of the project activities in Pakistan. The
technical contributions of ICARDA (Head Quarters,
Lebanon and Regional Offices, Jordan & Pakistan)
are also very much appreciated. Specifically, the
contribution of the ICARDA-Pakistan office is highly
commendable in making the collaborative efforts of
8. 44 Hussain et al.
Int. J. Biosci. 2022
technical, developmental and socio-economic project
partners successful. Authors are extremely grateful
for the overwhelming support provided by technical
as well as developmental partners during field
activities, including technical input in designing
survey tools and execution of field surveys in far-flung
areas of the country.
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