Atlantic Slave Trade - why was the slave trade abolished?
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Parliamentary campaigns led by William Wilberforce, public opinion swayed by abolitionist writings and speeches from former slaves, and economic factors like cheaper sugar from India and slave rebellions contributed to Great Britain abolishing the slave trade in 1807, though slavery itself in British colonies continued until being outlawed in 1833.
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Recommandé
Slavery and abolition
This document provides an overview of the origins and history of slavery in the United States and the abolition movement. It discusses how slavery began in ancient civilizations and was introduced to the American colonies by indentured servants from England being replaced by the African slave trade. The plantation system and institution of slavery expanded across gender and ages. The abolitionist movement grew in opposition to slavery, led by key figures like William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and others. Important documents and events related to slavery included the Fugitive Slave Act, Emancipation Proclamation, and the 13th Amendment. The American Civil War further divided the nation between slave-holding Confederate states and free Union states.
Atlantic Slave Trade - slave factories
Slave factories were located along the coast of Africa and served as prisons where captured Africans were held until being transported overseas. Gangs would kidnap or capture Africans through debt or war and force them to make long difficult journeys in chains to the factories. Conditions in the factories were poor, with disease and violence common. Africans were sometimes held for months until being selected for transport on slave ships to the Americas, where they faced an uncertain future across the Atlantic.
Atlantic Slave Trade - abolitionists
The document discusses the campaign against the slave trade in Britain. It notes that the slave trade was opposed by many for moral, religious, and economic reasons. Various tactics were used to end the trade, including forming abolitionist groups, publishing literature, public meetings, boycotts, and legal challenges. Key figures who fought for the abolition of the slave trade included William Wilberforce, Thomas Clarkson, Olaudah Equiano, John Newton, Hannah More, and Granville Sharp.
Haitian revolution
Overview of the Haitian Revolution used to set the context for the Who Was Toussaint L'Ouverture? History Lab
The black power movement
The document discusses the origins and key figures of the Black Power movement in the 1960s, including Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, and the Black Panther Party, as well as the rise of black activism on college campuses, black artistic expression through literature and music, and the development of black feminism in response to criticisms of the black family structure. As the movement grew, it led to increasing riots and civil unrest across major U.S. cities as African Americans fought for their voices to be heard on social and political issues.
Atlantic Slave Trade - why did slavery start
Slavery started because there was increasing demand for sugar but not enough workers to produce it. Africans were taken as slaves to grow sugar in the Americas as they were more resistant to European diseases than native tribes. This forced transportation of slaves from Africa to the Americas to support the sugar industry became known as the Triangular Trade due to the three stages of the journey: goods to Africa, slaves to Americas, produced goods from Americas to Europe.
Transatlantic slave trade
The document summarizes the triangular trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that was central to the Atlantic slave trade. The Henrietta Marie, a slave ship from London, is used to illustrate a typical slave trading voyage. It would carry manufactured goods to Africa to trade for enslaved Africans, transporting them in horrific conditions to the Caribbean on the Middle Passage. There, the slaves were sold and the ship loaded with sugar and other goods to bring back profits to Europe, completing the triangle. The slave trade resulted in the forced migration and deaths of millions of Africans for European economic gain.
Slave trade
African slavery had significant economic and cultural impacts on the development of the Americas. Economically, slavery made plantation agriculture like sugar cane and tobacco profitable by providing a large, forced labor supply. This led to wealth in colonies, especially Brazil which became a leading sugar producer. Culturally, the slave trade resulted in the diffusion of African traditions and languages to the Americas, increasing diversity. The triangular trade route connected Europe, West Africa, and the Americas financially and facilitated the inhumane export and forced labor of millions of Africans across the Atlantic.
Recommandé
Slavery and abolition
This document provides an overview of the origins and history of slavery in the United States and the abolition movement. It discusses how slavery began in ancient civilizations and was introduced to the American colonies by indentured servants from England being replaced by the African slave trade. The plantation system and institution of slavery expanded across gender and ages. The abolitionist movement grew in opposition to slavery, led by key figures like William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and others. Important documents and events related to slavery included the Fugitive Slave Act, Emancipation Proclamation, and the 13th Amendment. The American Civil War further divided the nation between slave-holding Confederate states and free Union states.
Atlantic Slave Trade - slave factories
Slave factories were located along the coast of Africa and served as prisons where captured Africans were held until being transported overseas. Gangs would kidnap or capture Africans through debt or war and force them to make long difficult journeys in chains to the factories. Conditions in the factories were poor, with disease and violence common. Africans were sometimes held for months until being selected for transport on slave ships to the Americas, where they faced an uncertain future across the Atlantic.
Atlantic Slave Trade - abolitionists
The document discusses the campaign against the slave trade in Britain. It notes that the slave trade was opposed by many for moral, religious, and economic reasons. Various tactics were used to end the trade, including forming abolitionist groups, publishing literature, public meetings, boycotts, and legal challenges. Key figures who fought for the abolition of the slave trade included William Wilberforce, Thomas Clarkson, Olaudah Equiano, John Newton, Hannah More, and Granville Sharp.
Haitian revolution
Overview of the Haitian Revolution used to set the context for the Who Was Toussaint L'Ouverture? History Lab
The black power movement
The document discusses the origins and key figures of the Black Power movement in the 1960s, including Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, and the Black Panther Party, as well as the rise of black activism on college campuses, black artistic expression through literature and music, and the development of black feminism in response to criticisms of the black family structure. As the movement grew, it led to increasing riots and civil unrest across major U.S. cities as African Americans fought for their voices to be heard on social and political issues.
Atlantic Slave Trade - why did slavery start
Slavery started because there was increasing demand for sugar but not enough workers to produce it. Africans were taken as slaves to grow sugar in the Americas as they were more resistant to European diseases than native tribes. This forced transportation of slaves from Africa to the Americas to support the sugar industry became known as the Triangular Trade due to the three stages of the journey: goods to Africa, slaves to Americas, produced goods from Americas to Europe.
Transatlantic slave trade
The document summarizes the triangular trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that was central to the Atlantic slave trade. The Henrietta Marie, a slave ship from London, is used to illustrate a typical slave trading voyage. It would carry manufactured goods to Africa to trade for enslaved Africans, transporting them in horrific conditions to the Caribbean on the Middle Passage. There, the slaves were sold and the ship loaded with sugar and other goods to bring back profits to Europe, completing the triangle. The slave trade resulted in the forced migration and deaths of millions of Africans for European economic gain.
Slave trade
African slavery had significant economic and cultural impacts on the development of the Americas. Economically, slavery made plantation agriculture like sugar cane and tobacco profitable by providing a large, forced labor supply. This led to wealth in colonies, especially Brazil which became a leading sugar producer. Culturally, the slave trade resulted in the diffusion of African traditions and languages to the Americas, increasing diversity. The triangular trade route connected Europe, West Africa, and the Americas financially and facilitated the inhumane export and forced labor of millions of Africans across the Atlantic.
Atlantic Slave Trade - the Triangular Trade
The triangular trade involved three stages: 1) European traders brought goods to Africa and traded for slaves. 2) Slaves were then transported to the Americas through the grueling Middle Passage. 3) Goods produced by slaves in the Americas, such as sugar, cotton, and tobacco, were brought back to Europe for sale, completing the triangle.
atlantic slave trade - slave resistance
Slaves resisted their owners in various ways, both violently and non-violently. Non-violent resistance included working slowly, pretending to be ill, and escaping, sometimes with the help of the Underground Railroad network. Violent resistance involved damaging owner's property, hurting or killing farm animals, and in rare cases, attacking or killing owners. Famous slave rebellions, like Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831 and the 1861 Baptist War in Jamaica, showed that some slaves were willing to take up arms against their oppressors.
Atlantic slave trade
The document discusses the origins and impacts of the Atlantic slave trade. It began with African kingdoms practicing slavery for centuries before Europeans greatly increased demand. Slaves were transported in horrific conditions on ships to the Americas to work plantations growing cash crops like sugar. An estimated 11 million Africans were enslaved, with millions dying during the Middle Passage. The slave trade profoundly disrupted African societies and economies while fueling plantation economies in the Americas through centuries of slave labor.
Industrial revolution part 1
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread to other parts of the world. It transformed manufacturing from small-scale production done by hand to large-scale production using machines powered by steam engines fueled by coal. This required a reliable source of raw materials, capital, labor, and markets. The Industrial Revolution improved transportation but also led to unsafe working conditions, pollution, and wealth inequality between the new industrialists and the workers. Reforms were eventually implemented to address some of the negative social impacts.
The Gilded Age
The Gilded Age (1870-1900) was a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization following the Civil War. New factories and businesses transformed the U.S. economy and society. Wealthy industrialists and financiers accumulated vast fortunes while many workers faced difficult conditions. Political machines dominated cities and corruption was rampant. The era saw both conspicuous wealth and growing social tensions that would lead to reforms in the Progressive Era.
Caribbean history slave trade
The document summarizes key aspects of the African slave trade. It discusses:
- Africans were captured from the interior and held in baracoons along the coast until being transported. Major European powers like Portugal, France, England were involved in the triangular slave trade between Africa, the Americas, and Europe from the 1500s to 1807.
- An estimated 8-15 million Africans were taken as slaves, with around 2 million going to the British Caribbean alone. The largest numbers went to Jamaica, Barbados, Martinique, and Haiti.
- There was a sexual imbalance in the slave trade, with more men transported than women. Planters preferred male workers and internal African markets drove up prices
Slave Rebellions
The document summarizes slave resistance to the institution of slavery in the United States from 1800 to the Civil War. It describes various slave rebellions and uprisings led by Denmark Vessey, Gabriel Prosser, Nat Turner, and John Brown. It also discusses the Underground Railroad and the role of Harriet Tubman in helping slaves escape. The document also profiles prominent abolitionists and activists including David Walker, Maria Stewart, Frederick Douglass, and Sojourner Truth who resisted slavery through pamphlets, speeches, and moral persuasion.
Slavery in America
Slavery has existed throughout much of recorded human history. The transatlantic slave trade began in the 16th century, bringing millions of Africans to the Americas to work on plantations. While conditions were brutal and inhumane, enslaved people maintained strong family and community bonds, cultural traditions, and religion. The abolition movement and Civil War ultimately led to the end of slavery in the United States in 1865 with the 13th amendment, though discrimination continued.
Westward Expansion
Westward expansion occurred as thousands of pioneers moved west for opportunities like mining for gold during the California Gold Rush, free land offered by the Homestead Act, adventure, and escaping undesirable situations. Pioneers faced many dangers on their journeys in covered wagons like lack of resources, harsh weather, and conflicts with Native Americans and other settlers. Life was difficult for settlers on the prairie as they built homes in isolated areas with little protection or infrastructure. While the pioneer spirit drove many west, the expansion had negative impacts as well through displacement of Native Americans.
Slavery
Slavery was a global system that connected five continents through the trade of African slaves to produce goods in the Americas. While many forms of servitude existed, the harshest was chattel slavery where slaves were the permanent, hereditary property of their owners. Slavery began in ancient societies but was largely replaced by serfdom in Europe by the 5th century AD. However, European powers later revived the slave trade, transporting over 10 million Africans to the Americas between the 15th-19th centuries, with around 430,000 going to what would become the US. Tensions over the expansion of slavery contributed to the American Civil War, which ultimately led to emancipation.
Atlantic Slave Trade - slave life and jobs
Slaves lived in poor conditions, usually in cramped huts with minimal furniture, and were given meager rations that often led to disease. They performed difficult labor on plantations or in factories and mines, depending on their location in the Americas. House slaves sometimes had better living conditions and performed domestic jobs like cooking or childcare, and occasionally gained freedom after their owner died. The treatment of slaves depended on their owner, but they had few rights and were subject to cruel conditions.
Social Reform in the Progressive Era
This PowerPoint was created to help present material about social reform in the progressive era to my 8th grade students
African Slave Trade
The document summarizes the Atlantic slave trade that took place between 1450 and 1865. It discusses the different phases of the slave trade including the capture of Africans in their homelands, transporting them on the brutal Middle Passage across the Atlantic Ocean, and seasoning them through forced labor in the Caribbean. It notes that 30 million Africans were taken from their homes, with 10 million dying during the capture phase and another 10 million dying during the Middle Passage. The document also examines the triangular trade route between Africa, the Caribbean and North America, and the growth of the slave population in the Americas to over 4 million by 1860 due to demand for labor and inventions like the cotton gin.
Us involvement in ww1
I. The document provides an overview of American involvement in World War I, beginning with Americans questioning neutrality and ending with the legacy of the war.
II. Key events that pushed the US into the war included the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman Telegram, and attacks on American merchant ships.
III. After declaring war in 1917, the US mobilized over 2 million troops who helped tip the balance on the Western Front, allowing the Allies to push back the Germans. Germany surrendered in 1918, ending the war.
The California Gold Rush
In 1848, gold was discovered in California, sparking the California Gold Rush. Word of the discovery quickly spread, with thousands traveling from around the United States and the world to seek their fortune in the gold fields. While some struck riches, most found only difficult living conditions with long hours of backbreaking work for little pay amid disease and hardship. Though the surface gold was soon depleted, the Gold Rush transformed California and contributed to the wider settlement of the American West.
Counterculture movement
The 1960s saw the rise of the counterculture movement among white, middle-class college youth who rejected mainstream values and sought to establish a new culture based on peace, love, and community. Inspired by social causes like civil rights and opposed to the Vietnam War, counterculture youth embraced psychedelic drugs, rock music, and an alternative lifestyle centered around cooperation, sharing, and immediate gratification rather than competition and materialism. The movement peaked during the Summer of Love in 1967 in neighborhoods like Haight-Ashbury before declining in the early 1970s due to issues with crime, drugs, and the deterioration of communal living.
The Great Depression
The Great Depression was a period of high poverty and unemployment from 1929 to 1941 that was caused by a stock market crash, drought, and overproduction. Farm prices fell after WWI and a drought ruined crops in the 1930s, causing farmers to lose their land. There was also uneven wealth distribution and consumers bought goods on credit, leading to less spending. In October 1929, the stock market crashed as stock prices dropped quickly, resulting in bank failures and many people losing their life savings. Unemployment rose to 25% in 1933 and people lost their homes, forming shantytowns, during this hopeless time of economic despair.
Haitian Revolution
- The Haitian Revolution began in 1791 as a slave rebellion against French colonial rule led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. It proved highly successful, overthrowing the brutal slave system and establishing the first black republic in 1804.
- However, Haiti's victory came at great cost after years of war. The country was left with a devastated agriculture system, no formal economy or education, and deep instability that allowed dictatorial rule.
- While Haiti achieved the remarkable feat of being the first free black nation in the Americas, independence did not solve the challenges of development under such dire conditions from the revolution.
Reconstruction (1865-1877)
The Reconstruction of the South summarizes the period after the Civil War when the United States sought to reintegrate the Confederate states and protect the rights of freed slaves. It describes the competing plans of Lincoln, Johnson, and Radical Republicans to rebuild the South. Ultimately, Reconstruction ended in 1877 with the Compromise that withdrew federal troops and oversight from the South.
Scramble for africa
The Berlin Conference
2. Africa
3. To avoid conflict amongst themselves over colonizing Africa
Atlantic Slave Trade - anti abolitionists
Pro-slavery groups campaigned against abolition in several ways:
1) They argued that ending slavery would be economically harmful as it would cost Britain tax money and jobs in industries like sugar that relied on slave labor.
2) They claimed Britain needed the money from slavery to fund wars against France and that naval expertise from slave ships and shipbuilding strengthened Britain's military.
3) Anti-abolitionists asserted that slavery was justified by arguing Africans were inferior and that slaves were better off as Christians in bondage.
4) Groups supporting the continuation of slavery sent petitions to Parliament, published pamphlets promoting the same arguments, and sometimes bribed MPs to oppose ending the slave trade.
Chapter 12 The Abolition of SlaveryThe United States abolished .docx
Chapter 12: The Abolition of Slavery
The United States abolished slavery through the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865, in the aftermath of a great Civil War. But the effort to abolish slavery did not begin nor end in North America. Emancipation in the United States was part of a worldwide antislavery movement that had begun in the late eighteenth century and continued through the end of the nineteenth.
The end of slavery, like the end of monarchies and aristocracies, was one of the ideals of the Enlightenment, which inspired new concepts of individual freedom and political equality. As Enlightenment ideas spread throughout the western world in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, introducing the idea of human rights and individual liberty to the concept of civilization, people on both sides of the Atlantic began to examine slavery anew and to ask whether it was compatible with these new ideas. Some Enlightenment thinkers, including some of the founders of the American Republic, believed that freedom was appropriate for white people, but not for people of color. But others came to believe that all human beings had an equal claim to liberty and their views became the basis for an escalating series of antislavery movements.
Opponents of slavery first targeted the slave trade--the vast commerce in human beings that had grown up in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and had come to involve large parts of Europe, Africa, the Caribbean, and North and South America. In the aftermath of the revolutions in America, France, and Haiti in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the attack on the slave trade quickly gained momentum. Its central figure was the English reformer William Wilberforce, who spent years attacking Britain's connection with the slave trade. He argued against it on moral and religious grounds, and eventually, after the Haitian revolution, he argued as well that the continuation of slavery would create more slave revolts. In 1807, he persuaded Parliament to pass a law ending the slave trade within the entire British empire. The British example--when combined with heavy political, economic, and even military pressure from London--persuaded many other nations to make the slave trade illegal as well: the United States in 1808, France in 1814, Holland in 1817, Spain in 1845. Trading in slaves continued within countries and colonies where slavery remained legal (including in the United States), and some illegal slave trading continued throughout the Atlantic world. But the sale of slaves steadily declined after 1807. The last known shipment of slaves across the Atlantic--from Africa to Cuba--occurred in 1867.
Ending the slave trade was a great deal easier than ending slavery itself, in which many people had major investments and on which much agriculture, commerce, and industry depended. But pressure to abolish slavery grew steadily throughout the nineteenth century, with Wilberforce once more helping.
Contenu connexe
Tendances
Atlantic Slave Trade - the Triangular Trade
The triangular trade involved three stages: 1) European traders brought goods to Africa and traded for slaves. 2) Slaves were then transported to the Americas through the grueling Middle Passage. 3) Goods produced by slaves in the Americas, such as sugar, cotton, and tobacco, were brought back to Europe for sale, completing the triangle.
atlantic slave trade - slave resistance
Slaves resisted their owners in various ways, both violently and non-violently. Non-violent resistance included working slowly, pretending to be ill, and escaping, sometimes with the help of the Underground Railroad network. Violent resistance involved damaging owner's property, hurting or killing farm animals, and in rare cases, attacking or killing owners. Famous slave rebellions, like Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831 and the 1861 Baptist War in Jamaica, showed that some slaves were willing to take up arms against their oppressors.
Atlantic slave trade
The document discusses the origins and impacts of the Atlantic slave trade. It began with African kingdoms practicing slavery for centuries before Europeans greatly increased demand. Slaves were transported in horrific conditions on ships to the Americas to work plantations growing cash crops like sugar. An estimated 11 million Africans were enslaved, with millions dying during the Middle Passage. The slave trade profoundly disrupted African societies and economies while fueling plantation economies in the Americas through centuries of slave labor.
Industrial revolution part 1
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread to other parts of the world. It transformed manufacturing from small-scale production done by hand to large-scale production using machines powered by steam engines fueled by coal. This required a reliable source of raw materials, capital, labor, and markets. The Industrial Revolution improved transportation but also led to unsafe working conditions, pollution, and wealth inequality between the new industrialists and the workers. Reforms were eventually implemented to address some of the negative social impacts.
The Gilded Age
The Gilded Age (1870-1900) was a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization following the Civil War. New factories and businesses transformed the U.S. economy and society. Wealthy industrialists and financiers accumulated vast fortunes while many workers faced difficult conditions. Political machines dominated cities and corruption was rampant. The era saw both conspicuous wealth and growing social tensions that would lead to reforms in the Progressive Era.
Caribbean history slave trade
The document summarizes key aspects of the African slave trade. It discusses:
- Africans were captured from the interior and held in baracoons along the coast until being transported. Major European powers like Portugal, France, England were involved in the triangular slave trade between Africa, the Americas, and Europe from the 1500s to 1807.
- An estimated 8-15 million Africans were taken as slaves, with around 2 million going to the British Caribbean alone. The largest numbers went to Jamaica, Barbados, Martinique, and Haiti.
- There was a sexual imbalance in the slave trade, with more men transported than women. Planters preferred male workers and internal African markets drove up prices
Slave Rebellions
The document summarizes slave resistance to the institution of slavery in the United States from 1800 to the Civil War. It describes various slave rebellions and uprisings led by Denmark Vessey, Gabriel Prosser, Nat Turner, and John Brown. It also discusses the Underground Railroad and the role of Harriet Tubman in helping slaves escape. The document also profiles prominent abolitionists and activists including David Walker, Maria Stewart, Frederick Douglass, and Sojourner Truth who resisted slavery through pamphlets, speeches, and moral persuasion.
Slavery in America
Slavery has existed throughout much of recorded human history. The transatlantic slave trade began in the 16th century, bringing millions of Africans to the Americas to work on plantations. While conditions were brutal and inhumane, enslaved people maintained strong family and community bonds, cultural traditions, and religion. The abolition movement and Civil War ultimately led to the end of slavery in the United States in 1865 with the 13th amendment, though discrimination continued.
Westward Expansion
Westward expansion occurred as thousands of pioneers moved west for opportunities like mining for gold during the California Gold Rush, free land offered by the Homestead Act, adventure, and escaping undesirable situations. Pioneers faced many dangers on their journeys in covered wagons like lack of resources, harsh weather, and conflicts with Native Americans and other settlers. Life was difficult for settlers on the prairie as they built homes in isolated areas with little protection or infrastructure. While the pioneer spirit drove many west, the expansion had negative impacts as well through displacement of Native Americans.
Slavery
Slavery was a global system that connected five continents through the trade of African slaves to produce goods in the Americas. While many forms of servitude existed, the harshest was chattel slavery where slaves were the permanent, hereditary property of their owners. Slavery began in ancient societies but was largely replaced by serfdom in Europe by the 5th century AD. However, European powers later revived the slave trade, transporting over 10 million Africans to the Americas between the 15th-19th centuries, with around 430,000 going to what would become the US. Tensions over the expansion of slavery contributed to the American Civil War, which ultimately led to emancipation.
Atlantic Slave Trade - slave life and jobs
Slaves lived in poor conditions, usually in cramped huts with minimal furniture, and were given meager rations that often led to disease. They performed difficult labor on plantations or in factories and mines, depending on their location in the Americas. House slaves sometimes had better living conditions and performed domestic jobs like cooking or childcare, and occasionally gained freedom after their owner died. The treatment of slaves depended on their owner, but they had few rights and were subject to cruel conditions.
Social Reform in the Progressive Era
This PowerPoint was created to help present material about social reform in the progressive era to my 8th grade students
African Slave Trade
The document summarizes the Atlantic slave trade that took place between 1450 and 1865. It discusses the different phases of the slave trade including the capture of Africans in their homelands, transporting them on the brutal Middle Passage across the Atlantic Ocean, and seasoning them through forced labor in the Caribbean. It notes that 30 million Africans were taken from their homes, with 10 million dying during the capture phase and another 10 million dying during the Middle Passage. The document also examines the triangular trade route between Africa, the Caribbean and North America, and the growth of the slave population in the Americas to over 4 million by 1860 due to demand for labor and inventions like the cotton gin.
Us involvement in ww1
I. The document provides an overview of American involvement in World War I, beginning with Americans questioning neutrality and ending with the legacy of the war.
II. Key events that pushed the US into the war included the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman Telegram, and attacks on American merchant ships.
III. After declaring war in 1917, the US mobilized over 2 million troops who helped tip the balance on the Western Front, allowing the Allies to push back the Germans. Germany surrendered in 1918, ending the war.
The California Gold Rush
In 1848, gold was discovered in California, sparking the California Gold Rush. Word of the discovery quickly spread, with thousands traveling from around the United States and the world to seek their fortune in the gold fields. While some struck riches, most found only difficult living conditions with long hours of backbreaking work for little pay amid disease and hardship. Though the surface gold was soon depleted, the Gold Rush transformed California and contributed to the wider settlement of the American West.
Counterculture movement
The 1960s saw the rise of the counterculture movement among white, middle-class college youth who rejected mainstream values and sought to establish a new culture based on peace, love, and community. Inspired by social causes like civil rights and opposed to the Vietnam War, counterculture youth embraced psychedelic drugs, rock music, and an alternative lifestyle centered around cooperation, sharing, and immediate gratification rather than competition and materialism. The movement peaked during the Summer of Love in 1967 in neighborhoods like Haight-Ashbury before declining in the early 1970s due to issues with crime, drugs, and the deterioration of communal living.
The Great Depression
The Great Depression was a period of high poverty and unemployment from 1929 to 1941 that was caused by a stock market crash, drought, and overproduction. Farm prices fell after WWI and a drought ruined crops in the 1930s, causing farmers to lose their land. There was also uneven wealth distribution and consumers bought goods on credit, leading to less spending. In October 1929, the stock market crashed as stock prices dropped quickly, resulting in bank failures and many people losing their life savings. Unemployment rose to 25% in 1933 and people lost their homes, forming shantytowns, during this hopeless time of economic despair.
Haitian Revolution
- The Haitian Revolution began in 1791 as a slave rebellion against French colonial rule led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. It proved highly successful, overthrowing the brutal slave system and establishing the first black republic in 1804.
- However, Haiti's victory came at great cost after years of war. The country was left with a devastated agriculture system, no formal economy or education, and deep instability that allowed dictatorial rule.
- While Haiti achieved the remarkable feat of being the first free black nation in the Americas, independence did not solve the challenges of development under such dire conditions from the revolution.
Reconstruction (1865-1877)
The Reconstruction of the South summarizes the period after the Civil War when the United States sought to reintegrate the Confederate states and protect the rights of freed slaves. It describes the competing plans of Lincoln, Johnson, and Radical Republicans to rebuild the South. Ultimately, Reconstruction ended in 1877 with the Compromise that withdrew federal troops and oversight from the South.
Scramble for africa
The Berlin Conference
2. Africa
3. To avoid conflict amongst themselves over colonizing Africa
Tendances (20)
Similaire à Atlantic Slave Trade - why was the slave trade abolished?
Atlantic Slave Trade - anti abolitionists
Pro-slavery groups campaigned against abolition in several ways:
1) They argued that ending slavery would be economically harmful as it would cost Britain tax money and jobs in industries like sugar that relied on slave labor.
2) They claimed Britain needed the money from slavery to fund wars against France and that naval expertise from slave ships and shipbuilding strengthened Britain's military.
3) Anti-abolitionists asserted that slavery was justified by arguing Africans were inferior and that slaves were better off as Christians in bondage.
4) Groups supporting the continuation of slavery sent petitions to Parliament, published pamphlets promoting the same arguments, and sometimes bribed MPs to oppose ending the slave trade.
Chapter 12 The Abolition of SlaveryThe United States abolished .docx
Chapter 12: The Abolition of Slavery
The United States abolished slavery through the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865, in the aftermath of a great Civil War. But the effort to abolish slavery did not begin nor end in North America. Emancipation in the United States was part of a worldwide antislavery movement that had begun in the late eighteenth century and continued through the end of the nineteenth.
The end of slavery, like the end of monarchies and aristocracies, was one of the ideals of the Enlightenment, which inspired new concepts of individual freedom and political equality. As Enlightenment ideas spread throughout the western world in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, introducing the idea of human rights and individual liberty to the concept of civilization, people on both sides of the Atlantic began to examine slavery anew and to ask whether it was compatible with these new ideas. Some Enlightenment thinkers, including some of the founders of the American Republic, believed that freedom was appropriate for white people, but not for people of color. But others came to believe that all human beings had an equal claim to liberty and their views became the basis for an escalating series of antislavery movements.
Opponents of slavery first targeted the slave trade--the vast commerce in human beings that had grown up in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and had come to involve large parts of Europe, Africa, the Caribbean, and North and South America. In the aftermath of the revolutions in America, France, and Haiti in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the attack on the slave trade quickly gained momentum. Its central figure was the English reformer William Wilberforce, who spent years attacking Britain's connection with the slave trade. He argued against it on moral and religious grounds, and eventually, after the Haitian revolution, he argued as well that the continuation of slavery would create more slave revolts. In 1807, he persuaded Parliament to pass a law ending the slave trade within the entire British empire. The British example--when combined with heavy political, economic, and even military pressure from London--persuaded many other nations to make the slave trade illegal as well: the United States in 1808, France in 1814, Holland in 1817, Spain in 1845. Trading in slaves continued within countries and colonies where slavery remained legal (including in the United States), and some illegal slave trading continued throughout the Atlantic world. But the sale of slaves steadily declined after 1807. The last known shipment of slaves across the Atlantic--from Africa to Cuba--occurred in 1867.
Ending the slave trade was a great deal easier than ending slavery itself, in which many people had major investments and on which much agriculture, commerce, and industry depended. But pressure to abolish slavery grew steadily throughout the nineteenth century, with Wilberforce once more helping.
Answer d222
Slavery was abolished in 1833 for both humanitarian and economic reasons. White middle class campaigners like Granville Sharp and William Wilberforce argued that slavery violated Christian teachings and was cruel. They collected petitions signed by over a million people calling for abolition. Working class citizens also campaigned against slavery and signed petitions. Meanwhile, slaves rebelled and demanded freedom, with rebellions in places like Haiti leading to the end of slavery there. Plantation owners also faced economic problems as sugar from other countries became cheaper to produce than sugar from slave plantations in the West Indies. Together, these humanitarian, economic and slave resistance factors led Parliament to abolish the slave trade in 1807 and finally end slavery in 1833
CAPE HISTORY UNIT ONE Final dismantlement of slave systems, 1807 1886 nn
The document discusses the final dismantlement of slave systems between 1807-1886. It provides details on the abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade by various countries from 1803-1824. It then examines the factors that led to the British abolition of the slave trade in 1807, including the work of abolitionists, the Haitian Revolution, economic reasons, and changes in government. Opposition to the slave trade included resistance by enslaved people in Africa and the Americas as well as activism by white abolitionists, black abolitionists like Olaudah Equiano, and women's groups.
Causes of the rev. war
The document summarizes key British policies enacted after the French and Indian War and the American colonists' responses to them. It describes how the British passed laws like the Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, and Intolerable Acts to raise revenue and control the colonies. In response, colonists protested through boycotts, riots, and acts of civil disobedience. Tensions escalated over time as the British passed more restrictive laws and the colonists increasingly resisted through organized resistance groups like the Sons of Liberty.
Age of revolutions
The document summarizes the key causes of the American Revolution, including the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763, taxation acts like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, and events like the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party. These events increased tensions between the colonists and British and ultimately led the colonists to declare independence and start the Revolutionary War.
Colonies
The document discusses the British government's interest in colonizing the New World, including establishing colonies for land, power, raw materials, and tax revenue. It describes how the British created a colonial empire through joint-stock companies and granting land to colonists. Key colonies discussed are Jamestown in 1607 and the Pilgrims in 1620. The relationship between Britain and its colonies gradually became strained due to taxes imposed after the French and Indian War, leading to protests and the American Revolution.
Eric williams slides
Dr. Eric Williams' influential work Capitalism and Slavery argued that slavery was abolished due to economic factors rather than humanitarian ones. Specifically, Williams claimed that major British industries no longer profited from slavery and the slave trade and instead supported abolition to transition to a capitalist, free trade system without the preferential treatment of colonies. However, others have challenged Williams' decline thesis and argued that the slave trade continued to be economically important when abolition occurred. Abolition was likely due to a combination of economic, intellectual, cultural, and humanitarian factors, as well as changes in parliamentary politics and international context.
Heroes from History: William Wilberforce
William Wilberforce was a British politician in the late 1700s and early 1800s who was prominent in the struggle to abolish the slave trade and slavery in the British Empire. After converting to Christianity, he felt called to promote Christian ethics in public life. He introduced numerous bills to Parliament over two decades seeking to outlaw the slave trade, all of which failed to pass initially. However, he persisted in his efforts. The slave trade was abolished in 1807 and slavery was abolished in 1833, shortly before Wilberforce's death.
Before The Revolution - Part One
Please ignore the last few slides... they're rough, outdated, and out of sync with the rest of the slides. I will post Part II later in the week.
Revolutionary war
The document summarizes key events leading up to the American Revolution:
1. Tensions rose between the British and colonists after costly wars and new taxes like the Stamp Act and Tea Act with "no taxation without representation."
2. Acts of protest like the Boston Tea Party were met with British retaliation through coercive acts closing Boston harbor.
3. The First Continental Congress met to discuss problems but Britain did not change, so the Second Continental Congress formed the Continental Army and moved toward independence.
4. Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" pamphlet and Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence formally declared separation from Britain, starting the Revolutionary War.
Popular pressure or economic reality what was the reason for the abolition of...
Popular pressure or economic reality what was the reason for the abolition of...Emily Lees-Fitzgibbon
The document discusses the reasons for the abolition of slavery in the British Empire. It presents two opposing views: 1) popular pressure and moral arguments led by figures like William Wilberforce were responsible, and 2) economic factors, as argued by Eric Williams, were the main driver as slavery became unprofitable within a capitalist system. While Wilberforce and the abolition movement helped pass abolition acts, slavery continued economically. A shift to industrial capitalism made slavery incompatible, though Williams overstated declining profits. Both moral and economic reasons likely contributed to abolition.Eight Revolutionary Dominoes
The Boston Tea Party was a symbolic protest by the Sons of Liberty in 1773 against the British Tea Act. Colonists boarded three ships in Boston Harbor at night and dumped all 342 chests of taxed tea from the British East India Company into the harbor over a period of three hours. This large act of destruction of private property in response to "taxation without representation" increased tensions between the colonies and Britain and was an important event leading toward the American Revolution.
The end of the slave trade
By the 18th century, Britain had become the largest exporter of African slaves. However, Britain would be the first major European country to outlaw the slave trade in 1807. There were both social and economic reasons for Britain's change. Socially, reform movements challenged slavery. Economically, slavery became less profitable as sugar production costs decreased in other colonies and the price of slaves increased. Britain also began to industrialize and favor wage labor over slave labor in factories.
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Chapter 12 The Abolition of SlaveryThe United States abolished .docx
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CAPE HISTORY UNIT ONE Final dismantlement of slave systems, 1807 1886 nn
CAPE HISTORY UNIT ONE Final dismantlement of slave systems, 1807 1886 nn
Popular pressure or economic reality what was the reason for the abolition of...
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National 5 History assignment - writing the main section
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National 5 History assignment - writing the conclusion
The document provides guidance for writing a conclusion in 3 sections: (a) directly answering the question and stating the main reason or issue, (b) providing one piece of evidence to support the stated view, and (c) acknowledging other important factors while emphasizing the primary factor. The writer is also reminded to include at least two sources in their response.
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1) Kenneth MacAlpin's conquest of Pictland in the mid-9th century was an important step towards the formation of the kingdom of Alba by 900, though interpretations differ on his contributions. Sources C and D reveal differing views, with Source C seeing MacAlpin's dynasty as giving "added posthumous glory" to his conquest, while Source D emphasizes local Pictish resistance and that the tradition of MacAlpin killing Pictish nobles is "likely fictitious."
2) Sources A and B provide context on pre-Roman and Roman Northern Britain. Source A describes the lifestyle and organization of Iron Age peoples, though its usefulness is limited by being an outside account.
Advanced Higher History exam - 2023 (marking instructions)
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SQA Higher History exam (paper 1) - 2023 (marking instructions)
The document provides marking instructions for the 2023 Higher History exam on British, European and World History. It outlines general marking principles and principles for specific question types, including essays. For essays, it describes how marks should be awarded for historical context, conclusions, use of knowledge, analysis, and evaluation. The marking instructions provide guidance to examiners on assessing responses consistently according to SQA standards.
SQA Higher History exam (paper 1) - 2023
This document contains instructions and questions for a History exam on British, European and World History from 2023. It is divided into two sections, with Section 1 focusing on British history and Section 2 on European and World history. Each section contains multiple parts on different time periods and topics. Students must choose one part from Section 1 and one from Section 2, and answer one question from each of the two parts they chose. The questions range from short answers to longer essay questions assessing students' understanding of key historical developments, causes, consequences and interpretations.
Higher History exam (paper 2) - 2023 (marking instructions)
The document provides marking instructions for the 2023 Scottish Higher History exam on Scottish History. It outlines general marking principles, marking principles for different question types, and detailed marking instructions for specific questions. For question 1, candidates can earn marks for interpreting the viewpoints in two given sources about the Guardians ruling Scotland after King Alexander III's death, and for providing relevant outside knowledge. Overall, the document provides a framework for examiners to consistently mark student responses for this exam.
SQA Higher History exam (paper 2) - 2023
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Source C outlines the Second Book of Discipline's vision of an independent Kirk governed by presbyteries and assemblies rather than bishops or the Crown. It notes James VI's opposition to these plans in 1581, with Presbyterians believing the King should submit to the Kirk, while the King and nobility disagreed
Higher Migration and Empire - reasons for emigrant scots' success
The document discusses reasons for the success of many emigrant Scots in building new lives in other parts of the British Empire from 1830-1939. It states that Scots often succeeded due to factors like their nationality, English language abilities, education levels, reputation for hard work, skills in demanded fields, establishment of businesses and communities, and support from the British government and other Scots abroad. However, not all emigrant Scots found success, as some faced problems like poverty, unemployment, and loneliness in their new homes.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Education
The 1944 Education Act aimed to improve education access and outcomes in Britain. It raised the compulsory school leaving age to 15, providing all children a minimum of secondary education. At age 11, children took an exam that determined if they attended an academic-focused senior secondary school or trades-focused junior secondary school. However, the exam system was criticized for penalizing poorer students and determining children's futures too early. Labour also introduced new school buildings to replace those damaged in war and accommodate growing student populations, though secondary schools remained outdated in many areas.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Health
The NHS was established in 1948 by the 1945-51 British government to provide universal healthcare access, treating all medical problems freely at the point of use based on need rather than ability to pay. It aimed to eliminate disease by offering healthcare to all British citizens, over half of whom previously lacked medical coverage. While popular, the NHS also proved very expensive to run and faced initial shortages of hospital facilities and medical staff that limited treatment effectiveness and access.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Housing
The New Towns Act of 1946 aimed to tackle overcrowding and improve housing conditions in Britain by building new towns with homes. 14 new towns were established by 1951, moving people from city slums to new communities built in the countryside. However, these new towns initially lacked jobs and local facilities, requiring long commutes. Additionally, while the government set targets to build over 1 million new homes by 1951, housing shortages remained an issue as only around 800,000 new houses were completed. Prefabricated housing provided a temporary solution to the shortage but was meant to last only 10 years though many prefab homes stood for decades.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Poverty
The Family Allowances Act of 1946 provided weekly payments to mothers with two or more children to help families struggling financially, especially those where fathers had died in war. However, it did not help families with only one child and payments stopped at age 18. The National Insurance Act of 1946 built on previous acts to provide benefits like sickness, unemployment, old age pensions and other benefits by requiring weekly contributions from working-age people. However, the poorest still struggled to pay and the National Assistance Act of 1948 provided additional financial help for these individuals. Studies in York in 1936 and 1950 showed poverty levels falling from 36% to only 2% due to these welfare programs but benefits did not always keep up with inflation.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Unemployment
The Labour government nationalized several key industries like coal mining, steel production, electricity, and railways between 1946-1948. This was done to ensure these important industries were controlled by the country rather than private companies. Owners were compensated for the nationalized industries. Nationalization allowed the government to use tax money to fund unprofitable businesses and increase apprenticeships to reduce unemployment. However, nationalization was very costly and this high cost reduced funds available for other issues. Labour also introduced policies aimed at improving working conditions for workers through measures like paid holidays and secure jobs at docks. While some workers saw higher wages and better conditions, it may have discouraged companies from hiring more employees as it increased costs. Labour's home
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Atlantic Slave Trade - why was the slave trade abolished?
- 2. Great Britain finally abolished the slave trade in 1807, after years of campaigning by abolitionists. Given that many people supported the trade, why did it finally end?
- 3. In 1807, the British Parliament voted to abolish the slave trade. However this only ended the buying and selling of slaves – slavery itself continued. Slavery was abolished in British colonies in 1833.
- 4. Parliamentary campaigns William Wilberforce was an MP and Christian who opposed slavery. From 1789 until 1807, he kept on introducing bills in Parliament to abolish the slave trade.
- 5. Many MPs gave speeches in Parliament against slavery, which made other MPs aware of the campaign and arguments against the trade. Wilberforce was also friends with the Prime Minister, William Pitt, helping to further influence changes.
- 6. Public opinion The anti-slavery campaign run by abolitionists was a reason the trade ended. By writing books and holding public meetings it raised the issue to public attention.
- 7. Having former slaves – such as Olaudah Equiano - and former slavers speak out made people aware of the horrors of the trade. The fact that most churches were opposed to slavery helped persuade many in Britain to oppose it.
- 8. Thomas Clarkson’s tour of British slave ports to gather evidence of the slave trade played an important role too. The horrors that Clarkson described - including items such as shackles and branding irons – meant that people understood the trade.
- 9. Economic reasons Britain increasingly traded with other countries around the world (often at cheaper prices) – it had less of a need for slave labour. Countries such as India could sell sugar more cheaply.
- 10. Anti-slavery campaigners boycotted slave sugar. Sugar companies then bought from non-slave countries.. Many slave islands had a high death rate amongst the slaves – this made the trade more difficult and expensive.
- 11. Other reasons Some abolitionists challenged slavery in the courts. Granville Sharp (and others) helped some slaves achieve their freedom through court cases. This made slavery more costly and problematic.
- 12. The slave revolt on the French island of Haiti worried Britain too. The violence shown in the rebellion – led by Toussaint L’Ouverture – could have spread elsewhere. It seemed safer to stop slavery and end the chances of violence.
- 13. Slave rebellions in British areas also cost their owners money. This often involved destroying crops, or simply refusing to work. Ending the trade could help stop money losses.
- 14. Abolitionists also were careful to only ban the slave trade – not slavery itself. By targeting only one part of the trade, this made it easier to persuade people to support the campaign. Banning slavery could be achieved later.
- 15. Key factors • Parliamentary campaigns • Campaign groups • Sugar boycott • Indian sugar • Former slave’s speeches • Slave rebellions • Slave revolts in Haiti • Anti-slavery court cases • Thomas Clarkson’s evidence