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Metabolism of lipoproteins
This document summarizes the metabolism of lipoproteins in the human body. It discusses how lipids are transported in the blood using lipoproteins, which are classified based on their density. The main lipoproteins are chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL. Each carries out specific functions to transport lipids between the intestines, liver, and peripheral tissues. The document outlines the synthesis and catabolism of each lipoprotein class and their roles in cholesterol transport. It also discusses inherited disorders that can disrupt lipoprotein metabolism.
GLYCOGEN STORAG-WPS Office.pptx
Glycogen storage diseases are a group of metabolic disorders caused by enzyme deficiencies that affect glycogen synthesis or breakdown in the liver and/or muscles. The main symptoms include low blood sugar, liver enlargement, slow growth, muscle weakness, and breakdown of muscle fibers. Diagnosis involves biopsy, blood and urine tests, and MRI scans. There are several types of glycogen storage diseases categorized by the specific enzyme deficiency and accumulated metabolite. Treatment focuses on maintaining blood glucose levels through nasogastric infusion, medications to manage symptoms, dietary changes, and in severe cases, organ transplantation.
Elastin
Elastin is a highly elastic protein found in connective tissue that allows tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting. It is particularly important in skin, helping it to return to its original position when poked or pinched. Elastin is also found in load-bearing tissues where mechanical energy needs to be stored. It is encoded by the ELN gene and produces a protein that forms elastic fibers, containing hydrophobic regions bounded by lysine crosslinks.
NEOPLASIA MCQs & USMLE Style case based study by Dr. ROOPAM JAIN
This document contains 16 multiple choice questions about neoplasia and cancer. The questions cover topics like immune system response to cancer cells, common diagnoses for lumps or masses found in different body areas, identifying the most likely diagnosis for biopsy results, genetic mutations that can cause cancer susceptibility, mechanisms of chemotherapy drug action and side effects, distinguishing between benign and pre-cancerous polyps, identifying the likely viral cause of symptoms, identifying the most common molecular abnormality seen in a case, identifying the most likely mechanism causing cancer in children, identifying the gene mutation mechanism causing a cancer, and characteristics of an aggressive neck mass cancer.
Lec 2,3 level 4-de(heme and hemoglobin)
Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. It is a tetramer made of two alpha and two beta globin chains, each with a heme group containing iron. Heme is synthesized from porphyrin and iron. Old red blood cells are broken down, liberating bilirubin from heme which is transported to the liver and excreted in bile and feces. Fetal hemoglobin differs slightly to facilitate oxygen transport to the fetus. Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood through dissolution, buffering by hemoglobin, and formation of carbaminohemoglobin.
VITAMIN A
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in multiple forms including retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. It plays an essential role in vision, cell growth and differentiation. Vitamin A is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver where it is stored. A deficiency can impair vision and cause dry eyes and corneal ulceration or blindness in severe cases. The recommended daily intake is 400-1000 μg depending on age, sex and life stage.
Alkaptonuria
Alkaptonuria is a rare inherited disorder caused by a defect in the HGD gene, resulting in a build up of homogentisic acid (HGA) in the body. Symptoms include black urine when exposed to air, joint pain and arthritis, dark spots in the eyes, and discolored skin and earwax. The condition is diagnosed through urine and genetic tests. Treatment focuses on symptom management through medications, therapy, and surgery. A low-protein, high-vitamin C diet is recommended to prevent further HGA build up and slow disease progression.
Vitamin B Complex
Report about some facts about vitamin B complex and the importance, origin, signs and symptoms of deficiency and food sources of Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), Vitamin B6 (pyrodixine), and Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), It also has very detailed origin on how each vitamin was discovered
Recommandé
Metabolism of lipoproteins
This document summarizes the metabolism of lipoproteins in the human body. It discusses how lipids are transported in the blood using lipoproteins, which are classified based on their density. The main lipoproteins are chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL. Each carries out specific functions to transport lipids between the intestines, liver, and peripheral tissues. The document outlines the synthesis and catabolism of each lipoprotein class and their roles in cholesterol transport. It also discusses inherited disorders that can disrupt lipoprotein metabolism.
GLYCOGEN STORAG-WPS Office.pptx
Glycogen storage diseases are a group of metabolic disorders caused by enzyme deficiencies that affect glycogen synthesis or breakdown in the liver and/or muscles. The main symptoms include low blood sugar, liver enlargement, slow growth, muscle weakness, and breakdown of muscle fibers. Diagnosis involves biopsy, blood and urine tests, and MRI scans. There are several types of glycogen storage diseases categorized by the specific enzyme deficiency and accumulated metabolite. Treatment focuses on maintaining blood glucose levels through nasogastric infusion, medications to manage symptoms, dietary changes, and in severe cases, organ transplantation.
Elastin
Elastin is a highly elastic protein found in connective tissue that allows tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting. It is particularly important in skin, helping it to return to its original position when poked or pinched. Elastin is also found in load-bearing tissues where mechanical energy needs to be stored. It is encoded by the ELN gene and produces a protein that forms elastic fibers, containing hydrophobic regions bounded by lysine crosslinks.
NEOPLASIA MCQs & USMLE Style case based study by Dr. ROOPAM JAIN
This document contains 16 multiple choice questions about neoplasia and cancer. The questions cover topics like immune system response to cancer cells, common diagnoses for lumps or masses found in different body areas, identifying the most likely diagnosis for biopsy results, genetic mutations that can cause cancer susceptibility, mechanisms of chemotherapy drug action and side effects, distinguishing between benign and pre-cancerous polyps, identifying the likely viral cause of symptoms, identifying the most common molecular abnormality seen in a case, identifying the most likely mechanism causing cancer in children, identifying the gene mutation mechanism causing a cancer, and characteristics of an aggressive neck mass cancer.
Lec 2,3 level 4-de(heme and hemoglobin)
Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. It is a tetramer made of two alpha and two beta globin chains, each with a heme group containing iron. Heme is synthesized from porphyrin and iron. Old red blood cells are broken down, liberating bilirubin from heme which is transported to the liver and excreted in bile and feces. Fetal hemoglobin differs slightly to facilitate oxygen transport to the fetus. Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood through dissolution, buffering by hemoglobin, and formation of carbaminohemoglobin.
VITAMIN A
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in multiple forms including retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. It plays an essential role in vision, cell growth and differentiation. Vitamin A is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver where it is stored. A deficiency can impair vision and cause dry eyes and corneal ulceration or blindness in severe cases. The recommended daily intake is 400-1000 μg depending on age, sex and life stage.
Alkaptonuria
Alkaptonuria is a rare inherited disorder caused by a defect in the HGD gene, resulting in a build up of homogentisic acid (HGA) in the body. Symptoms include black urine when exposed to air, joint pain and arthritis, dark spots in the eyes, and discolored skin and earwax. The condition is diagnosed through urine and genetic tests. Treatment focuses on symptom management through medications, therapy, and surgery. A low-protein, high-vitamin C diet is recommended to prevent further HGA build up and slow disease progression.
Vitamin B Complex
Report about some facts about vitamin B complex and the importance, origin, signs and symptoms of deficiency and food sources of Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), Vitamin B6 (pyrodixine), and Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), It also has very detailed origin on how each vitamin was discovered
Fat soluble vitamins
This document provides information on vitamins, including their classification as either water-soluble or fat-soluble, roles and deficiencies. Water-soluble vitamins like C and B vitamins must be replenished daily as they are not stored in the body, while fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K can accumulate and potentially cause toxicity. The document outlines the names, roles and recommended daily amounts of each vitamin, along with absorption and storage processes. Sources of vitamins and deficiency symptoms are also summarized.
Vitamin A metabolism
The document discusses the absorption, transport, metabolism, and excretion of vitamin A. It notes that vitamin A is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver via chylomicrons. In the liver, it is stored as retinyl esters and then mobilized as retinol bound to retinol-binding protein for transport to tissues. Vitamin A undergoes various metabolic conversions including esterification and isomerization. It is excreted in both urine and feces, with a high efficiency of absorption under normal conditions.
Hemoglobin structure and metabolism by Dr. Anurag Yadav
Hemoglobin is a globular protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. It is composed of four polypeptide subunits, two alpha chains and two beta chains, as well as an iron-containing heme group that binds oxygen. Hemoglobin levels in healthy individuals typically range from 13-16 g/dL. Hemoglobin is synthesized through a series of enzymatic steps that convert the substrates glycine and succinyl-CoA into protoporphyrin, followed by insertion of ferrous iron to form heme. Heme gives hemoglobin its red color and allows it to carry oxygen through reversible binding to iron at the center of the porphyrin ring. Precise regulation of heme synthesis is
NADPH and its uses
NADPH is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. It is necessary for vital anabolic processes like fatty acid, sterol, hormone, and bile salt synthesis. The major source of NADPH is the pentose phosphate pathway. NADPH is used as an electron donor for reductive biosynthesis unlike NADH which transfers oxygen. It is also used in the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system for hydroxylating steroid hormones and vitamin D, in the NADPH oxidase system for phagocytosis by white blood cells, in the synthesis of nitric oxide, and for reducing hydrogen peroxide and preventing methemoglobinemia. Deficiency in NADPH
Vitamin b 12 deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency is a common cause of megaloblastic anemia and neuropsychiatric symptoms, especially in older persons. There are several risk factors for vitamin B12 deficiency including prolonged metformin use. While major organizations do not recommend routine screening, high-risk patients such as those with malabsorptive disorders may warrant screening through CBC, serum B12, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine levels. Treatment involves intramuscular B12 injections or high dose oral B12 supplementation.
Vitamin b12
Presentation given by Dr. Karthikeyan at Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, NewDelhi.
Rapaport leubering cycle
This document discusses the Rapaport-Leubering cycle, which is a supplementary pathway to glycolysis that operates in human and mammal red blood cells. The cycle is mainly concerned with synthesizing 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate produced in glycolysis using the enzyme 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase. Approximately 15-25% of the glucose converted to lactate in red blood cells goes through this cycle of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthesis.
Neutropenia, Agranulocytosis
This document discusses leukopenia, neutropenia, and agranulocytosis. It defines them as abnormally low white blood cell counts, specifically a reduction in granulocytes or neutrophils. Neutropenia is classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on neutrophil counts. Agranulocytosis is a marked reduction or absence of neutrophils in the blood and bone marrow. The causes include ineffective granulopoiesis, accelerated removal/destruction of neutrophils, and most commonly drug toxicity from chemotherapy agents, antipsychotics, antibiotics, and others. Signs and symptoms relate to increased risk of infection. Treatment involves antibiotics, growth factors, and withdrawing the causal drug.
Thyroid Function test.pptx
The document discusses thyroid hormones, thyroid disorders, and thyroid function tests. It covers:
- The anatomy and location of the thyroid gland and its hormone production. Thyroid hormones include T3 and T4.
- The process of thyroid hormone synthesis, which involves iodine uptake and organification of tyrosine residues to produce T3 and T4.
- Common thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and goiter. It compares the features of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
- Thyroid function tests measure thyroid hormones, stimulate the HPT axis, and evaluate thyroid size and autoantibodies to assess thyroid status. Test results help
Vitamin k deficiency
This document summarizes vitamin K deficiency (VKD). It describes vitamin K's role in blood clotting factor synthesis and the various forms of vitamin K. Risk factors for VKD include poor maternal intake, breastfeeding, and malabsorption issues. Clinical manifestations range from mild bruising to life-threatening bleeding. VKD is diagnosed through prolonged clotting times that normalize with vitamin K administration. Treatment involves parenteral vitamin K with plasma transfusion for severe bleeding. Prevention centers on newborn vitamin K injections and supplementation in high-risk groups.
Digestion of proteins 19
Protein digestion begins in the stomach through the actions of gastric juice containing hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Pepsin breaks down proteins into large polypeptides. In the small intestine, pancreatic proteases further break down the polypeptides into oligopeptides and amino acids. The pancreatic enzymes are released and activated through the hormones cholecystokinin and secretin. Enteropeptidase activates trypsin which then activates other proteases through a cascade. Aminopeptidases on the intestinal surface break oligopeptides into smaller peptides and free amino acids. These are absorbed into the bloodstream concluding digestion. Deficiencies in pancreatic function or celiac disease can impair protein digestion.
Hdl. high density lipoprotein
HDL is the smallest and densest lipoprotein particle, composed of proteins, phospholipids, free cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and triglycerides. HDL particles transport cholesterol from tissues like macrophages to the liver for processing or excretion. The liver synthesizes nascent HDL particles that acquire cholesterol through interactions with the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and other receptors on cells. Enzymes further process and enlarge HDL as it circulates, eventually returning mature HDL to the liver to offload cholesterol through the scavenger receptor class B type 1. This reverse cholesterol transport pathway is important for reducing atherosclerosis and is part of HDL's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions that provide protection against cardiovascular disease.
IM-01 Integrated Metabolism
The document discusses the integration of various metabolic pathways in the body. It explains how the anabolic and catabolic pathways for energy production and biosynthesis of compounds are closely coordinated. All organisms regulate their metabolic pathways to supply variable energy demands. The major metabolic pathways like glycolysis, glycogen metabolism, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, and the citric acid cycle are compartmentalized to separate opposing reactions. Key junction points allow the pathways to interact, such as glycogenesis/glycolysis connecting to gluconeogenesis. The metabolic profiles of muscles, heart, adipose tissue, kidneys, and liver are also summarized. The liver plays a key role in glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism.
Von Willebrand Disease Type III
This document presents a case study of a 11-year old female patient with Von Willebrand Disease Type III who presented with epistaxis and bleeding from the scalp due to a head injury. Von Willebrand Disease is a genetic bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of the Von Willebrand Factor, a clotting protein. The patient's lab work showed low levels of Von Willebrand Factor and Factor VIII. She was diagnosed with Von Willebrand Disease Type III and treated with tranexamic acid to reduce bleeding and Von Willebrand Factor replacement therapy.
Glycine
Glycine is the simplest amino acid. It has several metabolic functions including the biosynthesis of heme, purines, creatine, glutathione, and as a conjugating agent. Glycine is also used as a neurotransmitter in the brainstem and spinal cord and is a constituent of proteins, often found where the polypeptide chain bends or turns. Key reactions involving glycine include its role in the rate-limiting step of heme synthesis through ALA synthase, incorporation into the purine ring, and synthesis of creatine through combination with arginine and subsequent phosphorylation. Glycine also functions in glutathione synthesis, free radical scavenging, amino acid transport, insulin inactivation, and enzyme activation through thiol groups
HARNTUP DISEASE.pptx
Hartnup disease is caused by mutations in the SLC6A19 gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called B0AT1, which is primarily found embedded in the membrane of the intestine and kidney cells
Gaucher Disease.pptx
This document discusses Gaucher disease, which is caused by a deficiency in the glucocerebrosidase enzyme. It classifies Gaucher disease into several types based on symptoms. Type 1 presents in adults and involves bone and organ involvement without neurological symptoms. Type 2 presents in infancy with rapid progression and death by age 2-4. Type 3 also presents in infancy but progresses more slowly into adulthood. The diagnosis involves testing for deficient glucocerebrosidase enzyme activity or identifying mutations in the GBA gene. Treatment involves managing symptoms, and enzyme replacement therapy or substrate reduction therapy to prevent further issues. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended.
Homeostasis
In Physiology, homeostasis is the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limits
Megaloblastic anemia.pptx
This document summarizes megaloblastic anemia, which is caused by vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency and results in impaired DNA synthesis. Key points include:
- Megaloblastic anemia leads to large, abnormal red blood cells called megaloblasts in the blood.
- Vitamin B12 and folic acid are essential for DNA synthesis and cell maturation. Deficiencies can result from inadequate diet, absorption issues, or increased needs.
- Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune cause of vitamin B12 deficiency where antibodies block absorption in the stomach. Left untreated, neurological complications can occur.
- Laboratory findings show large, immature red blood cells on smears
Homocystinuria
Homocystinuria is a disorder of methionine metabolism, leading to an abnormal accumulation of homocysteine and its metabolites (homocystine, homocysteine-cysteine complex, and others) in blood and urine. Normally, these metabolites are not found in appreciable quantities in blood or urine.
Iris van Herpen. pptx
Power-point sur une exposition qui a eu lieu à Paris dans le musée des Arts Décoratifs.
Contenu connexe
Tendances
Fat soluble vitamins
This document provides information on vitamins, including their classification as either water-soluble or fat-soluble, roles and deficiencies. Water-soluble vitamins like C and B vitamins must be replenished daily as they are not stored in the body, while fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K can accumulate and potentially cause toxicity. The document outlines the names, roles and recommended daily amounts of each vitamin, along with absorption and storage processes. Sources of vitamins and deficiency symptoms are also summarized.
Vitamin A metabolism
The document discusses the absorption, transport, metabolism, and excretion of vitamin A. It notes that vitamin A is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver via chylomicrons. In the liver, it is stored as retinyl esters and then mobilized as retinol bound to retinol-binding protein for transport to tissues. Vitamin A undergoes various metabolic conversions including esterification and isomerization. It is excreted in both urine and feces, with a high efficiency of absorption under normal conditions.
Hemoglobin structure and metabolism by Dr. Anurag Yadav
Hemoglobin is a globular protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. It is composed of four polypeptide subunits, two alpha chains and two beta chains, as well as an iron-containing heme group that binds oxygen. Hemoglobin levels in healthy individuals typically range from 13-16 g/dL. Hemoglobin is synthesized through a series of enzymatic steps that convert the substrates glycine and succinyl-CoA into protoporphyrin, followed by insertion of ferrous iron to form heme. Heme gives hemoglobin its red color and allows it to carry oxygen through reversible binding to iron at the center of the porphyrin ring. Precise regulation of heme synthesis is
NADPH and its uses
NADPH is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. It is necessary for vital anabolic processes like fatty acid, sterol, hormone, and bile salt synthesis. The major source of NADPH is the pentose phosphate pathway. NADPH is used as an electron donor for reductive biosynthesis unlike NADH which transfers oxygen. It is also used in the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system for hydroxylating steroid hormones and vitamin D, in the NADPH oxidase system for phagocytosis by white blood cells, in the synthesis of nitric oxide, and for reducing hydrogen peroxide and preventing methemoglobinemia. Deficiency in NADPH
Vitamin b 12 deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency is a common cause of megaloblastic anemia and neuropsychiatric symptoms, especially in older persons. There are several risk factors for vitamin B12 deficiency including prolonged metformin use. While major organizations do not recommend routine screening, high-risk patients such as those with malabsorptive disorders may warrant screening through CBC, serum B12, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine levels. Treatment involves intramuscular B12 injections or high dose oral B12 supplementation.
Vitamin b12
Presentation given by Dr. Karthikeyan at Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, NewDelhi.
Rapaport leubering cycle
This document discusses the Rapaport-Leubering cycle, which is a supplementary pathway to glycolysis that operates in human and mammal red blood cells. The cycle is mainly concerned with synthesizing 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate produced in glycolysis using the enzyme 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase. Approximately 15-25% of the glucose converted to lactate in red blood cells goes through this cycle of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthesis.
Neutropenia, Agranulocytosis
This document discusses leukopenia, neutropenia, and agranulocytosis. It defines them as abnormally low white blood cell counts, specifically a reduction in granulocytes or neutrophils. Neutropenia is classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on neutrophil counts. Agranulocytosis is a marked reduction or absence of neutrophils in the blood and bone marrow. The causes include ineffective granulopoiesis, accelerated removal/destruction of neutrophils, and most commonly drug toxicity from chemotherapy agents, antipsychotics, antibiotics, and others. Signs and symptoms relate to increased risk of infection. Treatment involves antibiotics, growth factors, and withdrawing the causal drug.
Thyroid Function test.pptx
The document discusses thyroid hormones, thyroid disorders, and thyroid function tests. It covers:
- The anatomy and location of the thyroid gland and its hormone production. Thyroid hormones include T3 and T4.
- The process of thyroid hormone synthesis, which involves iodine uptake and organification of tyrosine residues to produce T3 and T4.
- Common thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and goiter. It compares the features of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
- Thyroid function tests measure thyroid hormones, stimulate the HPT axis, and evaluate thyroid size and autoantibodies to assess thyroid status. Test results help
Vitamin k deficiency
This document summarizes vitamin K deficiency (VKD). It describes vitamin K's role in blood clotting factor synthesis and the various forms of vitamin K. Risk factors for VKD include poor maternal intake, breastfeeding, and malabsorption issues. Clinical manifestations range from mild bruising to life-threatening bleeding. VKD is diagnosed through prolonged clotting times that normalize with vitamin K administration. Treatment involves parenteral vitamin K with plasma transfusion for severe bleeding. Prevention centers on newborn vitamin K injections and supplementation in high-risk groups.
Digestion of proteins 19
Protein digestion begins in the stomach through the actions of gastric juice containing hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Pepsin breaks down proteins into large polypeptides. In the small intestine, pancreatic proteases further break down the polypeptides into oligopeptides and amino acids. The pancreatic enzymes are released and activated through the hormones cholecystokinin and secretin. Enteropeptidase activates trypsin which then activates other proteases through a cascade. Aminopeptidases on the intestinal surface break oligopeptides into smaller peptides and free amino acids. These are absorbed into the bloodstream concluding digestion. Deficiencies in pancreatic function or celiac disease can impair protein digestion.
Hdl. high density lipoprotein
HDL is the smallest and densest lipoprotein particle, composed of proteins, phospholipids, free cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and triglycerides. HDL particles transport cholesterol from tissues like macrophages to the liver for processing or excretion. The liver synthesizes nascent HDL particles that acquire cholesterol through interactions with the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and other receptors on cells. Enzymes further process and enlarge HDL as it circulates, eventually returning mature HDL to the liver to offload cholesterol through the scavenger receptor class B type 1. This reverse cholesterol transport pathway is important for reducing atherosclerosis and is part of HDL's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions that provide protection against cardiovascular disease.
IM-01 Integrated Metabolism
The document discusses the integration of various metabolic pathways in the body. It explains how the anabolic and catabolic pathways for energy production and biosynthesis of compounds are closely coordinated. All organisms regulate their metabolic pathways to supply variable energy demands. The major metabolic pathways like glycolysis, glycogen metabolism, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, and the citric acid cycle are compartmentalized to separate opposing reactions. Key junction points allow the pathways to interact, such as glycogenesis/glycolysis connecting to gluconeogenesis. The metabolic profiles of muscles, heart, adipose tissue, kidneys, and liver are also summarized. The liver plays a key role in glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism.
Von Willebrand Disease Type III
This document presents a case study of a 11-year old female patient with Von Willebrand Disease Type III who presented with epistaxis and bleeding from the scalp due to a head injury. Von Willebrand Disease is a genetic bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of the Von Willebrand Factor, a clotting protein. The patient's lab work showed low levels of Von Willebrand Factor and Factor VIII. She was diagnosed with Von Willebrand Disease Type III and treated with tranexamic acid to reduce bleeding and Von Willebrand Factor replacement therapy.
Glycine
Glycine is the simplest amino acid. It has several metabolic functions including the biosynthesis of heme, purines, creatine, glutathione, and as a conjugating agent. Glycine is also used as a neurotransmitter in the brainstem and spinal cord and is a constituent of proteins, often found where the polypeptide chain bends or turns. Key reactions involving glycine include its role in the rate-limiting step of heme synthesis through ALA synthase, incorporation into the purine ring, and synthesis of creatine through combination with arginine and subsequent phosphorylation. Glycine also functions in glutathione synthesis, free radical scavenging, amino acid transport, insulin inactivation, and enzyme activation through thiol groups
HARNTUP DISEASE.pptx
Hartnup disease is caused by mutations in the SLC6A19 gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called B0AT1, which is primarily found embedded in the membrane of the intestine and kidney cells
Gaucher Disease.pptx
This document discusses Gaucher disease, which is caused by a deficiency in the glucocerebrosidase enzyme. It classifies Gaucher disease into several types based on symptoms. Type 1 presents in adults and involves bone and organ involvement without neurological symptoms. Type 2 presents in infancy with rapid progression and death by age 2-4. Type 3 also presents in infancy but progresses more slowly into adulthood. The diagnosis involves testing for deficient glucocerebrosidase enzyme activity or identifying mutations in the GBA gene. Treatment involves managing symptoms, and enzyme replacement therapy or substrate reduction therapy to prevent further issues. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended.
Homeostasis
In Physiology, homeostasis is the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limits
Megaloblastic anemia.pptx
This document summarizes megaloblastic anemia, which is caused by vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency and results in impaired DNA synthesis. Key points include:
- Megaloblastic anemia leads to large, abnormal red blood cells called megaloblasts in the blood.
- Vitamin B12 and folic acid are essential for DNA synthesis and cell maturation. Deficiencies can result from inadequate diet, absorption issues, or increased needs.
- Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune cause of vitamin B12 deficiency where antibodies block absorption in the stomach. Left untreated, neurological complications can occur.
- Laboratory findings show large, immature red blood cells on smears
Homocystinuria
Homocystinuria is a disorder of methionine metabolism, leading to an abnormal accumulation of homocysteine and its metabolites (homocystine, homocysteine-cysteine complex, and others) in blood and urine. Normally, these metabolites are not found in appreciable quantities in blood or urine.
Tendances (20)
Hemoglobin structure and metabolism by Dr. Anurag Yadav
Hemoglobin structure and metabolism by Dr. Anurag Yadav
Dernier
Iris van Herpen. pptx
Power-point sur une exposition qui a eu lieu à Paris dans le musée des Arts Décoratifs.
Iris van Herpen. pptx
Power-point sur une exposition qui a eu lieu dans le Musée des Arts décoratifs à Paris sur Iris van Herpen
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Conseils pour Les Jeunes | Conseils de La Vie| Conseil de La Jeunesse
Besoin des conseils pour les Jeunes ? Le document suivant est plein des conseils de la Vie ! C’est vraiment un document conseil de la jeunesse que tout jeune devrait consulter.
Voir version video:
➡https://youtu.be/7ED4uTW0x1I
Sur la chaine:👇
👉https://youtube.com/@kbgestiondeprojets
Aimeriez-vous donc…
-réussir quand on est jeune ?
-avoir de meilleurs conseils pour réussir jeune ?
- qu’on vous offre des conseils de la vie ?
Ce document est une ressource qui met en évidence deux obstacles qui empêchent les jeunes de mener une vie épanouie : l'inaction et le pessimisme.
1) Découvrez comment l'inaction, c'est-à-dire le fait de ne pas agir ou d'agir alors qu'on le devrait ou qu'on est censé le faire, est un obstacle à une vie épanouie ;
> Comment l'inaction affecte-t-elle l'avenir du jeune ? Que devraient plutôt faire les jeunes pour se racheter et récupérer ce qui leur appartient ? A découvrir dans le document ;
2) Le pessimisme, c'est douter de tout ! Les jeunes doutent que la génération plus âgée ne soit jamais orientée vers la bonne volonté. Les jeunes se sentent toujours mal à l'aise face à la ruse et la volonté politique de la génération plus âgée ! Cet état de doute extrême empêche les jeunes de découvrir les opportunités offertes par les politiques et les dispositifs en faveur de la jeunesse. Voulez-vous en savoir plus sur ces opportunités que la plupart des jeunes ne découvrent pas à cause de leur pessimisme ? Consultez cette ressource gratuite et profitez-en !
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➡guide de conseils de jeunes
Newsletter SPW Agriculture en province du Luxembourg du 12-06-24
Les informations et évènements agricoles en province du Luxembourg et en Wallonie susceptibles de vous intéresser et diffusés par le SPW Agriculture, Direction de la Recherche et du Développement, Service extérieur de Libramont.
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Conseils pour Les Jeunes | Conseils de La Vie| Conseil de La Jeunesse
Conseils pour Les Jeunes | Conseils de La Vie| Conseil de La Jeunesse
Newsletter SPW Agriculture en province du Luxembourg du 12-06-24
Newsletter SPW Agriculture en province du Luxembourg du 12-06-24
Vider les Océans à la petite cuillère
- 2. Présentation du problème Informations données : Le périmètre de la terre s'estime à 40 000 km. Nous savons qu'il y a 71% d'eau sur la Terre. La profondeur moyenne des Océans est de 3 800 m. La petite cuillère contient 5 ml. Combien faut-il de petites cuillères pour vider les océans ?
- 3. Quel est le rayon de la Terre ? On sait que le périmètre fait 40 000 km. Le périmètre est égal au produit de 2 par π (environ 3,14) par la longueur du rayon (R). P = 2 x π x RR R = 40 000/(2xπ) R = 6 366 km. http://pixabay.com/fr/terre-plan %C3%A8te-bleue-globe-planet-11015/ La Terre Le rayon de la Terre est de 6 366 km
- 4. Quelle est l'aire de la Terre ? On sait que le rayon de la Terre est d'environ 6 366 km. L'aire d'une sphère = 4 x R² x π 4x6366²xπ = 509264183km² La Terre Source :http://pixabay.com/fr/terre-plan%C3%A8te-bleue-globe- planet-11015/ La superficie de la Terre est de 509 264 183 km²
- 5. Quelle est l'aire des océans ? Il y a 71% d'eau sur Terre et pour calculer la surface d'eau sur la Terre on effectue ce calcul : 100 : 71 = 0,71 Comme l'aire de la Terre est à peu près de 509 264 183 km², on multiplie l'aire de la Terre par le coefficient de proportionnalité que l'on a obtenu au- dessus : 509 264 183 x 0,71 = 361 577 570 L'océan Source :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean Sur la Terre, l'eau recouvre près de 361 577 570 km²
- 6. Quel est le volume des Océans ? Comment trouver le volume des Océans ? aire x hauteur moyenne = volume 361 577 570 x 3,8 = 1 373 994 766 km³ L'océan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean Le volume des Océans est de 1 373 994 766 km3
- 7. Combien faut-il de petites cuillères ? 5 ml = 5x10-15 km3 1 373 994 766/(5x10-15 ) = 2,7 x1023 La petite cuillère Source : http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ExpoColoInter- 1931-collection1.jpgv Il faut 270 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 petites cuillères
- 8. Combien de temps faut-il pour vider tous les Océans ? Hypothèse : on suppose que l'on vide les océans avec un rythme d'une cuillère par seconde. On mettra alors 2,7x1023 secondes. Si on veut le temps en minutes, il faut convertir en divisant par 60. 2,7 x 1023 : 60 = 4,5 x 1021 minutes Le temps http://pixabay.com/fr/horloge-temps-indiquant-le-temps-359986/ Il faut 4 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 minutes.
- 9. Le temps pour vider l'océan ● Pour les heures on divises par 60. 4,5 x 1021 : 60 = 7,5 x 1019 ● pour les jours on divise par 24 7,5 x 1019 : 24 = 3,125 x 1018 ● Pour les années on divise par 365,25 3,125 x 1018 /365,25 = 8,5558 x 1015 ● Pour les siècles on divise par 100. 8,5558x1015 :100=8,5558x1013 . ● Et pour les millénaires par 10. 8,5558x1013 :8,5558x1012 ● Ce qui fait 8 555 800 000 000 millénaires