Role of site selected for any building project remains most critical ,valuable and prime reason and major determinant of success and failure of any project. All architectural projects have their origin/genesis in the site on which they are located and accordingly remain site specific for their conceptualization, planning, designing and construction. Like human beings, sites also remain different and distinct. Every site remains unique and distinct, comprising of numerous complex elements including; varying topography, changing physiography, existing flora & fauna; existing bio-diversity; ruling climatic conditions; physical, social, environmental features; local culture; available building materials and construction technologies in practice, which largely influence, impact and guide design process and decision making.
Site plays a crucial role in positioning and orienting the building, determining its footprints, form, shape, fabric, material, structure, sustainability and typology, including its relation with nature, surrounding and neighborhood buildings. Accordingly, finding and locating appropriate site for any project and carrying out detailed site analysis, remains vital and crucial for any project to be rational, effective and sustainable. In the parlance of Architecture, site analysis involves evaluating a particular location physically, environmentally and socially with the basic objective of developing an architectural solution which would be distinct and help achieve the defined objective of the project besides making the project cost-effective, energy-energy, eco-friendly, user-friendly and sustainable. Accordingly, sourcing an appropriate and suitable site remains pre-requisite and vital for developing any project of any merit because all good architectural solutions have their genesis in understanding, analyzing, appreciating and bringing best out of the given site.
All globally known architectural master pieces had their genesis in the uniqueness and appropriateness of site on which they were located and the design option used for optimizing the prevailing strength of such unique sites. Sourcing appropriate site remains vital for the owner, project managers and architects and accordingly, it will be relevant and rational to define broad guidelines and principles which must be kept in mind, must be valued and should remain the basis/ guiding principles while defining/ selecting sites for any sustainable architectural project. Since all human settlements remain different, distinct and unique, accordingly searching appropriate site for any standalone project remains both a difficult and most challenging task. However, critical factors which need to be considered and broad methodology, guidelines and approach, which can be used/leveraged for searching appropriate site, have been briefed below. These factors will also form the very basis of carrying out site analysis, before taking up the site planning .
The document summarizes several urban planning concepts from the 20th century, including the Garden City Concept, Neighborhood Unit Concept, and Sector Theory. The Garden City Concept proposed limiting city populations and incorporating green spaces. The Neighborhood Unit Concept centered schools and included parks, shops, and distinct internal/perimeter streets. Sector Theory described how distinct land use sectors near the city center would perpetuate as the city expanded in wedge-like fashion along major routes.
A master plan or a development plan or a town plan may be
defined as a
general plan for the future layout of a city showing both the existing and
proposed streets or roads, open spaces, public buildings etc. A master
plan is prepared either for improvement of an old city or for a new
town to be developed on a virgin soil. A master plan is a blueprint for the
future. It is an comprehensive document, long-range in its view, that
is intended to guide development in the
township for the next 10 to 20 years.
This document provides an overview of urban planning, sustainable development, sustainable architecture, and sustainable cities. It discusses the history and theories of urban planning and how planners guide development. Technical aspects of planning like land use and infrastructure are examined. The roles of sustainable development, sustainable architecture, and creating sustainable cities to meet needs without compromising the future are also summarized. Urban planning aims to optimize communities while balancing environmental, economic, and social considerations.
1. INTRODUCTION TO SUBJECT ITP
2. DEFINITION OF INTRODUCTION TO PLANNING ITP
3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF URBAN PLANNING
a. ELOBRATIONS
4. TERMS USED IN PLANNING AND THEIR DEFINITION
5. RELATIONSHIP OF CRP WITH OTHER FIELDS
a. RELATIONSHIP WITH ARCHITECHTURE
b. RELATIONSHIP WITH CIVIL ENGINEERING
c. RELATIONSHIP WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
d. RELATIONSHIP WITH SURVYING
e. RELATIONSHIP WITH LANDSCAPE ARCHITECHTURE
f. RELATIONSHIP WITH SOCIOLOGY
g. RELATIONSHIP WITH ECONOMICS
6. IMPORTANCE OF URBAN PLANNING
7. FUNCTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL PLANNER
8. NEW TRENDS IN PLANNING
9. GEOGRPHICAL TOPOGRAPHICAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO PLANNING
10. JUSTIFICATIONS FOR PLANNING
11. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
12. LEVELS AND ELEMENTS OF PLANNING
13. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF SIR PATRICK GEDDES
14. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF SIR EBNEZIR HOWARD
15. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF LE COUBISER
16. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF FRANK LOYD WRIGHT
17. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF LEWIS MUMFORD
18. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF C.A DOXIADIS
The document discusses the goals and principles of physical planning. Physical planning aims to design sustainable and livable communities through land use planning, transportation infrastructure, and consideration of environmental and cultural resources. It can take either a rationalistic approach through comprehensive master plans or an incremental approach through smaller individual projects. The goals of physical planning are evaluated using indicators to monitor progress and the social, environmental, and economic impacts of development plans.
This document discusses different aspects of surveys for urban and regional planning. It covers the necessity of surveys, data collection techniques, types of surveys including regional, town, functional, social, territorial and vital surveys. It also describes surveying techniques like self-surveys, interviews and direct inspections. The document discusses sample selection, types of samples including simple random, systematic, stratified and clustered. Finally, it notes potential errors in surveying like bias, measurement errors and missing answers.
The document discusses different types of plans used in town planning including structure plans, detailed development plans, comprehensive plans, subject plans, and master plans. It provides details on the purpose and components of each type of plan. Structure plans establish broad aims and policies, detailed development plans include zoning and development control standards, and comprehensive plans encompass all geographical and functional elements of physical development. Subject plans address specific issues and master plans envision the entire development of a town as a single unit over the long term.
The document summarizes several urban planning concepts from the 20th century, including the Garden City Concept, Neighborhood Unit Concept, and Sector Theory. The Garden City Concept proposed limiting city populations and incorporating green spaces. The Neighborhood Unit Concept centered schools and included parks, shops, and distinct internal/perimeter streets. Sector Theory described how distinct land use sectors near the city center would perpetuate as the city expanded in wedge-like fashion along major routes.
A master plan or a development plan or a town plan may be
defined as a
general plan for the future layout of a city showing both the existing and
proposed streets or roads, open spaces, public buildings etc. A master
plan is prepared either for improvement of an old city or for a new
town to be developed on a virgin soil. A master plan is a blueprint for the
future. It is an comprehensive document, long-range in its view, that
is intended to guide development in the
township for the next 10 to 20 years.
This document provides an overview of urban planning, sustainable development, sustainable architecture, and sustainable cities. It discusses the history and theories of urban planning and how planners guide development. Technical aspects of planning like land use and infrastructure are examined. The roles of sustainable development, sustainable architecture, and creating sustainable cities to meet needs without compromising the future are also summarized. Urban planning aims to optimize communities while balancing environmental, economic, and social considerations.
1. INTRODUCTION TO SUBJECT ITP
2. DEFINITION OF INTRODUCTION TO PLANNING ITP
3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF URBAN PLANNING
a. ELOBRATIONS
4. TERMS USED IN PLANNING AND THEIR DEFINITION
5. RELATIONSHIP OF CRP WITH OTHER FIELDS
a. RELATIONSHIP WITH ARCHITECHTURE
b. RELATIONSHIP WITH CIVIL ENGINEERING
c. RELATIONSHIP WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
d. RELATIONSHIP WITH SURVYING
e. RELATIONSHIP WITH LANDSCAPE ARCHITECHTURE
f. RELATIONSHIP WITH SOCIOLOGY
g. RELATIONSHIP WITH ECONOMICS
6. IMPORTANCE OF URBAN PLANNING
7. FUNCTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL PLANNER
8. NEW TRENDS IN PLANNING
9. GEOGRPHICAL TOPOGRAPHICAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO PLANNING
10. JUSTIFICATIONS FOR PLANNING
11. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
12. LEVELS AND ELEMENTS OF PLANNING
13. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF SIR PATRICK GEDDES
14. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF SIR EBNEZIR HOWARD
15. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF LE COUBISER
16. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF FRANK LOYD WRIGHT
17. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF LEWIS MUMFORD
18. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF C.A DOXIADIS
The document discusses the goals and principles of physical planning. Physical planning aims to design sustainable and livable communities through land use planning, transportation infrastructure, and consideration of environmental and cultural resources. It can take either a rationalistic approach through comprehensive master plans or an incremental approach through smaller individual projects. The goals of physical planning are evaluated using indicators to monitor progress and the social, environmental, and economic impacts of development plans.
This document discusses different aspects of surveys for urban and regional planning. It covers the necessity of surveys, data collection techniques, types of surveys including regional, town, functional, social, territorial and vital surveys. It also describes surveying techniques like self-surveys, interviews and direct inspections. The document discusses sample selection, types of samples including simple random, systematic, stratified and clustered. Finally, it notes potential errors in surveying like bias, measurement errors and missing answers.
The document discusses different types of plans used in town planning including structure plans, detailed development plans, comprehensive plans, subject plans, and master plans. It provides details on the purpose and components of each type of plan. Structure plans establish broad aims and policies, detailed development plans include zoning and development control standards, and comprehensive plans encompass all geographical and functional elements of physical development. Subject plans address specific issues and master plans envision the entire development of a town as a single unit over the long term.
Urban renewal involves the remodeling and rehabilitation of older urban areas through redevelopment, conservation, and redevelopment to address issues like inadequate housing, environmental degradation, and dilapidated infrastructure. It aims to improve living conditions and revitalize areas that have declined below standards. Common approaches include slum clearance, redevelopment, rehabilitation, housing improvement, conservation, and economic renewal projects. While originating in the US after World War 2, urban renewal is now practiced in Pakistan through local government programs that target both urban and surrounding rural settlements.
Konstantinos Doxiadis coined the term "ekistics" in 1942 to describe the interdisciplinary study of human settlements at all scales, from individual dwellings to cities to global urbanization. Ekistics examines how settlements are shaped by nature, humans, society, infrastructure, and built structures over time. Doxiadis applied ekistic principles to projects like designing the University of Punjab campus to promote walkability and community interaction, and in developing Baghdad's 1958 master plan with standardized housing types arranged in a rectilinear grid connected by new roads and mixed-use sectors. Ekistics aims to balance influences on settlements and view cities as dynamic entities that allow for continuous growth and change.
An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages. Any portion of earth’s surface where physical conditions are homogeneous can be considered as a Region in geographic sense, ranging from a single feature region to compage, depending on the
criteria used for delineation. In practice, a prefix is added to highlight the attributes on which the region has been defined, for example, agriculture region, resource region, city region, planning region.
All the daily activities of human beings are carried out on land. Proper organization of these activities i.e. planning will help the human being in leading a richer and fuller life in livable surroundings or environment. "Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities.
Sir Patrick Geddes was a Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner in the late 19th/early 20th century. He is known for his innovative thinking in fields like urban planning and sociology. Some of his key contributions include introducing the concepts of "region" and "conurbation" to architecture and planning. A conurbation refers to a region comprising cities and towns that have merged due to population growth and expansion. Geddes coined the term and provided examples like the Greater London area. He also developed theories around the relationships between a population ("folk") and their environment ("place") and means of work, which influenced his approach to regional and urban planning.
The document discusses several important planning concepts including:
1) Garden City Concept by Ebenezer Howard which proposed planned, self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts that combined the benefits of both urban and rural living.
2) Geddesian Triad by Patrick Geddes which emphasized the organic relationship between social, physical, and economic environments in planning.
3) Neighborhood Unit concept by Clarence Perry which proposed planning residential areas with schools, parks, and shops at their core to create self-sufficient neighborhoods.
4) Radburn Concept by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright which pioneered the separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic in planned communities.
Urban renewal is a comprehensive strategy aimed at dealing with urban decline and decay through policies and actions that improve economic, physical, social, and environmental conditions in problematic urban areas. It involves rearranging land use, ownership, and functions through redevelopment, rehabilitation, conservation, and infrastructure improvements. Urban renewal is needed in old, congested urban areas where dilapidated buildings, lack of facilities, and obsolete land uses have reduced the potential and livability of cities. In India, rapid urbanization has overwhelmed aging infrastructure, leading to decay in city cores, making urban renewal crucial to revive cities with long histories.
The document discusses several theories and models of urban and town planning from ancient to modern times. It describes the earliest river valley civilizations and oldest continuously inhabited cities. It then covers concepts in modern town planning like segregating industries, high-rise buildings, and master plans. Various approaches to town planning like rational, incremental, and communicative are mentioned. Models of urban structure and land use are summarized, including central place theory, Ebenezer Howard's three magnets diagram, the garden city movement, concentric zone model, linear city, Radburn superblock, neighborhood unit design, core frame model, sector model, and multiple nuclei model.
Thresold analysis planning techniques bhavesh patel_20sa03up014Kruti Galia
The document discusses threshold analysis, a planning technique used to determine urban growth limits. It involves identifying physical, technological, and structural limitations (thresholds) that constrain expansion, and calculating the threshold costs to overcome each limitation. The analysis process delineates development thresholds and calculates capacity, costs, and efficiency indices within threshold areas to compare development alternatives and inform regional planning decisions. Threshold analysis aims to rationalize urban growth patterns through a quantitative approach.
DOXIADIS
HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANING
CONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOU DOXIADIS
THEORY OF EKISTICS
Minor shells- Micro-settlements- Meso-settlements- Macro-settlements-Ekistics Logarithm Scale:-
BY EVOLUNITARY PHASE
BY FACTOR AND DISCIPLINE
CASE STUDY: ISLAMABAD
Master Plan
Comparison of Land cover
CONCEPT OF CITY PLANNING
ROAD NETWORK & HIERARCHY
ROAD NETWORK & TRANSPORT
HOUSES AND STREET PATTERN
GRID SYSTEM
CURRENT CHALLENGES FACED BY THE CITY
Urban planning theories have evolved over time in response to changes in populations, economies, and technologies. Early theories focused on orderly city layouts with separate zones. Hippodamus proposed dividing cities into public and private areas with grids. Howard's Garden Cities aimed to blend urban and rural advantages. Geddes emphasized relationships between people and environments. Later, modernist planners like Le Corbusier proposed high-density "Radiant Cities." Burgess' concentric zone model depicted socio-economic groups arranged in circles. Perry's neighborhood unit promoted walkable communities. Today, multiple nuclei and sector theories recognize dispersed growth around transportation networks.
The document discusses various town planning concepts including Garden Cities, Linear Cities, Radburn Superblocks, Neighbourhood Units, Green Belts, Central Place Theory, Concentric Zone Theory, and Ribbon Development. It provides background information and key characteristics of each concept. For example, it explains that Garden Cities were designed by Ebenezer Howard to combine the benefits of town and country living, with populations of around 30,000 people and self-contained employment, industry, commerce and agriculture. It also discusses criticisms of some of the concepts.
Doxiadis : Ekistics the science of human settlementHemant Mishra
The document discusses Constantinos Doxiadis and his theory of Ekistics, which is the science of human settlements. Doxiadis believed that populations and energy use in cities would greatly increase in the future. He proposed that all of humanity would eventually live in a single massive "Ecumenopolis," or worldwide city. Doxiadis developed a framework for classifying and understanding the relationships between different elements and scales of human settlements, from individual homes to global urbanization. A key aspect of his theory was that future cities must be planned to accommodate continued population growth and expansion.
Urban design is concerned with designing the physical environment of cities and towns. It involves designing buildings, public spaces, and infrastructure networks, and considering how people interact with and use the urban environment. Urban design operates at multiple scales, from entire cities down to individual buildings and public spaces. The goal of urban design is to create places that are functional, socially vibrant, and environmentally sustainable through a collaborative process that considers both the physical form and social impacts of design. The document discusses key principles of urban design like context, character, connections, choice, creativity, and custodianship. It also outlines how urban design is implemented through statutory planning documents and development assessments in local governments.
Planning Laws - Its Implications for Urban Development JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to analyse the role and importance of legal framework in the context of urban development and the need to make urban laws more rational, simple and supportive of the urban development.
This document discusses the evolution of planning theory from its origins in modernism to current approaches. It covers major themes and approaches in planning theory including physical planning in early modernism which focused on aesthetics and master plans. It then discusses rational systems approaches, advocacy planning which incorporated more participation, and radical alternatives examining the political economy of planning and capitalist systems. Communicative action and implementation challenges are also covered, as well as the rise of new right approaches minimizing government intervention and planning.
This document discusses surveys that are conducted as part of the town planning process. It describes four main types of surveys: functional, social, territorial, and vital surveys. Each survey aims to collect different types of data about the social, physical, economic, and demographic characteristics of an area. The results of surveys are used to understand the current conditions, identify issues, and inform decisions about future development in town planning schemes.
Urban planning involves the design and regulation of land use in urban environments. It impacts the physical form, economic and social aspects of cities. Key aspects of urban planning include infrastructure development, transportation systems, environmental protection, and allocation of green spaces. Urban planning theories guide the process and include rational planning, synoptic planning, and participatory planning. Planning occurs at various levels from national policy to municipal land use plans and master plans. Standardized indicators now exist to measure the performance and quality of life in cities through the ISO international standard on city indicators.
Urban design considerations aim to provide guidance for designers to create buildings and public spaces that are easy to navigate, stimulate public activity, and support various uses. Key factors include spatial patterns, street networks, how space is used, and balancing consistency with variety in the urban environment. The goal of urban design is to create places that can be enjoyed by diverse people now and in the future.
Selecting site for Sustainable Projects and Green BuildingsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Success, failure, cost, quality and ambiance of any architectural/infrastructural projects, have genesis in the quality and appropriateness of the site where they are located. Every site remains unique and distinct for the reasons ; accessibility, shape and size, varying topography, flora & fauna, bio-diversity , climate, physical, social, environmental features, culture etc. which largely impact/guide design, site planning; positioning and orienting the building; determining the footprints, form, shape, fabric, material, structure, sustainability and typology of the building including its relation with the surrounding and neighborhood buildings. All globally known architectural projects had their genesis in the uniqueness and appropriateness of the site where they are located. Accordingly, defining guidelines /principles remains valuable for identifying sites for sustainable projects. Guidelines for the project remain both dynamic- constantly and continuously evolving and devolving requiring review, revision and redefinition from time to time to make them more relevant, rational and objective. Nevertheless, identification of appropriate site will need lot of study, data, knowledge, understanding and expertise before coming to a logical conclusion.
Book on-Identifying, Analysing and Planning sites for Architectural ProjectsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Book on Identifying, Analyzing and Planning Sites for Architectural Projects, is an attempt to document options and factors to be considered for selecting suitable sites for any project; defining principles which can be used for preparing site plans on the site selected ; and approach to be used for planning and designing of cost-effective, sustainable, energy efficient and qualitative buildings. Book is based on my limited knowledge and understanding of architecture and offers enormous opportunities for addition, subtraction,deletion, reviewing,revising and redefining the contents and intent to make it more qualitative, comprehensive,useful, relevant, rational and productive. Book is dedicated to all the students, faculty, researchers, professionals engaged in the art of teaching-learning of Architecture and in the hard core professional practice.
Urban renewal involves the remodeling and rehabilitation of older urban areas through redevelopment, conservation, and redevelopment to address issues like inadequate housing, environmental degradation, and dilapidated infrastructure. It aims to improve living conditions and revitalize areas that have declined below standards. Common approaches include slum clearance, redevelopment, rehabilitation, housing improvement, conservation, and economic renewal projects. While originating in the US after World War 2, urban renewal is now practiced in Pakistan through local government programs that target both urban and surrounding rural settlements.
Konstantinos Doxiadis coined the term "ekistics" in 1942 to describe the interdisciplinary study of human settlements at all scales, from individual dwellings to cities to global urbanization. Ekistics examines how settlements are shaped by nature, humans, society, infrastructure, and built structures over time. Doxiadis applied ekistic principles to projects like designing the University of Punjab campus to promote walkability and community interaction, and in developing Baghdad's 1958 master plan with standardized housing types arranged in a rectilinear grid connected by new roads and mixed-use sectors. Ekistics aims to balance influences on settlements and view cities as dynamic entities that allow for continuous growth and change.
An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages. Any portion of earth’s surface where physical conditions are homogeneous can be considered as a Region in geographic sense, ranging from a single feature region to compage, depending on the
criteria used for delineation. In practice, a prefix is added to highlight the attributes on which the region has been defined, for example, agriculture region, resource region, city region, planning region.
All the daily activities of human beings are carried out on land. Proper organization of these activities i.e. planning will help the human being in leading a richer and fuller life in livable surroundings or environment. "Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities.
Sir Patrick Geddes was a Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner in the late 19th/early 20th century. He is known for his innovative thinking in fields like urban planning and sociology. Some of his key contributions include introducing the concepts of "region" and "conurbation" to architecture and planning. A conurbation refers to a region comprising cities and towns that have merged due to population growth and expansion. Geddes coined the term and provided examples like the Greater London area. He also developed theories around the relationships between a population ("folk") and their environment ("place") and means of work, which influenced his approach to regional and urban planning.
The document discusses several important planning concepts including:
1) Garden City Concept by Ebenezer Howard which proposed planned, self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts that combined the benefits of both urban and rural living.
2) Geddesian Triad by Patrick Geddes which emphasized the organic relationship between social, physical, and economic environments in planning.
3) Neighborhood Unit concept by Clarence Perry which proposed planning residential areas with schools, parks, and shops at their core to create self-sufficient neighborhoods.
4) Radburn Concept by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright which pioneered the separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic in planned communities.
Urban renewal is a comprehensive strategy aimed at dealing with urban decline and decay through policies and actions that improve economic, physical, social, and environmental conditions in problematic urban areas. It involves rearranging land use, ownership, and functions through redevelopment, rehabilitation, conservation, and infrastructure improvements. Urban renewal is needed in old, congested urban areas where dilapidated buildings, lack of facilities, and obsolete land uses have reduced the potential and livability of cities. In India, rapid urbanization has overwhelmed aging infrastructure, leading to decay in city cores, making urban renewal crucial to revive cities with long histories.
The document discusses several theories and models of urban and town planning from ancient to modern times. It describes the earliest river valley civilizations and oldest continuously inhabited cities. It then covers concepts in modern town planning like segregating industries, high-rise buildings, and master plans. Various approaches to town planning like rational, incremental, and communicative are mentioned. Models of urban structure and land use are summarized, including central place theory, Ebenezer Howard's three magnets diagram, the garden city movement, concentric zone model, linear city, Radburn superblock, neighborhood unit design, core frame model, sector model, and multiple nuclei model.
Thresold analysis planning techniques bhavesh patel_20sa03up014Kruti Galia
The document discusses threshold analysis, a planning technique used to determine urban growth limits. It involves identifying physical, technological, and structural limitations (thresholds) that constrain expansion, and calculating the threshold costs to overcome each limitation. The analysis process delineates development thresholds and calculates capacity, costs, and efficiency indices within threshold areas to compare development alternatives and inform regional planning decisions. Threshold analysis aims to rationalize urban growth patterns through a quantitative approach.
DOXIADIS
HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANING
CONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOU DOXIADIS
THEORY OF EKISTICS
Minor shells- Micro-settlements- Meso-settlements- Macro-settlements-Ekistics Logarithm Scale:-
BY EVOLUNITARY PHASE
BY FACTOR AND DISCIPLINE
CASE STUDY: ISLAMABAD
Master Plan
Comparison of Land cover
CONCEPT OF CITY PLANNING
ROAD NETWORK & HIERARCHY
ROAD NETWORK & TRANSPORT
HOUSES AND STREET PATTERN
GRID SYSTEM
CURRENT CHALLENGES FACED BY THE CITY
Urban planning theories have evolved over time in response to changes in populations, economies, and technologies. Early theories focused on orderly city layouts with separate zones. Hippodamus proposed dividing cities into public and private areas with grids. Howard's Garden Cities aimed to blend urban and rural advantages. Geddes emphasized relationships between people and environments. Later, modernist planners like Le Corbusier proposed high-density "Radiant Cities." Burgess' concentric zone model depicted socio-economic groups arranged in circles. Perry's neighborhood unit promoted walkable communities. Today, multiple nuclei and sector theories recognize dispersed growth around transportation networks.
The document discusses various town planning concepts including Garden Cities, Linear Cities, Radburn Superblocks, Neighbourhood Units, Green Belts, Central Place Theory, Concentric Zone Theory, and Ribbon Development. It provides background information and key characteristics of each concept. For example, it explains that Garden Cities were designed by Ebenezer Howard to combine the benefits of town and country living, with populations of around 30,000 people and self-contained employment, industry, commerce and agriculture. It also discusses criticisms of some of the concepts.
Doxiadis : Ekistics the science of human settlementHemant Mishra
The document discusses Constantinos Doxiadis and his theory of Ekistics, which is the science of human settlements. Doxiadis believed that populations and energy use in cities would greatly increase in the future. He proposed that all of humanity would eventually live in a single massive "Ecumenopolis," or worldwide city. Doxiadis developed a framework for classifying and understanding the relationships between different elements and scales of human settlements, from individual homes to global urbanization. A key aspect of his theory was that future cities must be planned to accommodate continued population growth and expansion.
Urban design is concerned with designing the physical environment of cities and towns. It involves designing buildings, public spaces, and infrastructure networks, and considering how people interact with and use the urban environment. Urban design operates at multiple scales, from entire cities down to individual buildings and public spaces. The goal of urban design is to create places that are functional, socially vibrant, and environmentally sustainable through a collaborative process that considers both the physical form and social impacts of design. The document discusses key principles of urban design like context, character, connections, choice, creativity, and custodianship. It also outlines how urban design is implemented through statutory planning documents and development assessments in local governments.
Planning Laws - Its Implications for Urban Development JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to analyse the role and importance of legal framework in the context of urban development and the need to make urban laws more rational, simple and supportive of the urban development.
This document discusses the evolution of planning theory from its origins in modernism to current approaches. It covers major themes and approaches in planning theory including physical planning in early modernism which focused on aesthetics and master plans. It then discusses rational systems approaches, advocacy planning which incorporated more participation, and radical alternatives examining the political economy of planning and capitalist systems. Communicative action and implementation challenges are also covered, as well as the rise of new right approaches minimizing government intervention and planning.
This document discusses surveys that are conducted as part of the town planning process. It describes four main types of surveys: functional, social, territorial, and vital surveys. Each survey aims to collect different types of data about the social, physical, economic, and demographic characteristics of an area. The results of surveys are used to understand the current conditions, identify issues, and inform decisions about future development in town planning schemes.
Urban planning involves the design and regulation of land use in urban environments. It impacts the physical form, economic and social aspects of cities. Key aspects of urban planning include infrastructure development, transportation systems, environmental protection, and allocation of green spaces. Urban planning theories guide the process and include rational planning, synoptic planning, and participatory planning. Planning occurs at various levels from national policy to municipal land use plans and master plans. Standardized indicators now exist to measure the performance and quality of life in cities through the ISO international standard on city indicators.
Urban design considerations aim to provide guidance for designers to create buildings and public spaces that are easy to navigate, stimulate public activity, and support various uses. Key factors include spatial patterns, street networks, how space is used, and balancing consistency with variety in the urban environment. The goal of urban design is to create places that can be enjoyed by diverse people now and in the future.
Selecting site for Sustainable Projects and Green BuildingsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Success, failure, cost, quality and ambiance of any architectural/infrastructural projects, have genesis in the quality and appropriateness of the site where they are located. Every site remains unique and distinct for the reasons ; accessibility, shape and size, varying topography, flora & fauna, bio-diversity , climate, physical, social, environmental features, culture etc. which largely impact/guide design, site planning; positioning and orienting the building; determining the footprints, form, shape, fabric, material, structure, sustainability and typology of the building including its relation with the surrounding and neighborhood buildings. All globally known architectural projects had their genesis in the uniqueness and appropriateness of the site where they are located. Accordingly, defining guidelines /principles remains valuable for identifying sites for sustainable projects. Guidelines for the project remain both dynamic- constantly and continuously evolving and devolving requiring review, revision and redefinition from time to time to make them more relevant, rational and objective. Nevertheless, identification of appropriate site will need lot of study, data, knowledge, understanding and expertise before coming to a logical conclusion.
Book on-Identifying, Analysing and Planning sites for Architectural ProjectsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Book on Identifying, Analyzing and Planning Sites for Architectural Projects, is an attempt to document options and factors to be considered for selecting suitable sites for any project; defining principles which can be used for preparing site plans on the site selected ; and approach to be used for planning and designing of cost-effective, sustainable, energy efficient and qualitative buildings. Book is based on my limited knowledge and understanding of architecture and offers enormous opportunities for addition, subtraction,deletion, reviewing,revising and redefining the contents and intent to make it more qualitative, comprehensive,useful, relevant, rational and productive. Book is dedicated to all the students, faculty, researchers, professionals engaged in the art of teaching-learning of Architecture and in the hard core professional practice.
Planning and cost analysis of the commercial buildingila vamsi krishna
This document provides information about the planning and cost analysis of a commercial building project. It discusses the site planning process, building envelope design, architectural planning of spaces, and cost estimation. The project deals with planning and cost analysis of a 3-storey commercial building with different arrangements on each floor used for functions and marriages. It outlines considerations for site planning like zoning requirements, neighborhood character, and site conditions. It also covers types of building spaces like offices, conference rooms, and employee support areas.
The document provides details about the proposed design of a marine park, including its objectives, methodology, and master plan. The methodology discusses site analysis, climatology, social factors, and other considerations. The master plan outlines various sections of the park such as the central coral tank, touch pool, freshwater section, reef colony, and more. It also discusses entrance areas, ticket counters, shops, cafes, and other park amenities. The overall aim is to provide both recreation and education about marine life through various exhibits and displays.
Khan Waheed is a senior land surveyor based in KSA seeking a job in construction or building industry. He has over 10 years of experience in surveying projects for large organizations. His areas of expertise include boundary determination, construction staking, final maps, and soil engineering. He aims to contribute his skills and help organizations achieve their common goals and sustainable development.
This document provides an overview of site planning and site analysis. It defines site planning as allocating functions on a piece of land to efficiently utilize resources. The purpose of site planning is to fit design programs and sites harmoniously while considering natural, socio-economic, and technological factors. Site analysis involves researching and inventorying various elements of a site, such as location, neighborhood context, subsurface features, natural and manmade surface features, circulation, utilities, sensory factors, climate, and aesthetics. This information is then analyzed to achieve a successful site design that incorporates relevant site characteristics.
A proposal is presented to build a 2-story mixed-use commercial block with a badminton arena on the second floor. The block will be located in a housing area that currently lacks commercial amenities within 2.5-3 km. The commercial block will provide shops and services to residents while the sports arena on the second floor addresses the lack of recreation facilities. Professionals needed for the project include architects, landscape architects, quantity surveyors, contractors, engineers, suppliers, and more to plan, design, construct, and operate the new development. The commercial block is planned to include a western restaurant, clinic, stationery shop, mamak shop, foot massage studio, and other shops and services.
This document summarizes the methodology and objectives of designing an airport master plan. It discusses analyzing the site, including natural factors like soil and vegetation. It also covers social/cultural factors, aesthetics, foundation design, building form/orientation, bylaws, site services, zoning, standards, and area programming. The overall goal is to develop a phased development plan to satisfy aviation demand in a financially feasible and environmentally sound manner.
This proposal outlines plans for a two-story building with a food court, coffee shop, and parking basement located on a 50x60m plot of land. The ground floor would contain the food court with seating areas and different food options. The second floor would house a high-class coffee shop with indoor and outdoor seating. A parking basement below would provide parking for up to 80 cars. The proposal discusses the project concept and benefits, potential impacts, and sketches of the floor plans and elevations. It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of various project professionals involved, including the contractor, architect, landscape architect, quantity surveyor, engineers, and suppliers.
The document discusses real estate development practices in Indonesia. It provides an overview of the typical stages of a real estate development project, including inception of an idea, refinement of the idea, feasibility study, contract negotiation, formal commitment, construction, completion and management. It then examines some key aspects of real estate development in more depth, such as market studies, master planning, highest and best use analysis, and feasibility studies. Various stakeholders in real estate projects are also identified, including public sector, landowners, investors, authorities, and consultants. Finally, some examples of potential large-scale real estate developments in Greater Jakarta are presented.
This document discusses factors to consider for site selection. There are two main methods of site selection: 1) selecting from a list of potential sites the one that best meets the project's needs, and 2) selecting the best possible use for a given site. Important criteria include accessibility, visibility, population and demographic patterns served, site capacity, neighborhood compatibility, availability of utilities, and physical characteristics. Additional criteria are discussed for different types of buildings like libraries, museums, and schools. Cost considerations and feasibility factors are also important to evaluate for site selection.
The document discusses the process and elements of site analysis for architecture and design projects. Site analysis involves researching social, historical, climatic, geographic, legal and infrastructure aspects of a location. It is an inventory of existing conditions on and around the project site, including contextual analysis of surrounding development. The typical elements addressed in site analysis are location, size/shape, drainage, zoning, utilities, on-site features, traffic, views and climate. Site analysis informs early design concepts so responses can incorporate external conditions.
it is about the known how of skills and requirements of various segments of civil engineering works and soft skills and software students are expected to align to progress and deliver
Alaa Y. Abughaidah is a senior architect and project manager with over 25 years of experience in Qatar. He has extensive experience managing large-scale projects for Qatar Petroleum and the Pearl Qatar development. Currently, he is the senior project engineer for the Qatar Petroleum District Project, overseeing construction of 9 office towers, a hotel, and other facilities. Previously, he managed redevelopment projects for Qatar Foundation and retail developments for the Pearl Qatar. Abughaidah has a Master's degree in business administration and a bachelor's degree in architecture from the University of Jordan.
Urban Design Guidelines for High-rise BuildingsBemnetLeykun
High-rise buildings are one of the possible building types that contribute
to intensification and efficient development patterns that support
healthy, liveable and safe communities. The Official Plan directs
high-rise buildings to the nodes and corridors where intensification
is expected and encouraged, including: the Central Area, the Mixed-Use
Centres (including the emerging downtown districts and Transit
Oriented Development areas), some locations along the Arterial
Mainstreets, as well as the Town Centres. These are the locations
where new high-rise developments are most likely to occur
The document discusses the importance of the pre-design phase of architectural projects. It describes key activities in the pre-design phase including extensive consultation, research, programming, site analysis and selection. The goal is to fully understand the project requirements and constraints before beginning design in order to develop the best formal concepts. The pre-design phase includes determining the project scope, budget, schedule and client expectations through involvement of all stakeholders.
The urban design guide provides guidance for commercial development in urban areas to improve quality and complement surroundings. It emphasizes considering site context, using design principles to create human-scaled developments with active street frontages, and carefully designing and locating parking and landscaping. The guide aims to make commercial areas more successful through quality urban design.
NHAI MORT&H as well as MSRDC are executing the National Highway projects on EPC mode. Many emerging companies are also part of the history being created for construction of national highways...........
This slideshare will help them to understand why support from consultants is necessary for such technologically advanced construction of highway projects
Similaire à Evaluating Suitability of Site for any Architectural Projects.docx (20)
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India HeritageJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the role , relevance and importance of built and natural heritage, issues faced by heritage in the Indian context and options which can be leveraged to preserve and conserve the heritage.It also lists the challenges faced by the heritage due to rapid urbanisation, land speculation and commercialisation in the urban areas. In addition, ppt lays down the roadmap for the preservation, conservation and making value addition to the available heritage by making it integral part of the planning , designing and management of the human settlements.
Role and Relevance of Architects and architecture in SustainabilityJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This brief text on Role, Relevance and importance of Architects and profession of Architecture in making this world and human settlements more livable, climate responsive and sustainable has been prepared as commitment of the professionals and profession of Architects on this World Environment Day ; June 5th , 2024 , with the hope that profession would be understood, valued ,appreciated and empowered in the right context for enabling it play its designated role in making built environment qualitative, cost-effective, energy-efficient, eco-friendly, safe and sustainable.
Bridging gap between resources and responsibilities at Local level.JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Text refers to need, role, relevance and importance of empowering urban local bodies by bridging gap between resources available and responsibilities bestowed, for enabling ULBs to operate and function as institutions of local governance more effectively and efficiently.
Construction Industry Through Artificial Intelligence -.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Considering the role, relevance and importance of construction sector in promoting economy, generating employment and creating wealth besides providing infrastructures and amenities, there is need to make the sector more effective, efficient, productive and sustainable. Driven manually, construction sector remains in the slow lane of creating quality built environment which are cost-effective, energy efficient, least consumers of resources and generators of waste. Artificial intelligence can help and empower the construction to make it more valuable, productive and qualitative besides supportive of environment and ecology. However, construction sector must be ready to co-operate and collaborate with IT industry to look for options and opportunities to make construction sector more qualitative and productive. Majority of urban ills and climate related issues can be resolved if Artificial intelligence can be embedded as integral part of the construction industry right prom planning, designing, construction, operation and management of the built environment and infrastructures. Communities and nations will save lot of valuable non-renewable resources if the construction sector is transformed from human led to technology led by the induction of Artificial intelligence. However, Construction industry has to search the areas where Artificial intelligence can be used effectively and intelligently.
Making Urban India a Role Model of Planned Urban Growth a.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Known for productivity, promoting economy, employment and innovations cities, when properly planned, rationally developed and professionally managed, have been labelled and recognized as engines of economic growth. Prosperity and urbanisation are known to have positive co-relation with rational urbanisation, leveraging growth and development of any community, city, state and region. In majority of developing countries, where urbanisation remains unregulated, forced largely by rural push and less by urban pull, cities invariably remain in crisis, crisis of population, crisis of poverty, crisis of development and management. Cities need to be cared ,incentivized, empowered and made more productive, effective, efficient and humane.
Redefining Globalization, urbanisation and LocalisationJIT KUMAR GUPTA
If cities are to made more livable, humane and productive, it is time that intent, contents and scope of globalization must be revisited and reviewed, both critically and objectively. Globalisation would need redefinition for promoting universality and inclusiveness among people and nations to have basic amenities and quality of life for all its residents , including poorest of the poor to lead a dignified life. Failure to redefine globalization, rationalise urbanisation, restore localization empowering poor and promoting universalisation and inclusivity; will invariably lead to making SDGs merely a paper exercise. In addition, making the world, cities and communities sustainable, livable, safe and inclusive, would remain merely a dream and a mirage, for future generations and communities, making planet earth as their preferred place of residence.
Knowing, Understanding and Planning Cities- Role and Relevance Physical Plan...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Cities are known for its complexities and operational inefficiencies. cities remain dynamic ,ever evolving, ever devolving, never static and never finite.
All cities remain different, distinct, unique and universal. No two cities are similar. Each city has its own strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Accordingly, problem faced by any city cannot be viewed, dissected, analyzed and enumerated, while sitting within the four walls of the air-conditioned rooms and by the so called intellectual sitting in the so called offices determining the future of cities and towns. Neither the cities can be made more rational by limited knowledge agencies providing consultancy to cities , states and nations.
For realistically and rationally understanding, analyzing the cities and having simple, cost-effective and quality solutions to the problems and challenges faced , Cities have to be walked through and concerns of the various communities have to be properly understood and appreciated.
Prime reason for inability and lack of capacity on the part of majority of physical planners, engaged in the art and science of planning, designing and developing the cities, to address the issues and challenges faced by cities , realistically and rationally, has genesis in the lack of understanding of the origin, growth and development of cities.
Lack of capacity in majority of town planners, has roots in the quality of education imparted and seriousness and commitment on the part of both teachers and taught involved. As it stands today, majority of institutions involved in imparting education in planning are being run on an ad-hoc manner and by proxy. Only few institutions have regular teachers and regular students. Majority of planning institutions are being run on proxy with proxy students and proxy teachers. Education system including curricula used for teaching, needs, review, revision and redefinition to make it more relevant to rational for addressing the issues and challenges faced by the cities and towns.
Land as a Resource for urban finanace- 24-1-23.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
PPt tries to brief Land, as a gift of nature, is being grossly misused, abused , manipulated Land is globally used for providing platform for all human driven activities, based on living, working, culture of body/ mind and travel.
Limited availability, coupled with large number of human beings trying to source land, has invariably created large demand for land resource for human consumption. Land, in urban context, is required for meeting the specific needs of urban dwellers for residential, commercial, institutional, recreational, travel& traffic purposes besides providing space for infrastructures , amenities, services, trade and commerce etc. Land in urban context remains under large demand and command high price due to concentration of large population in small physical area, with stakeholders making competing claims.Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and illegal occupation of urban land. Unregulated and regulated pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused. In order to make optimum use of land resource on 24x7x365; making city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all ULBs are made to focus on eliminating culture and practices promoting un-authorized/ illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the cities. Land needs to be effectively leveraged to generate resources for ULBs to make cities vibrant.
COST-EFFETIVE and Energy Efficient BUILDINGS ptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Built environment is known for its capacity, capability, role, relevance and importance to change the quality of life of the occupants and communities. Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle through designing, construction, operation. It calls for making buildings green and sustainable.
Making Buildings cost-effective , Energy Efficient ptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle
Ppt briefs about role, relevance, importance of the rating systems applicable in India, criteria used in assessing
greeness, weightage allocated, , brief of how these rating systems are applied, parameters involved; weightage granted, levels of rating granted , incentives given by states for green rated buildings and brief of suggestions, how to make rating system more effective, efficient, objective and transparent.
The phenomenon of global warming remains more pronounced in the urban areas, for the reason cities house large concentration of people and activities in a small/compact urban space.Densely-built downtown areas tend to be warmer than suburban residential areas or rural areas.. UHI not only raises urban temperatures but also increases ozone concentrations because ozone is a greenhouse gas whose formation will accelerate with the temperature. Tokyo, an example of an urban heat island. Normal temperatures of Tokyo go up higher than those of the surrounding area. However, it needs to be understood and appreciated that climate change is not the cause of urban heat islands but it is causing more frequent and more intense heat waves which in turn amplify the urban heat island effect in cities. Major reasons for ever growing global warming and climate change can be attributed to the; Nature and natural; Human-Driven; population; Rapid Urbanisation; Irrational Urban planning; High Density; Inefficient Transportation ;Large generation/consumption of fossil fuel based Energy; Unsustainable Buildings; Polluting Industry & Manufacturing; Unsustainable Agriculture; Irrational Development; Large scale Deforestation; Lack of open spaces and individual life-choices;
Making and Unmaking of Chandigarh - A City of Two Plans2-4-24.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is a narrative of a
capital city- known for its innovative planning, designing, construction and management of a new capital . It briefs about the principles used in the planning and designing of city -by the first team of planners led by Albert Mayer and Mathew Nowicki-- followed by the second team led by Le- Corbusier, P Jenerette, Jane B Drew , Maxwell Fry. It also details about the various aspects of the city planning, planning of the sector as a neighbourhood, typologies of
various developmental controls used for regulating the construction of buildings. Innovations used for regulating the growth and development of periphery; redensification of city in case city exceeds its planned population of half a million, creating a narrative of city and periphery, innovative landscaping, defining an edict for the city to educate the future citizens of the capital city to safeguard the future growth and development besides lessons learnt from planning and designing the new cities.
Planning and Designing Green buildings-.issues, options and strategiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Affordability and sustainable development are considered anti-thesis across the world. Generally there exists conflict between the approach to sustainable built environment and affordable buildings. Sustainable development is considered more expensive. According to Middleton, ‘Sustainability and affordability aren’t mutually exclusive goals. It’s not about adding extra, but thinking more carefully about the design of buildings and incorporating technologies that can offset the rising costs of energy, water and other services. Affordability and sustainability are known to fit together perfectly’.
Through excellent design, buildings can be made more sustainable and affordable. Smaller the footprint of buildings, lower will be the upfront costs and embodied energy and lower shall be the running costs of buildings. Looking at the entire context of health, rising cost of amenities/services; Sustainable/Green designs are now being increasingly adopted, to make built environment more cost-effective and affordable. Considering the enormous amount of built environment to be created, India will have no option but to tread the path of sustainability and sustainable development in the built environment. Sustainable built environment would also help in and go a long way in achieving the majority of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals for the reason, built environment is known to be the largest consumer of energy, avoid wasteful use of resources and minimise generation of waste. Global sustainability will be largely contingent upon how effectively and efficiently we can make our buildings sustainable and qualitative through innovative/green design solutions based on local climate and culture, valuing site planning, embedding orientation, cross ventilation, using renewable/waste materials and involving state of the art building technologies.
_Neighborhood Planning in Capital City of Chandigarh- An Appraisal (2) - Copy...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Neighborhood as an idea, concept, option and strategy has been extensively used locally and globally by the Urban Planners to plan and decentralize cities, create cities within cities, promote self-contained communities and to make cities more humane, safe and socially vibrant. Neighborhood has also been used recently to define the city in terms of travel time - making 10/15 minutes city
Accordingly, large typologies of NH ,in terms of planning and designing , with varying shapes, sizes and contents have emerged in the urban context. Americans have used superblock and French using Sector for defining the neighborhood. Despite distinct advantages, holding high degree of relevance in urban and local area planning , NH planning has not been able to deliver the envisioned objectives of safety and social vibrancy. Cities in the process have been socially, economically and physically fragmented, leading to clear division of cities into different communities with little economical and social connectivity. Variance of planning and designing norms followed at NH and sub-neighborhood levels have promoted more dichotomy and contradictions with varying quality of life inducted at local level. Differential population and infrastructures have divided the city into the categories of high/low end NH units. Fabric and morphology of cities, in large cases, has been distorted with urban settlement emerging as a distinct social map of communities graded economically and socially,on the basis of area/location . In the process, the way NH planning concept has been used, neighborhood planning has emerged as an instrument of social and economic segregation/division. In fact in number of cases, concept has been used, misused, abused in intent and content to divide the cities into distinct social and economic layers. Instead of unifying , concept has led to division of cities.
Genesis of modern application of NH can be found in the planning and designing of Chandigarh where entire city fabric of capital city was woven around Sector as the basic unit of planning, concptulasied as self-contained and self-sustaining unit at the local level. However, the way sectors have been planned, it has led to dividing the cities into different and distinct communities. Individual status in Chandigarh can be judged from his/her residence. Concept of Sector has done more damage than good to the fabric of the city. Chandigarh is likely to face considerable problem in making city socially and economically cohesive/vibrant,. Sectors in Chandigarh remain anti-thesis to the basic concept of NH planning of safety, involving walkability, vehicular movement, putting commercial space in the centre. Considering role, relevance, importance and usability , NH needs to be planned, designed with care and caution, in order to make cities socially and economically vibrant, inclusive. NH planning deserves a new definition and approach to make it relevant and rational.
Reviewing, Revising and Redefining Master Plans and Development Plans to Ma...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Looking at its efficacy and efficiency, it can be seen and observed that Master Plans/ Development Plans have done more damage than good for the planned growth and development of the cities to which they have been made applicable. These plans have been violated with impunity both by the people, communities, cities and parastatal agencies; for the betterment/welfare of which these plans were prepared. These plans have been visualized as controller of development rather than promoters of development. Instead of planned development , these plans have been usherers of the unplanned development. These plans are known to be responsible for promoting large number of slums besides making quality of life poor for majority of the urban inhabitants. Cities under Master Plans are also known to promote exclusion rather than inclusion. Master Plans/Development Plans are known to promote prosperity for few and marginalize the large proportions of the local community by making them poor. Instead of catering to urban dynamism, Master Plans/Development Plans try to freeze the city, for next two decades, to which it is made to serve. Accordingly, these plans need to be reviewed , rationalised, revised and redefined to make them better Master Plans/Development Plans
Rationalizing the Planned Growth of Urban India- paper.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and illegal occupation of urban land. Unregulated and regulated pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused, based on a strategy of sub-division of the land, dictated by the economic forces prevailing in the market. Irrational and ineffective public policies of urban planning and land sub-division, devoid of prevailing ground realities, have turned out to be incompatible with the demands of urban expansion, leading to large scale un-authorized and illegal sub-division of land. In the process, valuable land resources, gift of nature, has been misused, abused and mutilated in this race of uncontrolled and irrational urbanisation. In order to make optimum use of land resource; making city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all urban centres are made to focus on eliminating the culture and practices promoting un-authorized/illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the country.
Suggestion and Options for integrating villages. within the framework of the...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Preparing Master Plans/Development Plans for any urban settlements, basically and essentially, involves declaring a planning area for which the said long term plans are prepared. Planning area invariably includes and involves, number of rural settlements, which comprise of the planning area besides the urban settlement. It has been observed that in majority of cases, while detailed studies and analysis are carried out of the urban settlements but villages in the study and analysis remain marginalized, diluted and muted. Despite the fact, villages have critical role in the rational development of the urban settlement, but in preparing Master Plans their role and relevance is not made part of the said plan. Accordingly, this text tries to bring out the typologies of villages falling in the planning area and the suggested framework to develop these villages in making Master Plans, better Master Plan. In order to improve Master Plan qualitatively, quantitively, both in intent, contents and scope, It will be appropriate that all the villages falling in the planning area must be studied , analyzed and made integral part of the final outcome of the proposals of Master Plan. In-fact one Chapter must be exclusively dedicated to detail out the issues faced by the Villages and options which can be leveraged to promote the rational growth of villages ,as an integral part of the long term development of the urban settlement , for which the Master Plan is being prepared. This will help not only in integrating the urban- rural settlements falling in the planning area, but would also go a long way in promoting and ensuring rational growth and development of the urban settlement, for which the Master Plan is being prepared.
Making cities Climate Responsive and SustainableJIT KUMAR GUPTA
“Decarbonization” of cities ,as an issue ,as an option and as a strategy , has been gaining currency in the parlance of; making planet earth livable and sustainable. “Decarbonization has been globally valued for keeping the global temperature below 1.5C, and achieving the agenda and goals defined in the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, defined by UN for achieving universal sustainability. Despite distinct role and relevance, criticality and importance of decarbonization of cities has neither been properly understood and appreciated nor made integral part of the architectural practice and art and science of designing and construction of buildings. Consuming one -third of global energy (33%) and generating 39% of greenhouse gas emissions buildings have been considered as the major player in the domain of climate change and global warming. Since Architects and Architecture are
actively involved in the making and unmaking of buildings, accordingly it becomes important that planners and architects must play a significant role in making
cities and buildings least consumers of energy and generators of the minimum greenhouse gas emissions. This objective can be achieved if decarbonizing cities/buildings is made a distinct reality . Issue of decarbonizing the cities/buildings assumes importance for the reason, that world’s building floorspace is likely to be become double by the year 2060, with the addition of large number of newcities/ buildings due to rapid urbanization, population growth and economic development ; required for catering to
to the needs of additional population opting for urban living.
Managing Planning and Development of Citie- 26-2-24.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Cities in India are known to be in perpetual crisis; facing numerous crises in terms of; crisis of rational growth, crisis of orderly and planned development; crisis of effective and efficient urban management; crisis of making provision of basic infrastructure and services; crisis of climate change; crisis of global warming; crisis of poverty, pollution and population and crisis of making human living and prevailing environment qualitative. These urban crises have genesis in the fact that cities in India, lack ownership, command, authority and lack of willingness to run and manage cities professionally and objectively. In majority of cases, cities in India are run by proxy. In terms of physical growth and development; large cities are marked by multiplicity of agencies claiming right/ownership of development over the urban areas, whereas smaller cities face absence of such ownership and are made to run, operate and function like orphans
Discovering the Best Indian Architects A Spotlight on Design Forum Internatio...Designforuminternational
India’s architectural landscape is a vibrant tapestry that weaves together the country's rich cultural heritage and its modern aspirations. From majestic historical structures to cutting-edge contemporary designs, the work of Indian architects is celebrated worldwide. Among the many firms shaping this dynamic field, Design Forum International stands out as a leader in innovative and sustainable architecture. This blog explores some of the best Indian architects, highlighting their contributions and showcasing the most famous architects in India.
Fonts play a crucial role in both User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design. They affect readability, accessibility, aesthetics, and overall user perception.
Practical eLearning Makeovers for EveryoneBianca Woods
Welcome to Practical eLearning Makeovers for Everyone. In this presentation, we’ll take a look at a bunch of easy-to-use visual design tips and tricks. And we’ll do this by using them to spruce up some eLearning screens that are in dire need of a new look.
Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
changes.
Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
Maximize Your Content with Beautiful Assets : Content & Asset for Landing Page pmgdscunsri
Figma is a cloud-based design tool widely used by designers for prototyping, UI/UX design, and real-time collaboration. With features such as precision pen tools, grid system, and reusable components, Figma makes it easy for teams to work together on design projects. Its flexibility and accessibility make Figma a top choice in the digital age.
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CAPCUT BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
CapCut is an easy-to-use video editing app perfect for beginners. To start, download and open CapCut on your phone. Tap "New Project" and select the videos or photos you want to edit. You can trim clips by dragging the edges, add text by tapping "Text," and include music by selecting "Audio." Enhance your video with filters and effects from the "Effects" menu. When you're happy with your video, tap the export button to save and share it. CapCut makes video editing simple and fun for everyone!
Explore the essential graphic design tools and software that can elevate your creative projects. Discover industry favorites and innovative solutions for stunning design results.
International Upcycling Research Network advisory board meeting 4Kyungeun Sung
Slides used for the International Upcycling Research Network advisory board 4 (last one). The project is based at De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
Evaluating Suitability of Site for any Architectural Projects.docx
1. Evaluating Suitability of Site for any Architectural Projects
Jit Kumar Gupta
Role of site selected for any building project remains most critical ,valuable
and prime reason and major
determinant of success and failure of
any project. All architectural projects
have their origin/genesis in the site on
which they are located and
accordingly remain site specific for
their conceptualization, planning,
designing and construction. Like
human beings, sites also remain
different and distinct. Every site
remains unique and distinct, comprising of numerous complex elements
including; varying topography, changing physiography, existing flora &
fauna; existing bio-diversity; ruling climatic conditions; physical, social,
environmental features; local culture; available building materials and
construction technologies in practice, which largely influence, impact
and guide design process and decision making.
Site plays a crucial role in positioning and orienting the building, determining
its footprints, form, shape, fabric, material, structure, sustainability and
typology, including its relation with nature, surrounding and neighborhood
buildings. Accordingly, finding and locating appropriate site for any project
and carrying out detailed site analysis, remains vital and crucial for any
project to be rational, effective and sustainable. In the parlance of
2. Architecture, site analysis involves evaluating a particular location
physically, environmentally and socially with the basic objective of
developing an architectural
solution which would be distinct
and help achieve the defined
objective of the project besides
making the project cost-
effective, energy-energy, eco-
friendly, user-friendly and
sustainable. Accordingly,
sourcing an appropriate and
suitable site remains pre-
requisite and vital for developing any project of any merit because all
good architectural solutions have their genesis in understanding,
analyzing, appreciating and bringing best out of the given site.
All globally known architectural master pieces had their genesis in the
uniqueness and appropriateness of site on which they were located and the
design option used for optimizing the prevailing strength of such unique sites.
Sourcing appropriate site remains vital for the owner, project managers and
architects and accordingly, it will be relevant and rational to define broad
guidelines and principles which must be kept in mind, must be valued and
should remain the basis/ guiding principles while defining/ selecting sites for
any sustainable architectural project. Since all human settlements remain
different, distinct and unique, accordingly searching appropriate site for any
standalone project remains both a difficult and most challenging task.
However, critical factors which need to be considered and broad
methodology, guidelines and approach, which can be used/leveraged for
searching appropriate site, have been briefed below. These factors will also
form the very basis of carrying out site analysis, before taking up the site
planning and designing the built environment of the project.
3. Defining Project Scope and Requirements;
Site selection is globally valued as one of the most exciting and challenging
phases in an architectural project, because process involves and includes
looking and searching for appropriate and suitable options, where to locate
the project and construct the building. It is more complicated than simply
choosing a location that is convenient. Site selection requires a careful
examination of different options available , factoring in many things beyond
aesthetic and climate. Before going for location of the site, where project is
to located, it will be important to define all the requirement of the project, in
terms of built space and the open spaces required besides area required
under parking etc. Parking area remains crucial for commercial, industrial,
institutional and mixed land use projects. In addition to quantifying the built
area required for the project, it will be relevant to decide whether site
proposed to be selected; should make and include provision and scope for
the future expansion to increase its capacity at later stage. This remains
generally the case for education, healthcare and industrial projects. If scope
for future expansion is to be made, then area requirement for such expansion
should also be quantified and included in the total requirement of the built
space. Quantifying different spaces precisely , will invariably be valuable in
determining total land requirements for the project, depending upon the
permissible floor area ratio, ground coverage, height, setbacks etc. defined
in the building control regulations made applicable in the area and city
depending upon the nature of the project.
Looking at the Planning Framework;
After having quantified the built area requirement and broadly understanding
the contours and area of the land required for the project, it will be
appropriate to look at the existing planning framework/Master
Plans/Development Plans/Zonal Plans, evolved for the city and identify the
permissible zone in which the land use of the project is permissible. Site must
be identified in the permissible land-use zones defined in the planning
4. framework of the city, failing which it will create numerous problems in getting
statutory approvals like change
of land use and getting building
permit for starting the
construction etc., which may
inordinately delay the project
and may even require selection
of an alternate site in the
relevant zones. In addition, city
planning framework needs a
detailed study and in-depth
analysis, with regard to land
uses defined for the adjoining areas; proposed pattern of future development
of the city; suggested traffic and transportation network; positioning of major
infrastructures at city and local level; future density and population
distribution, so as to have an overview of the city existing/future growth, for
making optimum use of the positive development while eliminating any threat
posed by the non- conforming development. Permissible zones positioned in
the city need critical and objective evaluation and analysis for ascertaining
their comparative merits and demerits for appropriateness of the siting of the
project. However, in case of projects having large land requirement, it will
be desirable that before selecting/locating the precise site and
understanding/analyzing the context of the planning framework of the city,
services of the professional planner must be made use of. This would help
in making right choice of land without getting into subsequent formalities.
Sourcing and studying master/zonal plans , zoning regulations and
applicable building by-laws should invariably be made integral part of site
selection process. After locating the permissible zone, process of precise
location of the site can be initiated based on the following factors;
5. Involving Technology;
After having identified the preferred zone for locating project, identifying
precisely the site for project should be done based on detailed data available
for that zone. It will be desirable to
make use of available technology for
zeroing on the site. Google maps can
be a handy tool to provide the overall
profile of the area including mapping
physiography; understanding
topography and contours of the area;
existing road network; connectivity
with roads- both main and sub-roads;
position of the railway lines; location
of major transport nodes including railway station, Bus Terminals, Airport ;
distance from major landmarks of city including Shopping centers, Railway
Station, Airport; mapping flora and fauna, existing structures, water bodies,
canals, rivers, electric lines- both Low /High Tension Lines, service network,
forests, low lying areas etc. These maps will be of considerable value while
defining the exact site, working out its boundaries, dimensions and area.
However, if the site is being sourced in the planned area, developed by a
Parastatal agency/ Development Authority/Urban Local
Bodies/Improvement Trusts/Private Builders/ Developers; then in such
cases, the approved layout plan of the area in which site falls; overall
dimensions of the site, number/width of the existing/proposed roads
permissible entry/exit, set- backs, permissible height; orientation, open
spaces, shape and size of the plot, ; positioning of supportive infrastructure
etc. must be looked at. Before opting/bidding, site must be visited to assess
its location ,suitability and the existing encumbrances. In case of sites in
hills, sites have lot of vegetation, sites having large area, use of drones can
also be made for assessing and evaluating the site realistically and rationally.
Sourcing demarcation plan and zoning plan of the area/site should always
be insisted before opting for site.
6. Evaluating Accessibility;
Site to be selected must have good
accessibility, both inter/intra city and
the region, so as to provide good
connectivity with different residential,
commercial, institutional areas of the
city/region. Good connectivity
enhances the value , visibility, viability
and usability of the project whereas
poor accessibility is likely to create
numerous operational problems for the projects. Accordingly, it will be
desirable to study the available access to the site. While commercial sites
may require location on the major axis and important roads of the city,
residential sites may require areas which are not close to highway , and
must be free from noise and traffic hazard but still close and well-connected
to the work areas, healthcare, educational institutions and market area for
sourcing day to day needs. Site for institutional area must be located in close
proximity to the residential areas, in order to serve the community without
much travel. Depending upon the nature of the project accessibility
requirement of the site needs to be evaluated and considered essential and
integral part of the site selection process. However, for larger sites
accessibility from more than one side shall be desirable to cater to the
different requirement of accessibility to the project. Accessibility to the site
should invariably evaluated in all modes of travel involving public, private,
vehicular and pedestrian access in order to make optimum use of all
available options of accessibility/mobility.
Valuing Shape and Size;
While selecting the site, it must be ensured that the shape of the site should
be such that it allows proper planning, designing and placement of building.
Accordingly, sites having regular shape should be preferred as compared to
7. irregular shaped sites, because regular shaped sites allow making optimum
use of the site area. . Sites having irregular boundaries, forming acute angles
should invariably be avoided. Acute angled site leads to creating deep
pockets which lead to inefficient use of site as compared to sites having
obtuse angles. Shape and size of the site must ensure proper air, light and
ventilation within the building designed. Accordingly, too deep and too
narrow sites with large depth as compared to width or larger width as
compared to depth, should be avoided for proper designing of buildings and
making provision of parking etc Area of the site should also be adequate to
accommodate the covered area worked out as per the scope of the project
Understanding Cost of Land;
Cost per unit area of land will be one of the most critical factors in making
decision about the selection of the site and its location because of its
implication in determining the sustainability and affordability of the project.
Too high land cost will make the project unviable leading to cost overrun.
Sites in developed area will be costlier as compared to sites in the
comparatively less developed area. Sites having better accessibility and
located on the major roads shall always command more premium as
compared to site having low accessibility and located on the lower order
roads. Sites located on major roads have more commercial value and
potential and are more appropriate for locating shopping malls, multiplexes
as compared to housing complexes. While evaluating the cost of land, care
must be taken with regard to future pattern/trends of growth and
development of the city, for which master plans/development plans will
remain useful documents for reference and decision making. In case, the
land is being sourced directly from the private landowners, then in addition
to looking at the cost, land ownership also needs detailed study and
evaluation. While selecting the site, it must be seen that land ownership is
not disputed and site is unencumbered. Also, site is not fragmented and is
not mortgaged or under dispute in a court of law. All disputed sites must
8. invariably be avoided for obvious implications, for the feasibility of the
project. Land having too many landowners must be considered carefully.
Before buying land , it will be important to check the ownership record, land
area and status of land from local revenue authorities. It will always be
advisable to get a feasibility study done in respect of the land falling in the
site, from any advocate for obtaining non-encumbrance certificate for the
land. In any case when land is sourced privately from an individual
landowner, certified copies of revenue record of ownership, land holding,
area of land, quality etc. should invariably be obtained and made integral part
of record.
Avoiding low lying and floodable sites;
While selecting sites, care should be taken that; all low-lying areas and sites,
which are prone to flooding, must
always/invariably be avoided for
any likely damage to the
site/buildings in future. In order to
avoid low lying area, it will be
appropriate to obtain the flood-
ability map of the city, to know the
area which is prone to flooding.
Further, low lying area falling on the
banks of water bodies should also
be avoided to make the project safe. Highest flood level along the water
bodies must be made part of site selection and avoid low-lying areas. In such
cases, levels of the site, with respect to adjoining land must be visited along
with the past history of flood- ability of the area, before making a decision.
Levelling low lying area could be an expensive investment, raising the cost
of the project. In addition, all areas used for sourcing earth for brick kilns
should also be avoided. Low lying area, levelled by dumping solid waste,
should never be selected because of health hazards and environmental
implications it will have for the residents of the buildings in the project. Low
9. lying sites which have been used for dumping debris, construction,
demolition waste and sites which are filled with non-toxic or other harmless
materials, can be taken up for construction, considering the consolidation
and stability of land to avoid differential settlement subsequently. However,
low lying sites, which are not prone to flooding and which can be managed
against disaster, can prove to be asset for project and designing of
buildings, where basements are required to be created for meeting the
parking norms, creating space for storage, services etc. Consultation with
architect will always help in critically evaluating the merits and demerits
besides evaluating suitability of land for the project sustainability and rational
designing.
Looking at Prohibitions imposed by legal Framework;
There are numerous restrictions which are imposed on the development
coming up along the major roads to control the ribbon development and to
ensure smooth flow of traffic and to safeguard areas of importance like area
under forest, protected area and area around heritage buildings and
wetlands. In addition, master plans also provide restrictions on the use of
land in certain pockets calling for making provision of the green belts. In
Punjab along Scheduled Roads, a no-building zone up to 50 meters and in
case of By-pass; up to 150 meters, is to be provided in all projects located
on such roads. These restrictions, lead to making large area open in the site
adjoining these roads, where no construction can be undertaken. Such
locations need to be clearly avoided. In case the sites are required to be
located on such locations, considering the peculiar requirement of the
project, then site with lesser length /façade with more depth should
invariably be preferred in order to minimize the extent of site area , coming
under no construction zone and more area becomes available for building
purposes. However ,in projects having large requirements of open spaces ,
siting of projects along these roads can be considered. Sites falling in the
coastal areas, impacted by the provisions of Coastal Regulations Zone ,
should also be avoided. Accordingly, all these legal requirements,
10. prohibitions, restrictions and limitations imposed in the area, either through
planning legislation or through planning framework- Master Plans/Zonal
Plans etc., must be identified, listed, considered, quantified and evaluated
before selecting the site and all prohibited sites covered under various
regulatory considerations should invariably be avoided.
Locating Basic Infrastructures;
Availability of water, sewerage, road network, stormwater drains,
communication network etc., remain vital and critical for any project,
institution and users to make the project cost-effective and economical. .
Accordingly, while evaluating sites, availability of these basic essentials must
be considered. In the absence of these services and infrastructures, the
projects will not only be considerably delayed but the initial, operational and
maintenance costs will become much higher and unaffordable. First priority
in site selection for the project must go to the area, which is developed and
where municipal services of appropriate capacity are already available.
Selecting site within defined boundary of urban areas should always be
preferred , as compared to sites falling outside urban limits, because within
urban limits, urban local bodies are mandated to provide the basic services.
In addition to looking at the existing network of services, area also needs to
be studied in terms of future development of services in the area, in terms of
creating new roads/widening of existing roads, laying of sewers/water
supply/drainage network. In addition to physical infrastructures, availability
of social infrastructures in the close vicinity of the identified site also needs
detailed evaluation. Success and failure of projects are largely governed by
the availability of quality supportive infrastructure within and in the close
vicinity of the projects. Non- existence of basic services invariably delays the
project and makes the project cost-intensive, whereas availability of such
services always makes value addition to the project in terms of cost and
timeline of completion of project.
11. Avoiding Physical Encumbrances;
Physical encumbrances in terms of; HT/LT Electrical Lines , Gas pipes, City
Water Supply, Storm Water drainage, Sewerage pipes, Built-up structures,
Religious Buildings, Revenue Roads, Canals, Water Bodies, Easement
Rights etc, play critical role in defining the usability of site because of
numerous implications /limitations such encumbrances impose on the use
of site. Accordingly, while locating site, it will be vital to identify physical
infrastructures existing within/without the site All sites having physical
encumbrances like High Tension Electric Lines needs to be avoided because
of enormous threat they pose to the safety of the building and inhabitants. In
addition, it causes inefficiency in use of land due to prohibition of construction
under these wires besides leaving a distinct air corridor where no
construction is permitted. Shifting these wires remains both cumbersome
and time consuming process/procedure, involving lot of cost, labour, time
and permissions. Sites having gas pipes, sewerage lines, telephone lines,
water pipes passing through it, should also be invariably avoided, because
of the limitations it imposes on the positioning of building and determining
building footprints. Similarly, sites with religious structures/derelict structures
should also be ignored for obvious reasons. It will always be desirable and
appropriate to select site which should have minimum physical, social and
environmental encumbrances. In addition, existing Easement Rights in the
context of site should also be identified and evaluated in terms of its impact
on the usability of site.
Avoiding Disaster Prone Areas;
India, as a nation, is ranked high globally among countries with major
land area subjected to
numerous natural disasters.
Accordingly, considering and
evaluating the context of
vulnerability of sites to disasters
12. and for making buildings safe should be made integral part of
promoting safety of the project. Site selected in a vulnerable zone,
subjected to natural calamities, will make project not only cost-intensive,
but also make buildings vulnerable. Accordingly, site falling in high risk,
vulnerable and disaster-prone areas, which are subjected to frequent
flooding, earthquake, landslides, tsunamis and cyclones; must be
avoided for development, considering the risk involved to the stability of
the built environment created on these sites and possibility of frequent
loss of life and property. However, where such risks are unavoidable,
then site selected should be such that it involves minimum risk even
when such disasters hit the area. In case of flooding; efforts should be
made to identify sites which are located at higher elevation. Similarly, in
case of cyclone hit area, site falling in windward direction should not be
considered. Area facing landslides would need evaluation of the area
for stability, with area selected having least possibility of landslides.
Area prone to earthquake, should involve possibility of creating
earthquake resistant buildings through adoption of state of art planning,
designing and construction options. Vulnerability Atlas and other
documents prepared/available, showcasing the area prone to disaster
and intensity of disaster need to be referred for avoiding such sites.
Mapping of the site in respect of extent/intensity to disasters shall be
valuable in selecting a safe site in disaster prone areas.
Understanding and Valuing Topography;
Undulating sites have inherent limitations in terms of their planning,
designing, development and
placement of buildings as compared to
level/flat sites and accordingly
topography and physical structure of
land must be evaluated before
finalizing. In Hill areas, where flat lands
are generally not available, selection of
13. site should be based on involving minimum cutting and filling with contours
and gradient providing enough space and options to design buildings along
the contours rather than across the contours. Study and analysis of the slope
of the site, must entail mapping of the existing gradient, landforms,
elevations, drainage patterns etc., for site study and analysis. Considering
the magnitude of the projects, undulating sites can be asset for creating
sustainable design options, depending upon the architectural solutions,
which can be leveraged effectively and efficiently for converting them from
challenge to opportunities. Derelict sites offer enough opportunities for
restoring and promoting environment and ecology of the area and make
value addition to bio-diversity and ecology. Such sites could be preferred for
large projects because of lower land values they have and numerous options
they offer to design buildings with nature and natural elements. However, it
will always be valuable that site selected in hill areas should have land
pockets with slope not exceeding 30-40 degrees, because many building
regulations prohibit the construction of buildings on slopes more than 40
degree.
Connecting with Existing Transportation Network;
As already defined, accessibility to site remains critical for the success of any
project. Accordingly, suggested site should also be mapped and defined in
terms of accessibility related to major nodes of local traffic and transportation
in terms of local bus stops , metro stations etc. Site selected should
preferably be within walking distance, located near to and closely connected
with the existing system of public/mass traffic and transportation, so as
to enable the people working/living in the project are able to use these
modes of travel in a convenient manner. This will help in minimizing the
use of personal vehicles for intra- city travel and promote the use of
public transport.
14. Documenting Existing Flora and Fauna;
Selection of site should also include
and involve, understanding and
evaluating the existing wealth of flora
and fauna on the site. Existence of
too many trees on a smaller site can
pose considerable challenge to
evolution of the appropriate design
solution whereas in case of large
sites, existing flora and fauna can
prove to be an asset. Sites having too
many protected trees or protected forest areas invariably needs to be
avoided. Evaluation of green wealth existing on the site needs to be made
initially based on detailed survey by assessing the nature, age, girth and
number of trees and possibility of making existing flora and fauna, integral
part of design solution. However, before selecting the site, documenting and
analysing the positioning, quantity, quality and typologies of such flora and
fauna must be made to ensure there exists enough area within the identified
site, to meet the requirements of the built-up area within the project
Evaluating View to and from Site;
Views, from and to site, remains
another valuable element to be
considered while determining
comparative merits and demerits of
different sites. Good views
providing visibility to lakes, water
bodies, hills, landmarks, bio-
diverse area, forests etc. which
make value addition to the site
should be considered assets for
the site and the project . On other
15. hand, view which lead to derelict areas, slums, industrial area, thermal
plants, large industrial units, refineries, garbage dumps and areas which are
polluted, needs to be discounted. Good views are considered valuable while
designing the buildings and are major determinant for evolving good design
solutions.
Understanding Soil
Quality of soil existing at the site
also needs to be evaluated in terms
of the usability for building
purposes. Soil having good bearing
capacity makes enormous value
addition, in making project not only
cost-effective but also providing
safety against disasters. Good load
bearing capacity makes not only
foundation more economical but
also reduces structural cost of the building. Accordingly, sites having good
load bearing capacity soil should be valued and preferred as compared to
soil with low bearing capacity. Site having high water table needs to be
discounted for obvious reason of water seepage into the building, and low
bearing capacity it will create for the soil at the site. Sites with high water
table make them unfit for creating spaces at basement level and always pose
threat to buildings in terms of water getting into the building. During heavy
rainfalls, such sites are invariably subjected to flooding and create problems
of safety to building and inhabitants, using the building. Good soil is known
for the capacity and quality to make buildings not only cost- effective but also
facilitate the rapid growth of flora and fauna, making value addition to the
project.
16. Mapping Wind Direction;
Wind direction needs critical study
and analysis while selecting any site.
Wind has both positivity and
negativity. If fresh air remains
essential for good quality living,
managing humidity and temperature,
bad air causes enormous pollution
and generates poor quality of life.
Wind modulated temperature
depending upon the climate zone in
which site is located. Accordingly, it is essential induction of foul air into the
buildings have to be invariably avoided and fresh brought in to make the
buildings healthy and well-ventilated. Accordingly, if site falls on the path of
wind coming from industrial area, then it is likely to cause pollution and will
adversely impact health, hygiene and quality of life of the people
living/working in the project area. Accordingly, location of industries /non-
conforming uses and both in present and future , must be considered while
selecting any site. Wind direction will also be relevant in selecting site and
positioning of buildings in order to make optimum use of prevailing wind and
avoiding its adverse impact. In case of coastal areas and area falling in the
warm and humid climatic zone; site should invariably be located in the
windward direction, to promote cross-ventilation in site and the buildings to
be constructed therein. Site located on leeward side should invariably be
avoided in coastal area. However, in case of Cold regions and Hill areas, site
facing windward direction should invariably be avoided as against site
located in the leeward side, to avoid adverse impact of cold air on the built
environment.
Locating Air Funnel;
Air Funnel defined in the case of cities, having air connectivity, also need to
17. be taken into account while finalizing
the site, located on the periphery or
falling under the defined air funnel.
Site falling under existing air-funnels
need to be avoided, because of two
distinct reasons involving ; high
degree of noise generated by planes
while taking off and landing. Sites for
hospitals, education, offices and activities requiring minimum noise, should
invariably avoid locating under the air funnels and locating near nodes
generating noise pollution. Sites located in close vicinity of airports also need
careful consideration due to limitation of height imposed on the buildings to
be constructed there, which invariably limits the quantum of built up area to
be constructed on the site. It leads to underutilization of the site due to low
floor area ration admissible on such sites.
Exploring Brown field Sites;
In majority of cases, all developers/architects go in for green field sites as
against the brownfield sites for the reasons , green field sites give enormous
options in planning, designing and construction of buildings to both
architects , engineers and developers. But all green field sites remain
consumers of land and resources besides adversely impacting the nature,
environment and ecology.. Accordingly, it is important that while looking at
the site in any urban settings, option of selecting existing site for the use of
the project should also be explored. Brown field development hold distinct
advantages in terms of location, services, centrality, existing built
environment, materials etc., subjected to suitability of site based on
considerations defined above.
Understanding Climatic Zone;
Climate remains critical and dominating factor in planning, designing and
18. construction of buildings. Based on climate ,
India is divided into five distinct Climatic zones
considering the norms defined for day-
temperature and humidity. Each climate zone,
remains unique and distinct; requiring different
options for planning , designing and
construction of buildings due to differential
requirements of heating, cooling, air, light and
ventilation. Accordingly, role , importance and
relevance of the climate, should invariably be
built into the site selection process. In case of Cold& Sunny- Dry/wet regions
/hill areas; all sites falling on the Northern slopes, should invariably be
prohibited for construction, for making buildings sustainable and energy-
efficient. Similarly, context of leeward and windward direction on the
proposed site, as already defined earlier, should also be taken care of ,
while selecting site. In case of zones having too much rainfall, then site on
higher elevation and having efficient drainage should be selected to avoid
flooding.
Conclusion
Efforts have been made in brief, to describe factors which need to be
considered, analyzed, quantified and evaluated for identifying
appropriate sites for any project. However, it remains difficult to
comprehensively detail out all the possible factors which govern the
precise and appropriate location of the site of any project. Guidelines
for locating the project remain both dynamic- constantly and
continuously evolving and devolving requiring constant review, revision
and redefinition from time to time to make them more relevant, rational
and objective. Nevertheless, identification of appropriate site will need
lot of study, data, knowledge, understanding and expertise of the
various factors detailed above before coming to any logical
conclusion.