This presentation shows the classification of ANTI-CANCER drugs.
It includes the introduction and classification of anticancer drugs with their mechanism of action and drug of choice in the treatment of various cancer diseases.
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can be due to environmental or genetic factors. Chemotherapy uses drugs to stop or slow the growth of cancer cells and works by targeting fast-growing cells. The main types of chemotherapy drugs are alkylating agents, such as platinum-based drugs and nitrogen mustards, which damage DNA and prevent cell replication. Alkylating agents work by introducing alkyl groups onto DNA through covalent bonding, causing cross-linking that interferes with cell division. Cyclophosphamide is a commonly used alkylating agent that requires metabolic activation to form an active metabolite. Cisplatin forms DNA cross-links that trigger apoptosis and is used to treat various cancer types.
This document summarizes key information about alkylating agents, a class of anticancer drugs. It describes their mechanisms of action involving alkylation of DNA, which interferes with its integrity and functions. Specific agents discussed include nitrogen mustards, nitrosoureas, triazines, and others. Toxicities involving bone marrow suppression and effects on other rapidly dividing tissues are also summarized. Pharmacological properties, indications, and dosing schedules are provided for several common alkylating agents including cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, busulfan, dacarbazine, temozolamide, and procarbazine.
Introduction to the endocrine system
Growth hormone: Mechanism of Action, secretion, regulation.
Prolactin
Sex hormones
Oral contraceptives
Corticosteroids
This document discusses immunopharmacology and the immune system. It describes how immunopharmacology studies how drugs modify immune mechanisms in the body, including autoimmune disorders, allergies, and cancer. The immune system involves cells like lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes. Antigens stimulate antibody production while antibodies help fight antigens. Immunopharmacology therapies aim to suppress, modulate, or enhance the immune system through immunosuppressants, immunomodulators, or immunoenhancers respectively.
medicinal chemistry of Anticancer agentsGanesh Mote
1) Cancer is caused by abnormal cells dividing uncontrollably and spreading to other tissues. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or slow their growth.
2) There are several types of chemotherapy drugs that work through different mechanisms such as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant-derived products, and monoclonal antibodies.
3) Alkylating agents work by adding alkyl groups to DNA, damaging its structure and preventing cell division. Common alkylating agents include cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and carmustine.
Chemotherapy uses chemical agents to destroy cancer cells. It works by interfering with cell division through several mechanisms like damaging DNA, inhibiting synthesis of DNA precursors, or disrupting microtubules. The main classes of chemotherapeutic drugs are alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, and microtubule damaging agents. Alkylating agents form covalent bonds with DNA. Antimetabolites interfere with synthesis of nucleotides. Topoisomerase inhibitors prevent unwinding of DNA. Microtubule damaging agents inhibit polymerization of tubulin into microtubules. Common side effects of chemotherapy include bone marrow toxicity, impaired wound healing, hair loss, and damage to the gastrointestinal epithelium.
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can be due to environmental or genetic factors. Chemotherapy uses drugs to stop or slow the growth of cancer cells and works by targeting fast-growing cells. The main types of chemotherapy drugs are alkylating agents, such as platinum-based drugs and nitrogen mustards, which damage DNA and prevent cell replication. Alkylating agents work by introducing alkyl groups onto DNA through covalent bonding, causing cross-linking that interferes with cell division. Cyclophosphamide is a commonly used alkylating agent that requires metabolic activation to form an active metabolite. Cisplatin forms DNA cross-links that trigger apoptosis and is used to treat various cancer types.
This document summarizes key information about alkylating agents, a class of anticancer drugs. It describes their mechanisms of action involving alkylation of DNA, which interferes with its integrity and functions. Specific agents discussed include nitrogen mustards, nitrosoureas, triazines, and others. Toxicities involving bone marrow suppression and effects on other rapidly dividing tissues are also summarized. Pharmacological properties, indications, and dosing schedules are provided for several common alkylating agents including cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, busulfan, dacarbazine, temozolamide, and procarbazine.
Introduction to the endocrine system
Growth hormone: Mechanism of Action, secretion, regulation.
Prolactin
Sex hormones
Oral contraceptives
Corticosteroids
This document discusses immunopharmacology and the immune system. It describes how immunopharmacology studies how drugs modify immune mechanisms in the body, including autoimmune disorders, allergies, and cancer. The immune system involves cells like lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes. Antigens stimulate antibody production while antibodies help fight antigens. Immunopharmacology therapies aim to suppress, modulate, or enhance the immune system through immunosuppressants, immunomodulators, or immunoenhancers respectively.
medicinal chemistry of Anticancer agentsGanesh Mote
1) Cancer is caused by abnormal cells dividing uncontrollably and spreading to other tissues. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or slow their growth.
2) There are several types of chemotherapy drugs that work through different mechanisms such as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant-derived products, and monoclonal antibodies.
3) Alkylating agents work by adding alkyl groups to DNA, damaging its structure and preventing cell division. Common alkylating agents include cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and carmustine.
Chemotherapy uses chemical agents to destroy cancer cells. It works by interfering with cell division through several mechanisms like damaging DNA, inhibiting synthesis of DNA precursors, or disrupting microtubules. The main classes of chemotherapeutic drugs are alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, and microtubule damaging agents. Alkylating agents form covalent bonds with DNA. Antimetabolites interfere with synthesis of nucleotides. Topoisomerase inhibitors prevent unwinding of DNA. Microtubule damaging agents inhibit polymerization of tubulin into microtubules. Common side effects of chemotherapy include bone marrow toxicity, impaired wound healing, hair loss, and damage to the gastrointestinal epithelium.
The document discusses various types of anticancer agents, including their classification and mechanisms of action. It focuses on alkylating agents, specifically nitrogen mustards. Nitrogen mustards were some of the first chemicals used to treat cancer and work by alkylating DNA at the N7 position of guanine. This prevents replication and can activate apoptosis. Examples discussed include mechlorethamine, chlorambucil, melphalan, and cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide must be activated in the body to form an aziridinium ion that alkylates DNA. The document also briefly mentions mitomycin C, an antibiotic used in cancer treatment.
This document provides an overview of immunopharmacology and summarizes key topics including:
- Immunostimulants such as levamisole and thalidomide that boost the immune system.
- Immunosuppressants that suppress the immune system including drugs used to prevent organ transplant rejection.
- Vaccines including bacterial, viral, and combination vaccines that activate the immune system to provide immunity against pathogens.
- Recombinant cytokines like interferons and interleukins used in cancer therapy and viral infections to modulate the immune system.
Histamine is an imidazole derivative amine that is produced and stored in mast cells and basophils. It is released during allergic reactions and causes symptoms by activating four histamine receptors - H1, H2, H3, and H4. The document discusses the chemistry, sources, biosynthesis and mechanisms of action of histamine. It also describes the classifications, physiological roles, pathological roles, agonists and antagonists of histamine including their uses and side effects.
Immunopharmacology : Defination, components of immunity, classification of immunity and its explanation.
Drugs used in immune disorder : Immunosuppressants and Immunostimulants.
The document summarizes thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid drugs. It discusses the thyroid gland's structure and location in the neck. The thyroid secretes T4, T3, and calcitonin hormones which regulate growth, metabolism, and other bodily functions. The synthesis of T4 and T3 involves iodide uptake, oxidation, iodination, and coupling steps. Anti-thyroid drugs like propylthiouracil and carbimazole inhibit hormone synthesis. Radioactive iodine isotopes can destroy thyroid tissue to treat hyperthyroidism while drugs like propylthiouracil and carbimazole are used to inhibit hormone synthesis.
This document discusses various types of anti-cancer drugs and their mechanisms of action. It describes six main categories: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, cytotoxic antibiotics, plant derivatives, hormones, and monoclonal antibodies. Alkylating agents form cross-links with DNA. Antimetabolites block metabolic pathways involved in DNA synthesis. Cytotoxic antibiotics directly damage DNA through intercalation or inhibiting topoisomerase enzymes. Plant derivatives like vinca alkaloids and taxanes inhibit microtubule formation. Hormones inhibit hormone-dependent tumor growth. Monoclonal antibodies target specific proteins on cancer cells to induce immune-mediated killing or inhibit growth factor receptors.
This document summarizes various classes and subclasses of cancer chemotherapy drugs, including their mechanisms of action, toxicities, and therapeutic uses. It discusses cell cycle-specific agents like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids, and hormones. Alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide can alkylate DNA. Antimetabolites like methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil interfere with DNA synthesis. Plant alkaloids including vinca alkaloids and taxanes affect microtubules. Hormonal therapies include tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. The document provides detailed information on numerous chemotherapy drugs.
This document discusses cancer and chemotherapy. It defines cancer as uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells that can lead to death if left untreated. Malignant tumors can invade tissues and spread, while benign tumors do not. Chemotherapy refers to drugs used to kill cells, including anticancer agents. The effects of chemotherapy depend on the cancer's stage and location. Cancer development is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The document then discusses the cell cycle, tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis pathways, limitations of chemotherapy, adverse effects, and classifications of chemotherapy drugs including alkylating agents.
Drugs used in protozoal infections-Mr. pannehabdou panneh
This document discusses drugs used to treat various protozoal infections. It begins by introducing several common protozoal infections including malaria, amebiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, trichomoniasis, and giardiasis. The majority of the document then focuses on chemotherapy for malaria, discussing the life cycle of the malaria parasite and sites of action for antimalarial drugs. It also covers chemotherapy for amebiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis and trichomoniasis, outlining the causative organisms and recommended treatments. The document concludes by listing several references used.
Preclinical evaluation of anti-epileptic drugs involves testing in various animal models of seizures. Common models include electrically or chemically induced seizures using maximal electroshock, pentylenetetrazol, picrotoxin, or strychnine administration. The effects of potential drugs are assessed by changes in seizure threshold, pattern, EEG changes, or incidence. Chronic models involve kindling or post-status epilepticus models to evaluate drugs for spontaneous recurrent seizures. Various in vivo methods detailed assess drug effects on different seizure types and epilepsies.
This document discusses antineoplastic agents, which are used to treat cancer. It begins by explaining how normal cell growth becomes dysregulated, leading to neoplasms or tumors. Tumors can be benign or malignant. The goals of cancer treatment are curative, palliative, or adjuvant therapy. The main treatment modalities are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, and biological therapy. The document then focuses on the mechanisms and classes of chemotherapeutic agents, including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, alkaloids, hormones, and other drugs. It provides details on specific examples like cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 6-mercaptopurine.
This presentation provides knowledge about Calcium, its role in human body, homeostasis, factors affecting calcium absorption, drugs affecting calcium regulation, various endogeneous & exogeneous substances, recent research. This ia an assignment in the subject Advanced Pharmacology -II, 1st year M.Pharm, 2nd semester.
This document discusses screening methods for anti-inflammatory drugs. It describes the inflammatory response and different phases of inflammation. There are two main types of anti-inflammatory drugs - steroidal drugs that inhibit gene transcription and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Common NSAIDs include aspirin, indomethacin, and ibuprofen. The document outlines several methods for screening potential anti-inflammatory drugs, including granuloma pouch edema, croton oil, adjuvant-induced arthritis, and rat paw edema methods. It provides an example using the rat paw edema method to calculate the percentage reduction of edema caused by indometh
This document provides an overview of immunopharmacology. It begins by defining immunopharmacology and describing the immune system, including its components and mechanisms. The major components are the innate and adaptive immune responses. It then discusses various immunomodulators that can suppress the immune system like immunosuppressants or stimulate it like immunostimulants. Examples of therapies used in immunopharmacology are provided for immunosuppressants like cyclosporine and immunostimulants like levamisole. Recent advances in immunotherapy for conditions such as cancer are also summarized.
Geno toxicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity Manohar Kuppala
This document discusses genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity. Genotoxicity is the ability of an agent to damage genetic material like DNA and RNA, which can result in mutations and cancer. Carcinogenicity is the ability of a chemical to induce tumors or increase tumor occurrence when inhaled, ingested, or applied to the skin. It discusses characteristics of carcinogens and studies done using chimeric and knockout animals. Teratogenicity is the ability of a drug to cause fetal abnormalities when administered to a pregnant mother. It discusses testing done using in vitro techniques like whole embryo culture tests in rodents and zebrafish embryos to evaluate teratogenic effects.
Circadian rhythms are biological processes that display an approximately 24-hour cycle. The document discusses the history and types of biological rhythms, focusing on circadian rhythms which are regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain. It describes how circadian rhythms influence many physiological functions and the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs. Timed or chronotherapy aims to deliver drugs at times that synchronize with the body's natural rhythms to maximize efficacy and minimize side effects.
This document discusses the preclinical and clinical screening processes for developing new anticancer drugs. Preclinical screening involves in vitro methods like cell viability assays and in vivo animal models to test efficacy and safety. Clinical screening involves 4 phases - Phase I determines safety, Phase II evaluates efficacy in specific cancers, Phase III compares to standard treatments, and Phase IV monitors long-term safety. The goal is to advance the most promising candidates while protecting patients through rigorous testing.
ANTI CANCER DRUGS[ANTI-NEOPLASTIC DRUGS] MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY BY P. RAVISANKAR.Dr. Ravi Sankar
The document discusses antineoplastic agents (anticancer drugs) and provides information on cancer and its diagnosis and treatment. It defines cancer as uncontrolled cell growth and discusses how cancer is classified. It also summarizes some common cancer types in children and adults. The document outlines several methods used to treat cancer, including surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy and antibiotics. It provides classifications of antineoplastic drugs and examples.
cancer chemotherapy
Introduction,Types of cancer,Aetiology of cancer,Pathogenesis of cancer,Diagnosis of cancer,Treatment of cancer,Novel drugs for cancer,Future prospects
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation. Many factors can cause cancer, including external factors like chemicals and radiation, and internal factors like hormones and genetic mutations. While there are 92 approved anticancer drugs, effective therapies are still lacking for many types of cancer. New drugs are needed that are more selective for cancer cells to reduce side effects from long-term treatment. In vitro screening methods are used to identify potential drug candidates, including assays to test cell viability, proliferation, and morphology. Promising candidates then advance to in vivo testing using animal models of cancer like chemically-induced tumors in mice. The goal is to find drugs that can effectively treat cancer while avoiding side effects.
Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth and division that can spread to other tissues. There are several main types of cancer classified by the tissues they originate from. Chemotherapeutic drugs target rapidly dividing cancer cells and can be classified based on their site of action in the cell cycle or chemical structure. Major classes of chemotherapeutics include alkylating agents, platinum coordination complexes, and antimetabolites. Alkylating agents directly damage DNA through alkylation, inhibiting cell division. Platinum complexes like cisplatin bind DNA and cause crosslinking. Antimetabolites interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis by mimicking normal cell metabolites.
ANTI-CANCER DRUGS: All you need to know by RxVichuz!RxVichuZ
This is my 49th powerpoint....gives a precise insight into the theories behind anti-cancer agents, their actions on specific cell-cycles & important ADRs
Also, insight into newer molecules, monoclonal antibodies & management of anticancer ADRs.
Helpful for precise brush-up on antineoplastic agents!!
Vishnu.R.Nair.
The document discusses various types of anticancer agents, including their classification and mechanisms of action. It focuses on alkylating agents, specifically nitrogen mustards. Nitrogen mustards were some of the first chemicals used to treat cancer and work by alkylating DNA at the N7 position of guanine. This prevents replication and can activate apoptosis. Examples discussed include mechlorethamine, chlorambucil, melphalan, and cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide must be activated in the body to form an aziridinium ion that alkylates DNA. The document also briefly mentions mitomycin C, an antibiotic used in cancer treatment.
This document provides an overview of immunopharmacology and summarizes key topics including:
- Immunostimulants such as levamisole and thalidomide that boost the immune system.
- Immunosuppressants that suppress the immune system including drugs used to prevent organ transplant rejection.
- Vaccines including bacterial, viral, and combination vaccines that activate the immune system to provide immunity against pathogens.
- Recombinant cytokines like interferons and interleukins used in cancer therapy and viral infections to modulate the immune system.
Histamine is an imidazole derivative amine that is produced and stored in mast cells and basophils. It is released during allergic reactions and causes symptoms by activating four histamine receptors - H1, H2, H3, and H4. The document discusses the chemistry, sources, biosynthesis and mechanisms of action of histamine. It also describes the classifications, physiological roles, pathological roles, agonists and antagonists of histamine including their uses and side effects.
Immunopharmacology : Defination, components of immunity, classification of immunity and its explanation.
Drugs used in immune disorder : Immunosuppressants and Immunostimulants.
The document summarizes thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid drugs. It discusses the thyroid gland's structure and location in the neck. The thyroid secretes T4, T3, and calcitonin hormones which regulate growth, metabolism, and other bodily functions. The synthesis of T4 and T3 involves iodide uptake, oxidation, iodination, and coupling steps. Anti-thyroid drugs like propylthiouracil and carbimazole inhibit hormone synthesis. Radioactive iodine isotopes can destroy thyroid tissue to treat hyperthyroidism while drugs like propylthiouracil and carbimazole are used to inhibit hormone synthesis.
This document discusses various types of anti-cancer drugs and their mechanisms of action. It describes six main categories: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, cytotoxic antibiotics, plant derivatives, hormones, and monoclonal antibodies. Alkylating agents form cross-links with DNA. Antimetabolites block metabolic pathways involved in DNA synthesis. Cytotoxic antibiotics directly damage DNA through intercalation or inhibiting topoisomerase enzymes. Plant derivatives like vinca alkaloids and taxanes inhibit microtubule formation. Hormones inhibit hormone-dependent tumor growth. Monoclonal antibodies target specific proteins on cancer cells to induce immune-mediated killing or inhibit growth factor receptors.
This document summarizes various classes and subclasses of cancer chemotherapy drugs, including their mechanisms of action, toxicities, and therapeutic uses. It discusses cell cycle-specific agents like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids, and hormones. Alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide can alkylate DNA. Antimetabolites like methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil interfere with DNA synthesis. Plant alkaloids including vinca alkaloids and taxanes affect microtubules. Hormonal therapies include tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. The document provides detailed information on numerous chemotherapy drugs.
This document discusses cancer and chemotherapy. It defines cancer as uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells that can lead to death if left untreated. Malignant tumors can invade tissues and spread, while benign tumors do not. Chemotherapy refers to drugs used to kill cells, including anticancer agents. The effects of chemotherapy depend on the cancer's stage and location. Cancer development is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The document then discusses the cell cycle, tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis pathways, limitations of chemotherapy, adverse effects, and classifications of chemotherapy drugs including alkylating agents.
Drugs used in protozoal infections-Mr. pannehabdou panneh
This document discusses drugs used to treat various protozoal infections. It begins by introducing several common protozoal infections including malaria, amebiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, trichomoniasis, and giardiasis. The majority of the document then focuses on chemotherapy for malaria, discussing the life cycle of the malaria parasite and sites of action for antimalarial drugs. It also covers chemotherapy for amebiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis and trichomoniasis, outlining the causative organisms and recommended treatments. The document concludes by listing several references used.
Preclinical evaluation of anti-epileptic drugs involves testing in various animal models of seizures. Common models include electrically or chemically induced seizures using maximal electroshock, pentylenetetrazol, picrotoxin, or strychnine administration. The effects of potential drugs are assessed by changes in seizure threshold, pattern, EEG changes, or incidence. Chronic models involve kindling or post-status epilepticus models to evaluate drugs for spontaneous recurrent seizures. Various in vivo methods detailed assess drug effects on different seizure types and epilepsies.
This document discusses antineoplastic agents, which are used to treat cancer. It begins by explaining how normal cell growth becomes dysregulated, leading to neoplasms or tumors. Tumors can be benign or malignant. The goals of cancer treatment are curative, palliative, or adjuvant therapy. The main treatment modalities are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, and biological therapy. The document then focuses on the mechanisms and classes of chemotherapeutic agents, including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, alkaloids, hormones, and other drugs. It provides details on specific examples like cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 6-mercaptopurine.
This presentation provides knowledge about Calcium, its role in human body, homeostasis, factors affecting calcium absorption, drugs affecting calcium regulation, various endogeneous & exogeneous substances, recent research. This ia an assignment in the subject Advanced Pharmacology -II, 1st year M.Pharm, 2nd semester.
This document discusses screening methods for anti-inflammatory drugs. It describes the inflammatory response and different phases of inflammation. There are two main types of anti-inflammatory drugs - steroidal drugs that inhibit gene transcription and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Common NSAIDs include aspirin, indomethacin, and ibuprofen. The document outlines several methods for screening potential anti-inflammatory drugs, including granuloma pouch edema, croton oil, adjuvant-induced arthritis, and rat paw edema methods. It provides an example using the rat paw edema method to calculate the percentage reduction of edema caused by indometh
This document provides an overview of immunopharmacology. It begins by defining immunopharmacology and describing the immune system, including its components and mechanisms. The major components are the innate and adaptive immune responses. It then discusses various immunomodulators that can suppress the immune system like immunosuppressants or stimulate it like immunostimulants. Examples of therapies used in immunopharmacology are provided for immunosuppressants like cyclosporine and immunostimulants like levamisole. Recent advances in immunotherapy for conditions such as cancer are also summarized.
Geno toxicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity Manohar Kuppala
This document discusses genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity. Genotoxicity is the ability of an agent to damage genetic material like DNA and RNA, which can result in mutations and cancer. Carcinogenicity is the ability of a chemical to induce tumors or increase tumor occurrence when inhaled, ingested, or applied to the skin. It discusses characteristics of carcinogens and studies done using chimeric and knockout animals. Teratogenicity is the ability of a drug to cause fetal abnormalities when administered to a pregnant mother. It discusses testing done using in vitro techniques like whole embryo culture tests in rodents and zebrafish embryos to evaluate teratogenic effects.
Circadian rhythms are biological processes that display an approximately 24-hour cycle. The document discusses the history and types of biological rhythms, focusing on circadian rhythms which are regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain. It describes how circadian rhythms influence many physiological functions and the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs. Timed or chronotherapy aims to deliver drugs at times that synchronize with the body's natural rhythms to maximize efficacy and minimize side effects.
This document discusses the preclinical and clinical screening processes for developing new anticancer drugs. Preclinical screening involves in vitro methods like cell viability assays and in vivo animal models to test efficacy and safety. Clinical screening involves 4 phases - Phase I determines safety, Phase II evaluates efficacy in specific cancers, Phase III compares to standard treatments, and Phase IV monitors long-term safety. The goal is to advance the most promising candidates while protecting patients through rigorous testing.
ANTI CANCER DRUGS[ANTI-NEOPLASTIC DRUGS] MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY BY P. RAVISANKAR.Dr. Ravi Sankar
The document discusses antineoplastic agents (anticancer drugs) and provides information on cancer and its diagnosis and treatment. It defines cancer as uncontrolled cell growth and discusses how cancer is classified. It also summarizes some common cancer types in children and adults. The document outlines several methods used to treat cancer, including surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy and antibiotics. It provides classifications of antineoplastic drugs and examples.
cancer chemotherapy
Introduction,Types of cancer,Aetiology of cancer,Pathogenesis of cancer,Diagnosis of cancer,Treatment of cancer,Novel drugs for cancer,Future prospects
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation. Many factors can cause cancer, including external factors like chemicals and radiation, and internal factors like hormones and genetic mutations. While there are 92 approved anticancer drugs, effective therapies are still lacking for many types of cancer. New drugs are needed that are more selective for cancer cells to reduce side effects from long-term treatment. In vitro screening methods are used to identify potential drug candidates, including assays to test cell viability, proliferation, and morphology. Promising candidates then advance to in vivo testing using animal models of cancer like chemically-induced tumors in mice. The goal is to find drugs that can effectively treat cancer while avoiding side effects.
Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth and division that can spread to other tissues. There are several main types of cancer classified by the tissues they originate from. Chemotherapeutic drugs target rapidly dividing cancer cells and can be classified based on their site of action in the cell cycle or chemical structure. Major classes of chemotherapeutics include alkylating agents, platinum coordination complexes, and antimetabolites. Alkylating agents directly damage DNA through alkylation, inhibiting cell division. Platinum complexes like cisplatin bind DNA and cause crosslinking. Antimetabolites interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis by mimicking normal cell metabolites.
ANTI-CANCER DRUGS: All you need to know by RxVichuz!RxVichuZ
This is my 49th powerpoint....gives a precise insight into the theories behind anti-cancer agents, their actions on specific cell-cycles & important ADRs
Also, insight into newer molecules, monoclonal antibodies & management of anticancer ADRs.
Helpful for precise brush-up on antineoplastic agents!!
Vishnu.R.Nair.
This document provides information about cancer including:
- Cancer is characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth.
- Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men and breast cancer is most common in women.
- Cancers can be benign or malignant tumors and are classified into broad groups like carcinomas and sarcomas.
- Cancers are caused by physical, biological, chemical and genetic factors like viruses, radiation, and lifestyle habits.
- Diagnosis involves biopsies, imaging tests, and analyzing tumor markers in blood. Staging determines how advanced a cancer is.
- Treatment includes surgery, radiation, immunotherapy, chemotherapy and other drugs that target cell growth pathways.
Cancer chemotherapy originated from observations of mustard gas exposure during World Wars I and II. Luis Goodman and Alfred Gillmen first demonstrated anti-cancer effects of chemotherapy drugs in 1943. Currently, nearly all successful cancer chemotherapy regimens use combination chemotherapy with multiple drugs given simultaneously to achieve synergistic tumor cell kill. Chemotherapy drugs can be classified based on their mechanism of action and cell cycle specificity. Alkylating agents are commonly used chemotherapy drugs that produce reactive carbonium ions to alkylate cellular macromolecules like DNA, causing cytotoxic and radiomimetic effects on both dividing and resting cells. Individual alkylating agent drugs have different dosing schedules and are used to treat various cancer types.
This document summarizes information about anticancer agents and their classification. It discusses various alkylating agents like nitrogen mustards, nitrosoureas, and alkyl sulfonates. It also covers antimetabolites such as fluorouracil, mercaptopurine, and methotrexate. The document provides information on the mechanisms of action, synthesis, adverse effects and uses of these anticancer drugs for treating different types of cancer.
This document summarizes different types of chemotherapy used to treat cancer. It discusses how chemotherapy works by interfering with rapidly dividing cancer cell growth. The main types covered are alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumor antibiotics, plant alkaloids, and miscellaneous agents. For each type, 1-2 specific drug examples are provided along with a brief overview of their mechanism of action and effects on DNA, RNA, or other cell processes critical to cell division. Hormonal agents are also summarized as targeting certain hormone-sensitive cancers. The document aims to explain the biological basis and classifications of various chemotherapy drugs.
A 50-year-old man undergoing chemotherapy for a malignant tumor develops megaloblastic anemia. This is likely caused by methotrexate inhibiting folate metabolism. Folic acid supplementation could have prevented the toxicity. Anthracyclines like doxorubicin can cause cardiac toxicity through free radical generation, sometimes requiring dexrazoxane treatment. Bleomycin can cause pulmonary fibrosis.
The document provides information on antineoplastic agents (anticancer drugs). It defines cancer and describes the two types of tumors - malignant and benign. It then discusses the stages of the cell cycle and characteristics of cancer cells. The document covers various classes of antineoplastic agents including alkylating agents, platinum complexes, antimetabolites, microtubule damaging agents, antibiotics, and topoisomerase inhibitors. It provides details on specific drugs like cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, methotrexate, and actinomycin D.
Phenobarbital induces UGT1A1 enzyme.
Phenobarbital is known to induce various drug metabolizing enzymes including UGT1A1. By inducing UGT1A1, it increases the enzyme's activity and ability to conjugate and clear bilirubin, thus lowering bilirubin levels in patients with Crigler-Najjar syndrome type II who have some residual UGT1A1 activity.
This document provides information about chemotherapy for cancer treatment. It discusses the types of chemotherapy drugs, including alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide, antimetabolites like 5-fluorouracil, and natural products like vinca alkaloids. The mechanisms of action and side effects of select drugs are described. It also covers cancer pathogenesis involving activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, in addition to diagnosis and other treatment approaches like surgery and radiation therapy.
Diploma nursing Extension student International institute of health science jinja,Uganda presenting the Antineoplastic drugs, the main objectives is
1.definition.
2.classes of Antineoplastic drugs.
3.Different types of drugs in each class.
4Different forms,dosage,indication,Adverse effects of some common Antineoplastic.
Nursing interventions in Antineoplastic drugs.
This document discusses various types of anticancer drugs, including their classification, mechanisms of action, and examples. It describes five main classes of anticancer agents: cytotoxic drugs like alkylating agents and antimetabolites that directly kill cancer cells; natural anticancer agents such as vinca alkaloids and taxanes that interfere with cell division; antibiotics that intercalate DNA; miscellaneous agents discovered through random synthesis; and drugs that act on hormones to manipulate the endocrine system and inhibit cancer growth. Recent FDA-approved drugs for various cancer types are also mentioned.
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can spread through the body. Risk factors include tobacco, sunlight, viruses, and family history. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging tests while treatment aims to cure, palliate, or induce remission through surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Chemotherapy drugs work by various mechanisms including alkylating DNA, blocking DNA synthesis, and affecting microtubule function. Major classes include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumor antibiotics, plant alkaloids, and miscellaneous cytotoxic drugs. Combination regimens and consideration of each drug's cell cycle specificity can improve outcomes.
Kidney transplantation is the most effective therapy for end-stage renal disease. The transplanted organ can come from a live or deceased donor. Immunosuppressive medications are used to prevent rejection and include corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, and antimetabolites. Common post-transplant complications include acute rejection, infections like cytomegalovirus, and chronic allograft dysfunction.
Anticancer drugs: Classification , general toxicity and Alkylating agents.Ameena Kadar
Neoplasm or cancer is one of the dangerous condition. Here we discuss about cancer and it's drug classification, general toxicity and brief description about Alkylating agents.
Brief review of renal failure with chemotherapeutic agentsKasarla Dr Ramesh
Chemotherapy drugs can damage the kidneys through various mechanisms. Cisplatin is one of the most nephrotoxic drugs that directly injures the proximal tubules. Symptoms of kidney damage include decreased urine output and blood in the urine. Kidney function is assessed through blood tests of creatinine and BUN. Prevention strategies for cisplatin nephrotoxicity include IV fluids, sodium thiosulfate, and dose modifications based on glomerular filtration rate. Methotrexate requires monitoring and urine alkalinization due to precipitation in acidic urine causing tubular injury. Gemcitabine can cause thrombotic microangiopathy requiring dose reductions with glomerular filtration rate below 30 mL/
The document discusses various classes of antineoplastic agents (cancer drugs) including their mechanisms of action and clinical applications. It describes how alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide work by alkylating DNA, which can cause cross-linking and inhibit DNA synthesis and function. Antimetabolites like methotrexate inhibit key enzymes involved in DNA synthesis. The document provides examples of several alkylating agents and antimetabolites, and discusses their mechanisms of action, common uses in treating different cancer types, typical administration routes, and common side effects.
The medical term for tumor (or) cancer is Neoplasm, Which means a relatively autonomous growth (or) un corodinated cell proliferation of body tissue.The branch of medicine which deals with the excessive study of neoplasm (tumor) and its development diagnosis and treatment is called “Oncology.”
The term cancer was translated from a Latin word carcino i.e. Crab by celsus.
For the first time Hippocrates coined the Greek word Karkinos i.e. (crab/cray fish) for malignant breast cancer
Agents used to treat such abnormal cell productions are known as anti neoplastic agents.they are 1.Alkylating agents:-
Nitrogen mustards
Cyclophosphamide
Meclorethamine
2.Antimetabolites:-
purine antagonist:-6-mercaptopurine
Folic acid antagonist:-methotrexate
Pyrimidine antagonist:-5-flurouracil
3.Plant products:-
Vinca alkaloids
Vincrystine
vinblastine
4.Anti biotics:-
Doxorubicin
Actinomycin
5.Hormonal agents:
Tamoxifen
Glucocorticosteroids
6.Miscellaneous:-
Hydroxy urea
Asparginase
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptx
1. ANTI-CANCER DRUGS
SUBMITTED TO; SUBMITTED BY;
Ms. Neelam Painuly Mr. Anupam
Associate Professor M. Pharm(PHARMACOLOGY)
Sopr.Neelam@dbuu.ac.in anupanni111@gmail.com
SoPR, DBUU, Dehradun SoPR, DBUU, Dehradun
2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF CANCER
CELL CYCLE
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI-CANCER DRUGS
DISEASE AND THEIR DRUF OF CHOICE
REFERENCES
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 2
3. INTRODUCTION
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines the cancer as a wide range of diseases which produces
impact on any body part. The term "metastasis" refers to the unchecked proliferation & dissemination of
aberrant cells to various parts of body via the lymphatic or circulatory systems.
Cancer is a cell disease defined by abnormal, purposeless, progressive, persistent, and uncontrollably
growing tissue.
Cancer cell produce oncoproteins in the absence of growth factor or external stimuli.
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 3
Fig1: Process of cancer cell development.
4. SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 4
TYPES OF
CANCER
Carcinoma
Skin cells
and organs
like the
kidney or
liver
cancer.
Sarcoma
Bone,
cartilage,
fat, muscle,
connective
tissue and
supportive
tissue
cancer.
Leukaemia
Bone
marrow
cancer that
results in
an
excessive
quantity of
irregular
blood cells.
Myeloma
and
lymphoma
Immune
system
cancer.
CNS
Cancer
Brain and
Spinal cord
cancer.
Germ cell
Cancer
Testicle and
Ovarian
cancer.
5. Cell Cycle of both Normal as well as Cancer Cells
1. G1 phase (pre-synthetic phase, 40%): Enzyme and other
biological components required for DNA synthesis are
synthesised.
2. S phase (synthetic phase, 39%): The synthesis of DNA occurs.
3. G2 phase (pre-mitotic phase, 19%): biological components
necessary for myosis are synthesised (RNA and protein
synthesis).
4. M phase (mitotic phase, 2.1%): Division of mitotic cells occur.
5. G0 phase (resting phase): Stop division of cells.
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 5
Fig2: Cell Cycle
9. Anti-Cancer Drugs may be divided into two groups:
1. Cell Cycle Specific (CCS): Act mainly in dividing cell.
2. Cell Cycle Non-Specific (CCNS): Act mainly in dividing cell as well as resting cell.
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 9
Cell Cycle Specific (CCS) Cell Cycle Non-Specific (CCNS)
Antimetabolites Alkylating Agents
Vinca Alkaloids Antibiotics
Taxanes Camptothecins
Epipodophyllotoxins
10. ALKYLATING AGENTS
Agents that works by directly damaging the DNA of cancer cell by getting converting to azindinum ion and
bond with the nitrogen atom at 7th position in the guanine of DNA.
These drugs come under CCNS (Cell Cycle Non-Specific Drugs).
Mechanism of Action:
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 10
11. a) Nitrogen Mustered: - Mechlorethamine, Cyclophosphamide, Melphalan, Chlorambucil.
i. Cyclophosphamide: It is a prodrug and alkylating agent which activated in liver.
It is effective after metabolism and administered orally and IV route.
Also have powerful immunosuppressant activity.
Drug of choice in Lung Cancer.
Mechanism of Action:
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 11
12. ii. Chlorambucil: It is a slow acting alkylating agent.
Drug of choice in lymphatic leukaemia.
Toxicity of chlorambucil is pulmonary fibrosis.
iii. Melphalan: It is a alkylating agent which is treatment of choice for ovarian and testicular cancer.
b) Alkyl Sulfonate: - Busulphan.
Busulphan is a bi-functional methane sulphonic ester that forms transferred cross-linking with DNA results in
cell death.
Drug of choice in myeloid leukaemia.
It depresses bone marrow and have common side effects are hyperuricemia and pigmentation of skin.
c) Nitrosoureas: - Carmustine, Lomustine.
These drugs are highly lipid soluble drugs.
It reaches in high concentration in Blood Brain Barrier (BBB).
Mainly used for Brain Tumours (Drug of choice).
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 12
13. d) Platinum-containing compound: - Cisplatin, Carboplatin.
Heavy metal complex that shows strong neoplastic action.
i. Cisplatin: It causes nephropathy, emesis and nephrotoxicity.
Mechanism of Action:
ii. Carboplatin: It is a derivative of cisplatin with less Neuro, Nephro and Ototoxicity.
e) Triazene: - Dacarbazine.
Dacarbazine inhibit RNA and protein synthesis that results in cell death.
Dacarbazine is a drug of choice in malignant myeloma.
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 13
14. ANTIMETABOLITES
These drugs inhibit the proliferation and development of cancer cells.
These drugs mimic normal cellular metabolites and integrated into DNA and RNA during the cell cycle, disrupting the
synthesis of nucleic acids and ultimately leading to cell death.
Therse drugs acts in S phase.
a) Folate antagonists: - Methotrexate (inhibit dihydrofolate reductase).
Methotrexate drug have anti-neoplastic, immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory effects.
Antidote for methotrexate is Folinic Acid.
Methotrexate shows Hepatotoxicity, Obstructive Nephropathy.
Mechanism of Action:
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 14
15. b) Purine antagonists: - 6-Mercaptopurine, 6-Thioguinine.
These drugs come under CCS (Cell Cycle Specific Drugs) and acts in S phase.
Purine antagonists cause Hepatotoxicity.
Mechanism of Action:
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 15
16. c) Pyrimidine antagonists: - 5-Fluorouracil, Cytarabine.
These drugs come under CCS (Cell Cycle Specific Drugs) and acts in S phase.
i. 5-Fluorouracil: It cause Hand and Foot Syndrome and Neurotoxicity.
Mechanism of Action:
ii. Cytarabine: It cause neurotoxicity.
Cytarabine is a drug of choice with combination of Idarubicin in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia.
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 16
17. VINCAALKALOIDS
These drugs are cell cycle specific (CCS) and acts in M phase.
Vincristine and Vinblastine are derived from periwinkle plants.
Vinca alkaloid cause Peripheral Neuropathy.
Vinblastine is used to treat leukaemia in children’s and Vincristine is used to treat breast cancer.
Mechanism of Action:
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 17
18. TAXANES
It enhanced stability of microtubule preventing the separation of chromosomes during anaphase.
It decreases the ability of bone marrow to produce blood cells. e.g., Paclitaxel, Docetaxel.
i. Paclitaxel: It causes peripheral neuropathy and hypersensitivity.
ii. Docetaxel: It causes peripheral neuropathy as well as fluid retention.
EPIPODOPHYLLOTOXINS
Drugs that acts in G2 phase and S phase of cell cycle. e.g., Etoposide, Tenoposide.
Etoposide causes Bone marrow depression and GI side effects.
Mechanism of Action:
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 18
19. CAMPTOTHECINS
Drugs that acts in G2 phase and S phase of cell cycle. e.g., Topotecan, Irinotecan.
These are used in Ovarian, Lungs, Colorectal cancer.
Mechanism of Action: Camptothecins binds to topoisomerase-I (a nuclear enzyme that replicate DNA and transcription)
complex and inhibit the resealing of DNA, thus produce cell death.
ANTIBIOTICS
All these drugs produce direct action on DNA & they act by blocking the transcription of DNA.
e.g., Actinomycin, Bleomycin, Mitomycin, Doxorubicin.
i. Actinomycin: It administered through IV route.
Mechanism of Action: Actinomycin also produces direct action of DNA & they act by blocking the transcription of DNA.
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 19
20. ii. Bleomycin: A mixture of glycopeptide antibiotics.
It acts on G2 phase and M phase of cell cycle.
It also crosses BBB (Blood Brain Barrier), so it is used to treat Brain cancer.
Bleomycin is given as a drug of choice with combination of Cisplatin and Etoposide to treat testis cancer.
ii. Mitomycin: It causes cross-linking of DNA and generates free radicals which damage DNA.
iii. Doxorubicin: It causes Cardiotoxicity.
Mechanism of Action:
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 20
21. ENZYME
Enzyme is isolated from bacteria specially ecoli.
It is a necessary amino acid for the production of proteins. e.g., L-Asparaginase.
Cancer cells lack of this enzyme.
It causes toxicity of Hypersensitivity, Hyperglycaemia, Haemorrhage.
Mechanism of Action:
Normal cells can synthesize asparagine because they contain asparagine synthase.
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 21
22. MISCELLANEOUS AGENTS
It acts on S phase of cell cycle (CCS drugs).
e.g., Hydroxyurea, Imatinib.
Mechanism of Action: Hydroxyurea interferes with the conversion of RBC to DNA by inhibiting ribonucleoside
diphosphate reductase, this results in inhibition of DNA synthesis.
HORMONALAGENTS
These agents are non-cytotoxic but it modifies the growth of hormones dependent tumour.
a) Oestrogen: - These are physically antagonist of androgen; hence oestrogen is used to antagonise the effect of androgen.
Widely used in Prostate cancer.
e.g., Ethnyl estradiol, Fosfestrol.
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 22
23. b) Oestrogen receptor modulator: - It is a compound that can interact with oestrogen receptors
in the body and modulate their activities.
These can act as either agonist (activating the receptor) or antagonist (blocking the receptor) of
oestrogen receptors, depending on the specific tissue type.
E.g., Tamoxifen i.e. highly effective in Breast cancer.
c) Aromatase inhibitor: - These are used in the post-monophasic menstrual cycle to treat
hormone-dependent breast cancer. e.g., Anastrozole, Letrozole.
d) Antiandrogen: - It antagonizes the androgen action on prostate cancer. E.g., Flutamide.
e) Progestin: - Used to treat endometrium cancer. e.g., Hydroxyprogesterone acetate.
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 23
24. f) Androgen: - e.g., Testosterone propionate.
Testosterone propionate is an injectable medication that is used as hormone replacement therapy in
men with less testosterone levels and female breast cancer.
g) GnRH analogue: - These drugs produce arising LH (Luteinizing hormone) and FSH (Follicle
stimulating hormone).
These are effective in advance prosthetic & breast cancer.
e.g., Buserelin.
h) Corticosteroids: - It produces feeling of well-being and it suppress the hypersensitivity
reactions.
These drugs having anti-inflammatory activity and it decreases Glaucoma.
e.g., Prednisolone.
Mechanism of Action: Prednisolone interfere with the cell cycle of activated lymphoid cells.
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 24
25. Diseases and their Drug of Choice
Diseases Drug of Choice
Brain Tumour Nitrosourea
Lung Cancer Cyclophosphamide
Ovarian and Testicular Cancer Melphalan
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Cytarebine + Idarabicin
Testis Cancer Bleomycin + Cisplatin + Etoposide
Myeloid Leukaemia Busulfan
Breast Cancer Tamoxifen
Prostate Cancer Oestrogen
Lymphatic Leukaemia Chlorambucil
SOPR, DEV BHOOMI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY 25